O-Glycans Chapter 8 April 6, 2004 Jeff Esko [email protected].
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Transcript of O-Glycans Chapter 8 April 6, 2004 Jeff Esko [email protected].
Overview
• Types of O-linked glycans• T and Tn antigens• Glycosyltransferases involved in O-glycan
assembly• Mucins• Function of leukocyte membrane mucin• Tumor mucins
O-Glycosidic Linkage
O-glycosidic linkage is sensitive to alkali (regardless of stereochemistry)
-elimination
O
OH
H
H
HO
H
O
NAcHH
OH
NH2CHC
H2C
O Ser
GalNAc
Examples of O-Glycans?
Ser/Thr
GalNAc
Mucins
Ser/Thr
Man
Yeast mannoproteins-dystroglycan
Ser/Thr
Fuc
NotchCoagulation FactorsFibrinolytic Factors
Ser/Thr
GlcNAc
Nuclear ProteinsCytoplasmic Proteins
More O-glycans
Ser
Glc
Thr
Proteoglycans(Glycosaminglycans)
Ser
Xyl
Rho proteinsWorm CollagensDictyostelium proteins
Man Glc Gal GlcNAc
Even more….
HydroxyLys
Gal
CollagenC1q complement
Plant glycoproteinsDictyostelium
HydroxyPro
Ara Gal GlcNAc
Tyr
Glycogenin
Glc
Mucin-Type O-GalNAc Glycans
• Major vertebrate O-glycan
• Begins in cis-Golgi by attachment of GalNAc in -linkage to specific Ser/Thr residues
• Assembly is simpler than N-linked chains - no lipid intermediate is used
• Always involves nucleotide sugars
• Always occurs by addition to non-reducing terminus or by branching
4
3
4
3
4
3
3
3
Ser/Thr
3 6
Polypeptide GalNAc Transferases
• 12 members of mammalian ppGalNAcT family• Estimated size of family = 24• Share structural features in active site• Some have lectin (ricin) domain
Regions in white, pink, red, and black represent, respectively, 0–29%, 30–69%, 70–99%, and 100% sequence identity (Hagen et al. (2003) Glycobiology 13:1R-16R).
Core 2GlcNAcT
Core 1GalT
Ser/Thr
3 6
Ser/Thr
3
Ser/Thr
Core 1 and Core 2 Synthesis
Core 4GlcNAcT
Core 3GlcNAcT
Ser/Thr
3 6
Ser/Thr
3
Ser/Thr
Core 3 and Core 4 Synthesis
Core 3
Ser/Thr
3
Core 4
Ser/Thr
3 6
Ser/Thr
3
Core 1
Ser/Thr
3 6
Core 2
Core 7
Ser/Thr
6
Core 6?
Ser/Thr
6
Core 5
Ser/Thr
3
Core 8
Ser/Thr
3
Unusual Core O-Glycan Structures
T-antigens
• Tumor associated antigens• First one designated Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF)
antigen, later renamed T-antigen• Precursor (GalNAc-O-Ser/Thr) is called Tn-
antigen
Ser/Thr
Tn-antigen
Ser/Thr
3
T-antigen
3GalT
Ser/Thr Ser/Thr
3
T-antigen
3GalT 6GlcNAcT 3 6
Ser/Thr
3
3
3 6
sialyl Tn-
antigen6
36
Tn-antigen
disialylT-antigen
Core 2
sialylT-antigen
ST3Gal-I, II, IV
ST6GalNAcIII, IV, I, II
ST6GalNAc-I ST6GalNAc-II, I
Cosmc
• Tn-antigens accumulate due to loss of 3Gal transferase activity
• No mutations in 3GalT; message is expressed• Missing Cosmc (Core 1 3GalT -specific molecular chaperone,
Xq23• 25% identity, >40% homology to 3GalT• Absence of Cosmc results in proteosome degradation of
3GalT
Cosmc
Ju & Cummings (2002) PNAS 99:16613-8
Ser/Thr
Tn-antigen
Ser/Thr
3
T-antigen
3GalT
Core 26GlcNAcT
Ser/Thr
3 6
Ser/Thr
3
Ser/Thr
Core 2 GlcNAc Transferases
• Three genes known, Core 2 6GlcNAcT I, II, III
• Two isoforms, 6GlcNAcT I and III, in lymphocytes and other non-epithelial cells
• One isoform, 6GlcNAcT II, specific for mucin secreting epithelia
Outer Chain Assembly
• Sequential action of 4GalT and 3GlcNAcT gives rise to polylactosamine chains (Type II repeats)
• Type I repeats (Gal3GlcNAc4) also occur
4
3
4
3
4
3
3
3
Ser/Thr
3 6
• GlcNAc6Gal branches (I-antigen) can occur
• The ends of the chains are capped in -linked sugars, e.g. 3/4Fuc and 3/6sialic acids
• Terminal structures make up important blood group determinants, e.g. the Lewis antigens
Mucins are Heavily O-glycosylated
• Apomucin contain tandem repeats (8-169 amino acids) rich in proline, threonine, and serine (PTS domains)
• Glycosylation constitutes as much as 80% of mass and tend clustered - bottle brush
• Expressed by epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genito-urinary tracts
Mucins
• 11p15 family (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6) probably responsible for the formation of mucus layers
• 7q22 family (MUC3A, MUC3B, MUC12), 1q21 (MUC1), and 3q (MUC4, MUC13) are membrane mucins
Dekker et al. (2002) TIBS 27:126
Lung Epithelium
Goblet cells in intestinal crypts
Mucin Production
Mucins: Protective Barriers for Epithelial Cells
• Lubrication for epithelial surfaces• Modulate infection:– Receptors for bacterial adhesins– Secreted mucins can act as decoys
• Barrier against freezing:– Antifreeze glycoproteins
– [Ala-Ala-Thr]n≤40 with Core 1 disaccharides
Leukocyte Trafficking
Vascular Injury
HeparanSulfate
Endothelial Cells
P-selectin
SelectinLigands
Chemokines
Rolling Chemokine Activation of Integrins Extravasation
Cytokines
Integrin-ICAML-selectin
Infiltration of leukocytes into sites of inflammation depends on multiple carbohydrate-protein interactions
Leukocyte Rolling
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Tim Springer, Harvard
Cell Surface Mucin: PSGL-1
www.imech.ac.cn/mianlong/ ppt/ppt3.htm
Lappänen et al. (2000) JBC 275:39569
Leukocyte Trafficking Defects in Mice Lacking Core 2 GlcNAc Transferase
cells
/ml
Neutrophils Lymphocytes EosinophilsMonocytes
wt/∆wildtype ∆/∆
Leukocytosis (Ellies et al. (1998) Immunity 9:881-90)
L-selectin chimeras were used to probe lymph node sections
Wildtype Null
Lymph Node High Endothelial Venules (HEVs)
Ellies et al. (1998) Immunity 9:881-90
CarcinomaCell
Tumor cells express mucins that define ligands for selectin adhesion receptors
Platelets: P-selectinLeukocytes: L-selectinEndothelia: E- and P-selectins
Leukocyte
L
P
Activated
RestingPlatelet
Platelet
ACTIVATED ENDOTHELIUM
Neoplastic emboli can lodge in the small vessels
P E
MembraneBound Mucin
P
P
P
Tumor markers: CA19-9 (sLeA), CA125 (MUC16) and others
Induced O-glycan Deficiencies in the Mouseand Biological Effects
Enzyme Phenotype
Polypeptide GalNAcT-1 B-lymphocyte deficiency in nodes
Polypeptide GalNAcT-8 None so far
Core 2 GlcNAc T-I Leukocytosis and defect in inflammation
Questions
• What is the function of multiple polypeptide GalNAc transferases?
• Do various transferases within a family act on the same or different substrates?
• How is tissue specific expression of transferases regulated?
• How does competition of transferases for substrates determine the glycoforms expressed by cells and tissues?
• Would small molecule inhibitors of O-glycan formation prove therapeutically useful?
Core 1GalT
Ser/Thr
3
Ser/Thr
N-acetylgalactosaminides
O O
Core 1GalT