claim that the first people here were the Europeans, which in the twisted logic of the ruling class entitles them to be "top-dog" over the non-European peoples.

But human habitation of South Africa started long before the ’’white b irds” made their appear­ance at the Cape of Storms, Indeed it started long before

even the Bushmen (who have lived in Southern Africa for thousands of years) and the later Mnguni peoples settled in our land.

It started way back in the cntiouity of the human race itself . Yes, there were human beings in South

Africa about two million years ago. And, need one say, that nobody is interested in whether they were black or white: the

very fact that here in the Transvaal, the very first signs of human life on earth were found reduces the absurd argument about the plynentntion of the first peoples to the level of the kindergarten question: "Y/ho ocme first the chicken or the e gg?"

Darwin *>nce said:"Africa is the cradle of mankind". He died long before sensational anthro­

pological discoveries had been made by Dart and Broom

but his remarks con woll apply to South Africa. For

stone Implements, charac­teristics of every link

in hunen evolution have been found in abundence hero.

/O ' ; IBut, of far greater signi­

ficance was an accidental discovery 30 years ago, during blasting operations at Taungs. After a particularly lar^e explosion, the foreman found a piece of rock In which was embedded the toothy grin of-a child 's skull. Probably a fossilised ape, he thought; but on examining the rock he found that it was over a million years old!

This was something for the scientists. Yes, the learned men, said, the rock was certainly old, but the skull belonged to a chimpanaee. Nothing to get excited about! . . . Nothing that was, until Professor Raymond Dart found thet the alled^ed chimp had an absolutely human set of milk teeth. But if this was no monkey - what was it? Slowly the truth dawned. The skull belonged to a being which was helf way between monkey and man.

It certainly looked os if 2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 years ago, a race of these people had inhabited the Transvaal. Were they misSIng"links? Sdientists remained sceptioal.They required a little more than "Dart ’ S baby" to convince them.

Some years later - in 193? - Dr Broom noticed that the Johannes­burg City Guide oontained the attractive invitation: "Come to Sterkfontein and find the missing linkj" Missing link? Interesting . . . . Dr Broom investigated. To his astonishment he found thrt the fore­man was doing a roaring trade in fossilised bonea with rich tourists.An embarrassed foreman showed one of these to the excited scientist - a skull prce-ervod in rock. In the same rock, a little distance away, were thigh bones.

Feverishly, the fossils were rushed to laboratries and examined. And then came the shattering announcement. The Sterkfontein find was definite­ly NOT en ape. It was a creature of py^ny size which walked on two legs. It had a thoroughly human head, human teeth and an almost human brain. Moreover this was pro­bably the oldest specimen of early man found on earth.

Broom christened his find "Pleisanthropus transvaalensi s"

" a being from the Transvaal closely allied to man."

Sceptiaism in the scienti­fic world slowly evaporated. South Africa seemed to be veritable Garden of Eden, rich in the remains of the first beings to escape from the animal world into the realm of mankind. And the hunt was on.

After the last war, the internationally famous Abbe Henri Breul came to South Africa to see forhimself. * During explorations, a find was made by which olinched matters on antelope's thigh bone which had been used by tho early men to smash the skulls of baboons. This showed conclusively that the Sterkfontein men were not apes, but men - and what is more, men endowed with in telli­gence .

Slowly, scientist* began to construct a picture of life of the first men in South Africa.

"They probably lived In hordes on open ground, digging up rodents from holes In the earth, also collecting lizards and crayfish, and gradually learned the use of fire . ..They developed in the course of some hundreds pf thousands of years into tho semi-human types of Sterkfontein end Kromdraal and probably into other hitherto undiscovered species elso, which obtained a living in a similar fashion but at that tijne employed ■uperior weapons. They Insti­tuted maos hunting expeditions for monkeys and small antelopes, evolved into confident masters of thoir environment. . . . M ( I looked For Adam - Wendt)

We have no doubt that under the present Race Classification I p w b , these early men, certainly the first in S . A . , and probably the first on earth, would be given a reference Book, and told to report to the nearest Native Affairs Department office .

So next time someone asksyou,

"Who came f i r s t . . . ? " ,

you* 11 know what to tell them!

( 2 % y o u f o z c U y i g . . .

NEW AGE - PGWTING TALK - LIBERATION) 9

- 10-

*tfv- n . ’*} dSjtfm.. m i •6 linMi

Way of Life

»Seys Ccvernot Cdllia3: "Segvegftion in our public schools is e part of Florida ’ s custom and law. I will use ell the lawful power of the governor’ 3 office to preserve this custom and^law. Undsr our constitution, that is my d u t y , . . . ' If at srr-,« tir?a later it a p p e a rs .... that our position can be aided through legislation, then this whole subject will be reviewed .

TIME riAGAZINE. ~ JAKUAKY 9. 1956..

•Florida’ s first Negro Assistant State Attorney, Kr Henry Arlingtpn was suspended by the Governor of Florida, Mr Leroy Collins, after he had mad© a radio broadcast on Wednesday in which he spod thet his office was "fully integrated" and that he dictated his letters to white typists.

'Governor Collins said that Mr Arlington has "undermined*nd detracted from t*ie efficiency of his offi broadcast” .

oe" by making the4\>

RAND DAILY TAIL 23rd MARCH. 1956.

The Georgia board of education decided to backtrack on its widely criticized resolution to "revoke forever" the license of ary teacher who approves of mixed class or is a member of the N .A .A .C .P . (National Association for the Advancement cf Coloured People). Instead, it demanded that all t e a c h e r s take the annual teachers’ oath to uohold the state constitution ( including i t s segregation provisions) and "to refrain from directly or indirectly subscribing to or teaching any theory of government or of social relations which is inconsistent with the fundamental principles of pptriotism

- * * ■ * • * - ' " -*— * - " If the board enforces its ownand high ideals of Americanis ill

ideal of Americanism, the nro r e s o l u t i o n will have much the same

e f f e c t p s the o l d .

TIME ff/.GAZIKE. AUGUEST 29. 1955.

- 11-

rU

, -.vs

The Norfolk ( Va) city council approved a new plan tor ffa^tinp around the U .S . Supreme Court’ s order to end school Sto eS ftio n ‘ Heneceforth Norfolk will have three, types of ,.

all-white, all-Kegx> and rixed . Parents can tak*.

their choice.

TIME M 3AZI?IE Aup^ist 29 th, 1955.

"No country, no people, no movement can stand aloof Nehru and Tito are not neutral, * r

• wn-4 pllies (o f the Conrunists) in feet and in effect,IfnotIn Six— t u verbUge- - A?L-C.I.O. Pre.li.nt, Ci.org* Meary.

TIME MAGAZINE - DECEMBER 26th. 1955.,

Six Roman Catholic Holy Name Societies in Southern Tersev orotested because s new hundred million dollar

bridge between Philadelphia and Counden. N .J . is named after a longtime Camdeniten, earth Poet Walt ( leave )Ihltnan Reason: Whitman portrayed. the oo.^non man as" h J S S w t i e " , i . e . , hankering perversely for other connon ren. A rebuttal came promptly from former head of -he nnhltc aeencv that built the bridge: We could find (NO) evidence that Walt Whitman we.s homosexual. A genius sometimes does things that some people think is a little p ecu lia r ...

TIKE MAGAZINE DECEMBER 26 . 1956.

Vox Populi.- In Washington, New Hampshir's Senator Norris Colton re v ived a fan letter from a high school g irl; "All irv firiends are securing pictures of movie stars and l want to be different, so please send me photos of twelve senators but pick carefully, even the best are sort of funny

looking.

TIME MAGAZINE - 12TH MARCH, 1956^

_____________________________i - .............. - .........

"There is In my country a poisonous atmos­phere of fear'and hatred, which crystallises from time to time in phyaicalvlolence. Such a situation, you must understand, is terribly, terribly dangerous. .And just as Korea was, as Formosa might be, the occasion for conflict on a world scale, so might be an aoparently minor outbreak of racial violence in South

N Africa.

CECIL WILLIAMS - SOUTH AFRICAN PLAY­WRIGHT SPEAKING AT THE ’.VCRLD ASSEMBLY FOR PEACE IN HELSINKI.

- 12-

'HA LETTER TO OUR READE RS.

Dear Header,

We have teen sending you copies of "New Youth" regularly. V.'Q hope t^nt you have enjoyed reading them and that they have been of educational value to you.

*hy not write to us end let us know what articles you like best and what articles you would like to read.You night also want to contribute an article, short story, or -a poem, so why not send it in to us.

We would also like to know whether copies of "New Youth" have been addressed to you correctly and whether copies of "Now Youth" have been addressed to you correctly and whether you have beon receiving them regularly, and so please f i l l in the form below and D o s t it to u s .

To "New Youth,"P.O. Bor. 2948, DateJohannesburg.

Ii■. »

Name

Address

Have you been receiving ’’New ? o u ^ h kV regularYy ’ "

}

I'he article/"s I have enjoyed r e a d in g most in this

issue was/were ____________________________

r Woul'd like to read articles on the following

sub jec ts : __________________________________________

AN AP0L0G1.

We would like to apologise for not being able to publish our personality parade in this i ssue due to unforeseen circumstances but we hope to do so in the nnxt issue.

- EDITORIAL BOARD.-13-

S> Ffi Vi

i n d e p e n d e n t y o u t h j o u r n o ! ^

VCL 2 N O 3

JU L Y 1956

.............s8o-,s

- c .jA , ...... wn,*o

/ v 9 7 3

AYtf* «.$A... 2nTJ“ 17 4 *h* one-hundred end eighty years aro the Declare-

the A ^ r io » n P?Snj?“ -S 8<' t" i by ThC”" ,S — ^ o p f d by

ere

certain unalienable Rights, that arnon7It th e se ™ e L i f l M b * * * * and the persuit of hanpineas. That to secure th!.£ i f i h K * governments are instituted arronpst deriving JvLfi l! *. ipowers from the consent of the Governed' Thit government become destructive of these ends it is the the people to alter or to abolish it and to in J t itS U 5 ! * * Government, I t , foundation o r ^ h n r in c ir t e f J n d ^r ^ .n l

The fine ideals echoed nin- score years a*?o have today beenperverted and disregarded by those in power in the U .S .A .

e l ife , liberty and hapolnesa of many Arneri can citizens have on numerous eccassiongbeen denied to them.

n K W* I * thai • tFonB these are life ., liberty and the nersuit of hapni-

o f3fK -«b5 t n0t for the victims of the McCarthy terror which hasleit n nasty impact on the Ameri­can people. The faacist-raciet

of the Un-AmericanActivities Committee, the book-

v a s t u e l t on newspapert!

f ln8, the attackr ° n Intellectuals and workers in Jvarious fields, McCarthy s corrup- * tion and , c ;t - * H this has

of Jhf t®°5* ? reccrd in the histoiJof the United States. T

k • ••th a t anon~ these are lifebut not for Joe Hill who wl« ’murdered by the labour bosses,

These powerful and noble words were welcomed through­out the thirteen colonies by numerous demonstrations - their was ringing of bells and booming of cannons.

A man in a busy New York street aske passers-by to append their signatures to a document he shows them.The majority of the people refuse to sign the document the Declaration of Indepen­dence. Do these peoole now reject the Declaration which formed the bases of their unity and independence from British rule In 1776? No, but the reactionaries in the bn I ,,ed otates have created a -climate where people are afraid to sign lest the} be associated with the left or their actions be deemed lin-American '.

-1-

fo” ^flcco and Vanretti ed by the n e e marudo&, for Julius and Ethel nber~s sacrificcd on the

mr altar of the cold war.

amen the3e are » « *

i . z no is f *j rof happiness'. the Scott sboro bey, not for

riev, Le and ?Ir. Iounor £>..ii I’: T.hc were ’ oched in tne State of Hirciss?ppi : o r’ erer- oisin^ the right to \ote. Hot for Author\r.t Lucy who endu ’ed days of hell for naviny dared to enrol as an unjpivradr.cte i w jl iu Tj 11 v «, x L yaV O i. A1 fa '.j ama. For those vhc uprose Ji:o-c row there are bcr:bs. torture, lynchtn" ?.id eoccorr. ic oreai"rs instead.

. ta- ft

iRon'’ ness f ;1< J<3

Louis Till returned wee’ Kis;i' wer hon.D—i Er.mc it had h’ r. bed in arid brutal white ndul nob]c -riw ?pul':''*r t America ha in our dec ffo must murdo* ( jH 1 ar fo " r '. • colour *70 dcr»1 -survive r. v.i *:

but net for Lmmc11 , 14. vho ia^t year c U.iea°o frcr e two *i?ior:’ vacation. He n pine-board box. been dragged from ’lie un ole's cabin

lv murdered V* two«/ w

1 3. This promptedo novelist, Willi ano r'P7*t " . . . if we in vo rofecved tne point

c" ltur*j when i‘h r .d i 2n, no

: ’■'•son or what : c’cr-TV'^ to

■?tj v u-on' t

” . . . that amongst these ar? li^e , liberty' an \ the V>ersuit of happiness*' b” t not for those degrees v/ho d°red to leave the squn]er of rlarlen to 3n*A' a rev* decent home in the smart white nreelncts. be l e a o i r d e \ j s - t °t in " flanes of the burning cros? drives terror *ot'> their haert.o for 5i i :• the fearTull si ’u a~ lo wha^ could ha^pyn to then; beou’so

Ft ifof the cevnrdly fanetical

' r 1” *»■" ’on r Wlu Klux Klfin, if they do not leave their new a w ^ c .

The refusrl o£ a nassnort to that great artist, Paul Itobeson. rnd the attor--»t ti intimidate

• _ n-rho for peace,i \, itj r. . „ j?colon!aa neonjc, Tne droppine of nnorlm bcrifcs ' r. 'i o m , the flnan-.' i 'll c to t!’e French in their

.■.(j'-in. tb^ neoole of Vivtnm . "'■hr •mnport for Sy^man Rbe : r.d K a i - o h e t h eiurr.ort i’cv ui-!c ?^rtu,/uese in Gof

it tv.‘ dent that p3 far as

tor American reactionaries are

concornod the r ig h t s m entioned in

I'hc Irclarntion do not apply to

reorle ijrt r.olonial and o t h e r

countries. Lot them im agine and

vi-h that ;hc Decl"ration does not v2:<4 vl; but f o r the va3t m asses of

drrcent, cor:.ic;., Americans the

errtun;.: of the Declaration are

3 vin'' ••o-J. *,;hich will corns into uh\W> nfa -'ace .train in the t'** .1 ; .5 -tate t .

MAVfe YfrJ L'fcEW ADiHG NEV<_

riGMTlKG T A L K , A K D | LI5SRATIQU < E G U LARLV/| io u ttic t/te ?d j a t f /w /d

I ^ iM C jr 'iW V t f

I v b*/K'/ S./I V 3kc u X A f d ,

^'ET'V A G t A n d U t L P v O U R Q > I £ l f / ^EK}£)

IK A D C - U / 'T O M l O O A y ^

_ T I Y C A n n u a l G e n e r a l M e e f i n T * ’ ’ihe xrrtrtsveni Indian Youth Conff"fe«»«» *.u t

General Meeting rt the Duncan H a l * w h f ™ 5 * i r llth President and Ahmed Xathrrde and j>aJ? j£ a ?£ h ?S °2 * * * r«-®l®oted leaders were re-elected onto the

of S e S ! S nAf J l MS P; 3 i a n H o n o r - r y Secretary chairrran of the Natal Indian O o S S 'I i ?r * * > * • ! • .who was prevented from coming uur ■ * 1 «ete” aarltcbur6 Branoh) - meeting was well attended with to-bS * J ^ p « * i o n restrictions. T*b

country towns, a significant fJ S t S p e ^ ? P th-C' ?? fron a«v«**al attendance end keen interest ^ P l a y e d ^ ^ ^ ! * , ™ , ^ . 1"'*

e o ^ S nJt; * ^ U« S “ S ' p o Z t t l F r ^ i ^ y ° l e • ! — « » . in our goodwill as they ore forclnr th ?_ ^ e x o r b i t a n t rents end Indirectly are do Ins the w S ? w - ? 1?.n P®0510 in Group Areas and

to task the SouthAfrlcan ? n $ l n ''' 2 * ‘ " okGroup A^eas Act by proposing "eiic - s - 'fo* f^ e p t in g the people.- . ° n this question as w ’ ‘- " e 3S-t*oi) for the Indian policy, the Indian Xoirth Ccnaren^' 0l$ e£ W s t i o n a of S .A .I 0a public meeting.' , • • ° f 'h5li6nS ^ ‘ ^ e ^ r ^ n i ^ a H q ^ W *

f . ' „> j r ■ • ’r W ' F

The meetinc; listened ■ t ^ ’ s # ♦

favour of *Qn intern atio Ll c u lSrrl its P P l 'W in

TahltIri? W9} C0nied "the decision a r r iV - d ^ ^ b r ° sSu^h Africa*. The Table Tennis Jnion in banning the rhii-a ‘v l internsHionrfil • ^n io n ', and congratftlnted thf* Sonfh < n A-rican Tnble Tennis

for its affiliation to thelnt2?SJwoS?ll0J n ^ Tenriifl ™ e r 2 t i i i move of the South African Soccer Peder--tiSS'V ^PPorted the object in intern^tional footbal-* d n o ^ l achieve a eimiinrthe Sou.h African Football AssociV *on „ 1 L } ; ?h® » e of* . I .F .A . is inimical to the beat 'nrn-. f affiliated member of colour-bar In snorts runs rom tsp 'th ! M ’ ’ 0 thot o ^ n i satlon as protested o<jain,t tha M . F . A . " It alaothe Olympic Games. ~ ^at-ve team from South Africa '* at

•St

by o ~ ^ V e r of Youth to ? * t" p S ' y 6tt» andfe h e ld it th- C o n g re ss g ™ ® . . fruit and v«gfctrtle». t y . These w are s t . - l * ' ; M 5 hB„ j w r e rnd toys end rood

nn^rlce^Sr.d’ flXao blrysnl rerved hot) .

Saturday J "

«nd " • : « ” rSnath^ ° « s u M t o i w a l w Of -.oney « . « ! « « . •

Y o u b l l C o i l O P ^ A S ^ ^ ’I ' ^ ' e ' d ' S i , Boose

.*:■~ w <•» •»«"•••“ “ **“ “ *• ■American Corporrtion.

• An anp^el ha-J been no-ted. ^ ..

f ' f f t E C d e l e g o t S f e V ^ j ^ t h l c o - o r d in a t in gS o c ^ i f c - ^ u r . 0*; J U i » ? r i r . “ t e ^ v » ^ 2

a n d « a f r o J ie d ln ^ ^ ^ T . c o n S t . r ^ e ^ . r *nfi repreaeots

of’“ill the an ti- /a .c l .t countries. .. ■ .

W i l t in ^/anneaburg the delagr^ o?el n p l . « d . * n - ^ #f& & & £ ? # & U a t e ^ r a n d . J ^ ?

► „i-. fror the 3 tatenent presented b y th e g

of elx°Indian^"atudents who net the delegate..

' ■ '..■ • « * *? w a ^ B f f W K J w a s n . v-We b e l i e v e th.-t the o r l l i n a l ^ c m o o s l U o n * * * * « * « » V

« » i l t * o f * a r a f l " * e l0tS secure South A f r i c a n £ S

hal succumbed" to” Sou t h ^ A f r ic an racial requirement a without a murmer

° ‘ would be ^ l U ^ i r . o u r t o ^ l f ™ g« % " ° tion'Shlrt°'since" its

r o u n d a ? ^ r ^ ^ = o n a i n e r g / n n d v l ^ o u . l y

’ for^bouer- en t ." 'sutacnts j uiu ., * _

_ trr „ rfnrTerr, such os Louis A r n .tw n ?

T h o w s ."F it s " ‘ ”-'nilr«t on P1 w.»ic»>l nchieve-

"th « f * * “ and,<’nbSh’ h«!’? l” tehir B«ni»r»on b" " ^ E!,nv'",^t!’v 1' u ”r .-;on'r. -onts »-re r-1* by 0Vnlliyj Edw-rt WHe'" Orleans ° -ichn-»* of t-n* c-lour rnfl j u s i c . *t a d , w h i c h ( r ^ n t C l s n d , « M « h b r o u g h t t c

conception to u«- , clt .» style.„,nsr'il knowledjTe «

. 1r* a r - intentlve exntrir.en *sfhe yenrs of ths Second Lorld_ £ ® ' nrdul-tinna end cor.plox

„ n h "new -r.l - d v f n c r t chord s ^ r u c t u r e ^ , ^ a * i w j i n f

5 ! ^ j S m * k * V ' iu-i-i. -»>■«.• ■ r i » . h « r . ! . : r .

c o l t e r /or. -ro^iv;. J ■ p:lytor.-Hfy ond

about seventh, ?:in'th a* e - . s such „ the flute Jw n c h .-rn^

p0i 7S K h h ? ^ ^ S n t . “- r t i n w r i t t e n by yrad u-V .s c f th .................School an' other ct aserv-itorloa.^ * i.ur nm xlel^nd Revival »

^'z/'* »•. t-r*- ro S6 tne uiAi.t'j. . —

ic° i r i t ^ r l S n c l

i^ r T e l iv e the -'classic'' » « ‘^ “ ’U ^ T o ' « t i v * end Is purity. J o » hss come to b _ c M tlc s . Shiningreviewed with respect by vistes ore ocen before .

'''r. he ccntir. jca. . .* • • A **

, . vf i-sue of New Youth, will cppr ^^ f u r t h e r i n s t a l m e n t o f h r F i n ^ e l s t e i n

" » » « > of Blues".

‘ y DON’ T MISS IT.

U t sc, owe- ^ AWY T^ ^ -OC,Aln o F **'-o u & -rtr-sTV ^ 0-n-.tR

*7 T M P H z-i-EC

vi' £,CNFltS*fcNC o- 2Z*-*** ^ ri/i/f/j/ HALL

£ 7 C m ___________________

--.‘TV'e are printing below,a poem, "Freedom Read", .wrltteri

wher^ I lived. After exchanging countless ideas about our w^>rk. I fliaVed Khitish stag the sorigs'cf his people.

£ur quiet meeting became «rhoo-tenanny* <• witb^

'■ L* 1 9 a*wSyr*-a?tt 9one f*ortjr-toieea.t>f--o there it. (l;he.,:t i ^ e le ^ ^ e f r » i 'n s qri.tH:* ' i M i g a l V M W i M

fcfiLV h w r the, be 11 -XI t’e,*d . ac ants jx£ t-tol'a Valour foil inftlnt.V £»T*r I *expet;1^9^'.such p ittato »d £ ?u n l«m iaA tiim te

-ftf ternoonH M M T n k r t *& u i X^re treated t&ttbt m u s 4 o -*ootn,: t & i * ?

foaaX .f ien^ahyLp. ftad. the Gammon strfviri'if'^f "dur,! "P+PlfrejLi.*'M .*0&£• kJte >rrc£* the | Wro't'e t>W* Wi^ds

•Si

My‘ thoughts are free,

b » : fvv! / P . |«t' r V w y /,' V« SSRfV '» ' * v. ^ .1

f ■*"« f h #worked tha fjeld . *nj) hitfij rlmen as poor sa .1 * •

Over there the sun cones up,And yonder it will set;-And bright or *,rey, each passing day.I view with no regret.

J,K r r

-V r - .- lV ■

*< ■>

The rich man buys my working hnndsAnd pays the least he can;-And though I sell my strength fcoNot so my frith in Kani

From India1s green paddy-fields j^y T c Cane da you 'll hepr men say:

hiih, ‘ > -'if

5.v„ - - . .w.. , .

All this we built; this land we tilled And those we feed are far awayl’1

So

By*0n

now I wplk the .signin': rord, nines and tropic sen* either hand, from every lrnd,

jten ialre the road to Li ter ty I

• w rl t te n-i 2 r ’• craoon in. H e la in n '' *v£>«. «e says’

i ' ? 3j < ® . - 6wp qui<?t » e e £ in p b e - i S l c f h t s P e o p le . J H f S l F i w a * . w i 3 ^ * With" •■

-$p $ f &33S:# W&™t^&i5£55e22^!^a

fl~e

, * ■ • ! , , ' ' - • |'l ■

u ; -

m \ ^

* » « . j s « ■ x . n . * r - * « e ? 4 » * p • *

Over there the 3 .in c o r e . „ „

And yonder ,t w i i l a * . 8 UP>Ana bricht or ■■*<=•,- .I view with no rejret? p« s3inP dsy,

B SEiK h" ^ds •

Not so my frith in L T e n e ,M 'h0 hi^

>^TO-'

\ ;i

A h | th o se we r e e d ^ r e ^ f ' r 1 : ^ - : ? « “ « ,

g|;[n« .^tJ5;i«Ei?sW,On either h^nd& e a taJ-e the r n d ? f v e r y l r ™*,-JK v cf the road to L1, erty, »

S '? ? ?>

set on thr a t r u c tu r e o f the penes end chronosor.ep and ctiuse

rau t a t i . n a .

These nutations stand every change of being unfavourable.'hen ;rcn hit e precision chro­nometer with a ha-Tier It is uni'ikel1' that the blew will disledge just the particle of dust which was disturbing the rrechaniam and do nothin?, else.The hammer blfefc’ will certainly put* the delicate mechanism out of order. It is the aero*' with ^ n e s and chromosomes. The number of abnormal or monstrous births will increase, until the renrod’ Ction of living beings

‘on earth stops altogether. *

Would the explosion of 1 ,000 H-bombs in the atmosphere be enough to bring about the -enetic catastrophe? No exact data on the quantity of C14 oroduced by an H-oXpl6sion have been released. The Canadian scien tist who confirmed Churchill's statement may have had access to secret f ile s , but such is not our case, "le Relieve the second threat, tho catalytic danger, is much more gr^ve.

W CATAL Y 7 /C O A N G S Z

The atmosphere Is 8 mixture • of notro^en and oxygen. The heat produced by an H explosion can, like an electric arc, make the two combine. Corrosive, poisonous nitric oxide will be produced.

Miosson relates that when he first brought about this

reaction he was afraid that the whole atmosphere would be consumed. The reaction stopped when he broke the arc. It needed energy to go on. But that energy is there, in the •

atmosphere, in the form of H- end A-bombs explosions csn act as catalysts.

Each K explosion creates, in the atmosphere, centres for the formation of nitric ncid, which continue active­ly to produce it for n fairly long time.

The effects of such acidity atmosphere, cen Mill oil

tion before the concentra- fcn is sufficient to attack the

unga of animals.

foot much is !:nown so far abouteffects on climate, but the

extra-ordinary rainfall of thesummer of 1954 may have been due to "atomic" causes. ..

"Hi - ‘ v ,No exact measurements of the

catalytic danger seems to have been made. Professor Debierne communicated some notes on the subject to the French Academy of Science after the first bikini explosions, iji 1946.

A fall In the pHfe( increase inacidity) of rain was observed in many counters in 1954 end it would bo inportant to establishthe exact r«lationshiplfce'(>weenthis and the H-bomb explosion*.

Finally, tHk npwt items of ,Interest, both%^?portod on the 3°me day: f irs t , thafc-'-the quanti­ty of enrbon 14 iai^tbe atmosphere over the U. S . A. ha^bincrcased by25 perc'nt-; second^&\at‘lJ.S. government circles were taking peaceful co-existence moreseriously.

Perhaps, here ap;ain a cause and cffect relationship might be sought

-9-

BULLETIN ISSUED BY WORLD YOUTH AFFAIRS COMMITTEE Indian Youth Congress, P.O. Box 7223, Johannesburg

Bewysstuk No.... .

Gckry by.

Deur.T e . . . : , p 8 p y

Datum....

C 7 >

This bulletin nhioh we hope to publish regularly will give our readers some information on the work and activioios oi tne Youth of other countries. In this way we intend to serve in contributing to the understanding of the Youth abroad and bring about goodwill and friendship between the Youth o fSo u th Africa and the Youth of other countries. It is 6ur sincere hope that the work we have undertaken w ill further strengthen and

cement the solidarity of Youth.

The need for such a solidarity was nover so great as it \ is today. The warmongers, led by the American Imperialists, are preparing to plunge the world into another war. InK o rea ( rjid the Colonial Countries like Malaya, Viet-Nam and Bur.m, the preparations have taken an aggressive form, It is vitally important for the young men and women to be aware of the ^ t i v c*<3f these warmongers. Through the understanding and goodwill of the youth not only must we create the solidarity, but unflinchingly pledge ourselves to u tilise the strength of our Unity in £- concerted manner to offset the warmongers fron carrying out the

mass extermination of humanity. As responsible Yputh i- ^Si 0ar-,-p bounden duty to create a better world based on the principles 01 peaceful relationship with our fellow beings. It would be a cowardly betrayal of humanity if we forsake these noble p rin c ip a l and allow the avaricious magnetos and blood-thirsty warlcrcs to unleash another deadly catastrphe in pursuance of wealth at tne expense of the lives and miseries of man, worien and children.

Out of the long war against Fascism.1 a leading role , were born the Worla

Democratic Youth and «he International Union of Students* two

Out of the long war against fascism, in which the Youth played a leading role* were born the World Federation of Democratic Youth and -he International Union of Students, formidable organisations which are a significant expression oI World Youth Unity for securing peace and a better f u u r e .

The World Federation of Depcratic Youth (WFDY) was £oJ ^ d only four years ago at a conforonce held in London on Novo iber 7th, 1^45. by 44? representatives from 64 different countiros. Thjpreamble of tfce WFDY states* "This World F ed eratio n .............isorganisation of Youth united in their deternintaion to w^rk ^or peace, liberty, democracy, independence and equality all ove* ti.c World," and firther adds that the work of that Federation would be to " Insure the protection of tho rigths and interests or

Youth as well as the happiness and tg e n e ra t io n sA m o n g the aims -set out for the federation by its Constitution are, in particular - '*To struggle to establish a close ^international understanding and co-operation among Y^uth to contribute as crhch as possible to eliminate fascism ^in all its. forms - to contribute to thS education of the young foneration in a spirit of democracy and to improve its, living con-ditions. i four years of Its existence WFPY has grown in strehgth* Toc.ay represents 75 count/ries with over 70M illion Youth.

_

The International Union of Students (IUS) whiih was fprned- at about the sane tine , is th« only representative International Students* organisation uniting five million students in 62 countiies. The purpose of this body is Mto defend'the rlgths and interests of students, to pronaote improventnts of their welfare and standard of education, and to prepare then for their tasks as democratic

c it ize n s .11

It is an impossible task to give a fu ll picture tf the many facts and broad scope of the work of both these World organisations* We are confident, however, with future publications of this bulletin, our readers w ill obtain a true understanding of. these organisations.

INTERNATIONAL DAY Of SOLIDARITYWITH YOUTH FIGHTING AGAINST COLONIALISM

The World Federation of Denocretic Youth and the International Union of Students h&ve declared February 21st, as the day of solidarity with the Youth and Students fighting colonialism* This particular day is chosen to commemorate the Indian sailors' nutiny against colonial oppression which broke cut on February 21st 194-6, and which received tho support of the entire Indian population. On this day in 1 W , the Egyptian people organised a demonstration demanding the withdrwal of the British Colonialists from Egypt. This day also commemorates the magnificent conference of the Youth of South East Asia which took place in Calcutta on February 21st, 194-8, cohvened by the IUS and WFDY, and which narked the undeniable intensification of Youths' struggle

against colonialism.V ' * ■

Imperialism has oppressed and continues to oppress hundreds of millions of people by whose labour k snail group of narnates □anago to secure fabulous wealth and riches* For. the Youth and Students of the colonial and dependent countries, colonialism □cans the suppression of their natural culture, the restriction of educational opportunities, the suppression of their dooocratic rights and considerable material hardship.

As in all countries, so in tho colonial countries, tho anti- Fascist war saw a tronendous strengthening of the national liberatory novenants especially in thoso countries whoue the people rose in armed resistance to fight Fascism.

In Asia, for the first tine, a free republic was born - the Democratic republic of Viet-Nam* Popular governments were established in Maljtya, Indonesia and Burma. The pooplo had been assured in such declarations as the Atlantic Charter that the anti- Fascists forces would guarantee national independence to all subject peoples/ and they hopo^on tho United Nations for assistance in this regardr However not only have they been denied their national independence and freedom, but since the war. they have become subject to oven greater exploitation from /o rlegn inperial-

is n . V. - "Vi.- '

Alarmed at the tremendous upsurge of the subject peoples and unable to rule in “’the old way. the imperialists powers rescrto . tof new f qrns of domination. British troops immediately occupied Ma3jaya',iand Burma by force . With the assistance of British troops j Dutch Imperialists waged a colonial war against thti ptS6ple.,^f

I

Wm-. -—

IV ionoh lnparliiists? li"1co*ntrio3i i i ? f * * * stteoi“ i &y

f t.He £ g t t r e ^ & ^ f *

I ittf,dineZW' /5 CO/OV/AZ/SM

live undar the poorostaaonditionqnt+ °ali1r 4ries stuJonts and youth exploitation, s L m o ^ rh i f ’ , ty?lfled by ruthless

, n erv a tio n , child labour and m ss urioaploynent.

m iT S R A C Y .

are i l l i t e r a t e . p ^ b l e ^ i 1 1 ° _ I1! i d t U o Epst anJ Africa the position rs^.rdinp i l U t e r ^ v 1 Hive sone indication of

Illiteracy Kunbor n?d acce| f d i v e r s i t i e sCOUI.TRY.

BuaiiA

EGYPT

.INDIA

INDONESIA *

IRAN

NORTH AFRICA

NIGERIA

VTET-NAM **

NOTE*

Illiteracy Rate.

60%

Sl%

87%

94%

80%

90%

90-95%

85%

Number of i-’r-lvcrsltl p-;.

2220

3?acultics.1

4lCollG^e

1

PopulationHI H i ons.1718

4007015502520

Nunber of Students,

3,500

250,000591

3,4056,0CC108

1,000

\W> ^ ures under Dutch Rule.1942 figures under French Rule.Viet-Nan illiteracy reduced below 20#,

nghLTH CONDITIONS IN COEQKIal r.ommnvc

128 f l o S o « SfSraa^haar^ f b i T « 1i ty 15 > cnt> » " • « • only your., people suffSr Tlir'lsln <* theis one hospital bed for every * 4 £ c o nr +u , r?'n T\y in Tr*n > there has one-doctor for each 10 000 of thn t^e population* Jfeiayr.

one por 135 ,000 , whilst P ritish % t I ?CF?lrJ :l" n » ^

tor thlrt>' s c e n t s for t h l r t f n i m o n p c °r i e ? Ma<51cal Coll£* r

WORKING CONDITIONS.

eeek, S h S o ^ f ' t t f i S S S t J d Jin S U 3 « c a£ 1 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0 . A^J-banated Tin Mines in 1947 paid a dividend of

they saw^childrenhc f^ f iv e ^ n d ^ s ix ^ e e r s ^ ^ ^ ic iEr‘s!' ASic states that factories without eny kind of worklnt in cigaretteseven and eoght years working i S Z and othcr chi^ T o n ofinperieiisns greatest c r i S ^ i J + S nf S ?nd. s^ e r s . "One of

Xnhuaen exploitation syston", the C o m l S C S S p S S f " ! * " tbelr

Il NGUa GE.

the ways “in w h i ^ t h i ^ i s d o n ^ i^ th r a w fh f^+ h 0^ ! culturo* Ono &>ne is throu*ht the suppression of the

(

4 ■ '**»

national language of the people* In practically a ll colonial and dependent countries the language of the ruling masters is the modiua of instruction in the schools and universities and all important subjocts .are taught to the student in a foriign language.

South Africa is not bound to any colonial powers in the way the imperialists have a hold on the colonial countries. A very strfcng influence is traced in the foreign policy of the government, indicating that the government is compelled to "tow the line" with the Anglo-American bloc in the manner in which the Marshallised Countries arc forced to do. This is inevitable, especially when larpe loans are granted by America, and the Imperialists of both America and Britain have a big financial interest in the country. Under pressure from Washington Dr :.?alan is even compelled to send a tok'jr. f ore a to Korea. Though 1 mid boasts nrv be made of the int. -rl ’;y and independence of South Africa, in every respect the ; -’Vornrv.rt falls in line with the orders of American* imperialists.

Tc a il v. the ovorsea inp-,ri,-.lists hu*je dividends fcr their investments, and further, to give the snail minority of the Europeans a high economic status, all successive governments have always .Maintained their oppressive measures gainst the bulk of the people. Under the pretext of the colour bar and the slogan of "white supremacy", the vast majority of the people are denied the elementary human rights and maintain in a position to provide cheap labour for the mines, farnaps and industrialists. The conditions in which the bulk of the people live in South Africa are in very many cases similiar to those we find in the colonial countries.

The following facts provide irrefutable evidence of the way in which colonialism operates in the Union of South A fricat-

a) FRANCHISE;^Over oC# of the people have no voice in the affairs of the

country of their birth* They are denied the right to vote, which is enjoyed only by the- 2^-Million whites. The meagre Coloure"1: Vote in the Cape Province is now threatened by Parliament. This denial of the basic, human right is based on the pernicious Hitlerite doctrine of racial supremacy and colour.

b) U lP t

The ownership and occupation of land is shamelessly restricted. 80 " of the population is confined to 1 # of the land comprising chiefly of the eroded and unproductive Reserves. 20£,othe Whites own and occupy the rest of the land.

c) FrtEESCM OF IaC VE.'ESI. *

The non-European people ?.ro subjected to various pass laws, and other legislative meesures restrictin': their movement.

HEALTHi

The infant mortality rate for coloured children is almost four times as high as that for Europeans, a s a result of the very high infant mortality rate for Africanssno records art* kept. TE ratcs~r.r.. as flnllrwa»-

Europeans: deaths per 1 0 0 ,OCCColourdss 25C .0 deaths per 1 0 0 ,OCC Asiatics: 5OC.0 deaths ;.or 100,000 Africans: over 800*0 deaths per 100,000

For the ^ M il l io n Whites 32,8.39 beds are available in hospitals but for the ^million non-Europeans rnly 23 ,593 bods are available.

0) 30cm , m?AhBi-. ■ .Family allowances - "the most important social security

measure introduced bytho government in the post war era" - are not paifl to Africans and Indians, and coloured families receive only ono-flalf of the amount paid to European fam ilies.

.

of- f o r i*t * t l ™ * * E Q Ao«lo^ ^ C V ^ n ? ^ E ° ? Ce 13 gwvelyact. « B « World - r wu

3 ■ « ^ w r s‘h?„“g * ^ 11D?ttray0nbt^ nf V M S ~ r i r ‘ 2Jf J j bolstering their iuppet m c Im S **** colonial eountries

Tho S I s T h e i ^ " 1? . ? 0® S t e ^ g « 5 j f e - a w * j $ ai ° ” o ft h o youth Wh9 are t^fce’ u t f l i L ’r ” ’ " ^ 01"* ls th» r o g J S n t a t ^

“ id % Thelr n°n»trou0 notlve* f0dd9r ? P S f t t S *& ^ s ^ i n a * 8 t 5 ? ® ! * & t°hi W w S 5 ahn° > * * *

i n ^ u r actionsSfo? ^ j g

^hotnsalvo.a iv-,+ 1 constituted

wcrifj Youth P ^ t iw a l which , p 01 thQ A rtisa n s of P,young people gathered was the ^ofit f 56 Budapest, whero ' nanife^tation of £ 3 * . he no6t x^ r t ^ t interU tinanJ

jsris> * ° * * * tho8«oftnd World Poace Congress held ! l n ’ P‘f lt was ov*dont at tho the five faA&dred alllion thinking J , f w, thls year* Together with Stockholm j^peal c a l i t S for th ! £?ln* s who s iened the

D0nni°n f al ^arm am en ts* the World 0f the Atonlc Weapon*,& 2 ? 3 r froa 75 e n t r i e s ! pledred to J ropresentating thesoWorld Congress of the D e i ^ d l r f of Pefn« r pca^ e * UThe ■soco« dw5*i ct that we have on the "ono a g**Phlc denonstrationwarmongers and in overeonins f d succeeded in exposing the rollod with a view of V i i n L ortness and indiffej*«?Bjo« o*i which thiv other hand. thSk? to w ° P ^ n % and on the >

kvai o ^ kQ hQlr contr*hution In e r e c ^ n p ^ n ^ 5 V ? nd w^ nan 101011 they fty we have most positivly and e o n r t o * ? ? edifice of reace. There-Power in the World which we ?2 7 becor,e the sixth great

?S a hope for tho htoan race " 3ervlc0 of p(-*nc°. ™ich in(declaration of Second ty£ld” ^ c c Con6ress.).

Seofcnd^Vorld Peae^CoMraiw dMt»i!«/fftlons ^ ^ s n t l o n . the nethods utilised to nafitoin S S ^ E S ! 1? we consider the violent

and colonial oppression as a threat tr>e?h a stetG of dependencyproclaim the rights of these 5 2 S S L ? S r Q c! use of P€* CCJ we

b 01 Lnese peoples to freedom and independence*"

s t r u g g le ^ o r ^ e lc e .^ h e ^ e o p le s ^ o f^ t h e an . ^te^-rat part of thecountries, by intensifying thoi-r f+3? •? 2 deP°ndantand freedom, are contributing to ?r ^ t i o n a l independence we in South Africa by o S filh t f S? f °r peace- SiSilarly^

Cn February 21st the Youth in South Africa in cdnnon with the democratic youth the world over nust oake the following demands* * - . -• .vs

• er-

——— We demand the cessation of the war cf intervention id Korea, the withdrawal of all foreign troopa^ and the seeking of a peaceful solution with the participation of the representatives of the Korean people.

— — - Wo demand the cessation of .American intervention In the Chinese islejnfl of Taiwan (Formosa) and the cessation of hostilities t ainst the Vietnam ese Republic*’ •» '. . . . . rjQ -jrnp.nd the cessation of the military repression ar$ ‘' terror directed g a in s t the peojilcs of colonial countries, pajftictilarly Unlaya, ^uriaa and Indonesia, • ':/* ;

■$ .. . . . . ye strongly demand the end of the shamefull exploitation which plunges Into misery and leads to their death, millions and Billions of young people who are suffering under the barbarians c-lonialist regime, . g

While demanding the cessation ot foroign intervention in Korea, while protesting against all attackjrsagai&st independence p.nd freedom.of the peoples who the a^Gtins of cplonialisn, let us unite millions of youth in thjgjprrugrle for Peace and national independence for the peoples*

A Mass raX'ly to celebrate Colonial Ycuth Day, has been organised at the Trades Hall, 30 . Kerk Sfcteet, JOHANNESBURG, at 7*3C P»mf j by the ^African National Congress Youth League,Students Liberal Association (Witwatersrand University) and the Transvaal Indian Youth Congress,

SrONCERS OF Ra l l y .

•’On occasion 21 February greetings South African Youth struggle for peace democracy national liberation against imporialist racialist tyranny. Stop hopo celebration stimulate further united action all sections youth for liberty equality STOP Invite cirdially all South African Peace loving youth support and participate large number Berlin Festival."

^ WFDY Secretariat.

) }

/Z ' ia d £ 4 - -

Collection Number: AD1812

RECORDS RELATING TO THE 'TREASON TRIAL' (REGINA vs F. ADAMS AND OTHERS ON CHARGE OF HIGH TREASON, ETC.), 1956 1961 TREASON TRIAL, 1956 1961

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