NYAOKE RESEARCH REPORT.pdf

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JORDAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

JOSHUA THOMAS NYAOKE

INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATIONIN MARA REGION

A Case Study of Masinono Village in Musoma Rural District inMara Region

This Research Project is submitted in (Partial ) Fulfillment of RequirementsFor the Bachelor Degree with Education (Geography)

Morogoro 2015



CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certify that they read and hereby recommend for acceptance by the Jordan

University College a research project entitled INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES OF

DESERTIFICATION IN MARA REGION . A case study of Mainono village in Musoma

Rural district, Mara region in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Arts with Education (Geography) of St. Augustine University of Tanzania – Jordan University

College

........................................................................

Joseph Willium Njiku

(Supervisor)

Date...................................



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thanks the following people who help me on one way or another during the

time of writing this research report, their contribution cannot be forgotten. First of all my

special thanks to my beloved mother Isidora Thomas, for her support moral and spiritual, she

always encourage me in with guidance and counseling, also I would like to congratulate Mr.

Johanes Sando- Masinono the village chairman, Mr. Lusato, Mr. Nyamugambwa(WEO), Mwl

Muran Kuyeti, and my brother Elijah Thomas Nyaoke who support me all the time of

collecting data and conducted various discussion concerning to my research. Also I would like

to thanks my beloved uncle Mr. Samwel Hewa who always advice me in every steps during

my studies until now I reach the university level may God bless him.

My special thanks also should go to my friends and classmates Thobias Michael, Richard

Tarimo, Rashid Nyegele, Ndumba Betram, Samson Petro, Swalehe Hatwabi, Elias Mwasenga,

Samwel Willium, Salehe Rajabu and all those who names are not appear in this work but their

support was very import during the writing of this research project who always work with me

hand to hand during of organization and writing of this work their contributions and support

played a big rule for me.

Lastly I would like to thanks my supervisor Joseph Willum Njiku who encourage me during

this work



TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE

Certification …………………………………………………………………………………… ..i

Declaration …………………………………………………………………………………… ..ii

Dedication …………………………………………………………………………………… ..iii

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………… .iv

List of Acronyms …………………………………………………………………………… ....v

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………… ...v

Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………………… .iv

List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………… xii

List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………… ..xiii

List of Map …………………………………………………………………………………… xiv

List of Plates ………………………………………………………………………………… .xv

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1:0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 1

1:2 Background of the problem ……………………………………………………………… ...1

1:3 Statement of the study ……………………………………………………………………… 2

1:4 Justification of the study …………………………………………………………………… 3

1:4 Research objectives ………………………………………………………………………… 4

1:4:1 General objective ………………………………………………………………………… 4

1:4:2 Specific objectives ……………………………………………………………………… ..4



1:5 Research Questions ………………………………………………………………………… 4

1:6 Conceptual Frame work …………………………………………………………………… .4

1:7 Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………………… ...5

1:8 Scope of the study .......................................................................................................... …...6

1:9 Organization of the study ………………………………………………………………… ...6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2:0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 7

2:1The causes of Desertification ….…………………………………………………………… .7

2:1:1 Overgrazing ……………………………………………………………………………… 7

2:1:2 Poor Crop cultivation Practices ………………………………………………………… ..8

2:1:3 Deforestation …………………………………………………………………………… ..8

2:1:4 Bush Fires ……………………………………………………………………………… ...9

2:1:5 Natural Causes ………………………………………………………………………… ...9

Indirect Causes of Desertification ……………………………………………………………… 9

2:1:6 Poverty …………………………………………………………………………………… 9

2:1:7 Rapid Population growths ……………………………………………………………… .10

2:1:8 Land tenure …………………………………………………………………………… ...10

2:2.The effects of Desertification …………………………………………………………… ..11

2:2:1 Loss of Soil Fertility …………………………………………………………………… .11

2:2:2 Loss of Biodiversity …………………………………………………………………… ..11

2:2:3 Hunger and Famine …………………………………………………………………… ...12



2:2:4 Reduces the World ’s fresh reserves …………………………………………………… ..12

2:2:5 Economic Cost ………………………………………………………………………… ..13

2:3 Measures of Combating Desertification ………………………………………………… ..13

2:3:1 Environmental Education ……………………………………………………………… .13

2:3:2 Car Ownership Sharing ………………………………………………………………… 14

2.3.3. Unique Brewing Technology Reduces CO2 Emissions by 30%.................................... .15

2.3.4. Manufacturing Saving Energy by Growing Vertical Gardens on Factory Wall ……… .15

2:3:5.The importance of Integrated National Land use Planning …………………………… ..15

2:3:6 A forestation and Re forestation ……… ..……………………………………………… 16

2.4 Knowledge Gap ………………………………………………………………………… ...16

CHAPTER THREE : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3:0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… ..17

3:1 Location of the Study Area ……………………………………………………………… ..17

3:2 Selection of the Study Area ……………………………………………………………… .19

3:3 Population of the Study Area …………………………………………………………… ...19

3:4 Economic Activities ……………………………………………………………………… .19

3.4.1 Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………… 19

3.4.2 Animal keeping ………………………………………………………………………… 20

3.4.3 Small Trade …………………………… ..……………………………………………… 20

3:5 Research Design ………………………………………………………………………… ..21

3:6 Sample Size and Sampling Procedures …………………………………………………… 22



LIST OF TABLES

Table3. 1 Sample Size ………………………………………………………………………… 23

Table 3.2 Time schedule …………………………………………………………………… ...26

Table 3 .3 Budget Structure ………………………………………………………………… ...27

Table 4 .1.1 Sex of the Respondents in the Study Area ……………………………………… 30

Table 4. 1.2 occupation of the respondent …………………………………………………… 32

Table 4.2.1 The Human Causes of Desertification in the study area ………………………… 35

Table 4.2.2 Natural Causes of Desertification …...…………………………………………… 37

Table 4.3.1 Impact of Desertification on the Environments ………………………………… .39

Table 4.3.2 Impact of Desertification on Land ……………………………………………… 40

Table 4.4.1 Measures of Combating Desertification ………………………………………… .42



LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 .1Concptual framework of the Causes of Desertification …………………………… .5

Figure 4.1 Ages of Respondents …………………… .……………………………………… ...31

Figure 4.2 Marital status ………………………………………… .………………………… ...33

Figure 4 .3 Education Levels of the Respondents …………………………………………… ..34

Figure 4.4 show Human Causes of Desertification in Masinono …………………………… .35

Figure 4.5 Impact of Desertification on Rain ….…………………………………………… ..42



Map 3.1 map of Mara Region …....………………………………………………………… ....36



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0. I ntroduction

Desertification is a major economic, social and environmental problem facing 900million

people all over the world. 70% of the world’s dry lands used for agriculture already degraded (

UNCOD 1997). Desertification is land degradation in dry lands. The United Nations

Environment Programme estimates that one third of the dry lands in Africa are affected by

Desertification at moderate or high degree and that 73 per cent of the total agriculturally used

dry lands are already degraded . It has reduced and continues to reduce the capacity of the land

to produce food, and thus exarecebrating food shortages leading to frequent famines and

starvation. The situation is Serious and is growing worse (UNEP’s 1991 ).In Tanzania the

central areas that includes Dodoma and Singida and other parts of Mwanza, Shinyanga, Mara,

Iringa and Arusha regions are seriously threaten by desertification.

1.1 Background of the P roblem

The United Republic of Tanzania is located just south of the equator in tropical East Africa be

tween latitudes 1o – 12o south and longitude 30o – 40o east. It is a country of highly varied ,

physical features and tropical savannah climate with distinct wet and dry seasons.

Temperatures and rainfall are modified by altitude, with high elevations receiving more

precipitation. High Plateaux demarcated by mountains as well as deep valleys and Lake

Basins characterise much of the country. An 800-km coastline makes up the eastern border of

Tanzania mainland where Mangroves, coral reefs and other marine life abound. About 90

percent of the country’s landscapes is covered by savannah vegetation mainly grasses, bushes,



shrubs and widely scattered trees. ( NACP 1999 ) This is home to a wide range of wildlife and

other natural species. Notwithstanding its natural resource s base, Tanzania’s physical

environment is fragile largely as a result of variable soil quality and uneven precipitation .

Tanzania is the one of the five (5) east Africa countries. Is the largest country in the region, the

country is bordered by Kenya and Uganda in the north, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Formerly Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi on the west side. On the southern zone Malawi,

Mozambique and Zambia and Indian ocean on the east side. The country experienced various

environmental challenges which affect the country natural beauty. Desertification is one of the

environmental hazards affect the country. The researches done by various institutions such as

NGO’s and government institutions show that desertification will spread widely if effective

measure could not be taken.

Many parts of the country had already experienced conditions of desertification regions such

as Dodoma,Singida, Shinyanga and Manyara. Also there small areas of the some regions

which also experienced the condition of desertification; they includes Rukwa,Mara, Mwanza

and Tabora. But my research focus on Mara region Musoma rural district at Masinono village.

1.2 Statement of the Study

UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is the main international forum

addressing these topics. The UNCCD addresses these topics within the wider framework of

land degradation in dry lands, which makes it relevant to many more areas than the desert

margins. The convention consequently defines affected countries in all parts of the world and

30% of total land area is considered as dry lands. The emphasis of the convention is however

on Africa.



Land degradation, desertification and drought have serious implications on food security, and

even more so as 90% of people who depend on dry lands resources live in developing

countries with no or limited social safety nets. This vulnerability is exacerbated in conflict areas like in Sudan and Chad where major humanitarian disasters are happening. Another

factor exacerbating vulnerability in dry lands areas is climate change, which can amplify land

degradation processes and drought.

Norway is not affected by desertification or drought and our role in these issues is therefore to

provide funding for measures in developing countries. Masinono village its natural

environment has been totally affected by human activities taking place in the region especially

Agriculture in terms of scenario and component of land due to severe deforestation, bush

firing, overgrazing, and population pressure which facilitate people to be in miserable life

when experience severe starvation due to decline of production and low rainfall, increases of

diseases, rural-urban migration and dissertation. There were no previous research already

conducted and this is the first one. Therefore, in this resea rch the researcher interested in

find ings out these causes of desertification as well as effects and possible measures of combat

deserti ication.

1.3 Justification of the Study

Considerable number of people who suffer due to land exhaustion accelerated by human

activities that is decline of food production for instance millet, maize, beans and rice, decline

of life span, insufficient pastures, severe soil erosion and land degradation portrays that

improper cultivation, over grazing and extensive making of cha rcoal are practiced at

Masinono village- Musoma rural district in Mara region in order to fulfill the demands of

human being.



1.4 Research Objectives

1.4. 1 General Objective

To identify the causes of Desertification

1.4. 2 Specific Objectives

1. To inves tigate the Causes that lead to Desertification in Masinono village .

2. To examine the Impacts of Desertification in Masinono village

3. To eval uate the Ways of Combating Desertification in Masinono village

1.5 Research Q uestions

1. What are the Causes of D esertification in Masinono village?

2. What are Impacts of Desertification in Masinono village?

3. How Desertification can be prevented in Masinono village?

1.6 Conceptual F ramework of Causes of Desertification

Desertification drivers and the policy context, why do desertification and land degradation

happen? The reasons can be physical (for example due to the climate or soil conditions), due

to the actions of people or, most often, due to a combination of factors. The resulting

degradation may be temporary or permanent.



Source: Adopted and modified from MEAR 2005

Figure 1 .1 Conceptual F rame work of Desertification

1.7 Significance of the S tudy

The study was find ings the various causes of desertifi cation. People of an area w e re included

on how desertification occur s in their area, also the study make a comparison with other

causes of desertification as they described by other scholars and experts. Also research

provide s the solution and measures to be taken to over come the problem. The study provides

alternative measure to the people and government so the research would give people the

importance of education in agriculture and environmental conservation . People of an area can

increase production through improvement of agriculture techniques.



1.8 Scope of the Study

The research consider Tanzania mainland, the case study of Masinono village in Musoma

district Mara region. In the area the dwellers are peasants and pastoralist. Masinono village is

found in Bugwema ward it’s surrounded by various vill ages such as Muhoji and Nyambono in

the east, Kabainja and Karukekere in south, in west Bugwema village and Lake Victoria and

in the north Mabui and Mikuyu villages.

1.9 Organization of the S tudy

This study is organized as follows chapter one includes, introduction, background of the study,

statement of the study, significance of the study, organization of the study and conceptual

framework. The followed chapter is chapter two, which involves literature review which

provides both theoretical and empirical reviews with regard to the present study. Chapter three

which provide the methodology which can be used to provide the required information ,

Chapter four is focus on presentation of the findings dat a and the last chapter five is

conclusions and recommendations.



CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0. Introduction

This session deals with clarification of the related literature that a researcher passed and

confirms some information which has connection with this study. The parts of this chapter

have been arranged in chronological manner so that a reader who will passes through this

work could be able to understand it clearly as arranged according to the research objectives

respectively.

2.1 The Causes of D esertification

A single environmental variable is insufficient to explain this form of degradation. It is the

combination and interaction of an assortment of environmental and socio-economic factors

that characterize these processes, which determine the status of desertification. Natural factors

like extreme climatic fluctuations and human (anthropogenic) activities are all involved. There

are four main human factors that tend to have a direct bearing on desertification.

2.1. 1 Overgrazing

Overgrazing resulting from localized large number of livestock in grazing lands, degrades

vegetation cover and exposes soil to wind and water erosion. Soil compaction especially on

livestock routes, also occur and thus exacerbating land degradation. The increase in livestock

numbers is a consequence of natural increase enhanced by modern veterinary services coupled

with poor markets and marketing infrastructures, which impede annual off take (UNCOD

1988)



2.1. 2 Poor Crops Cultivation Practices

Traditional rain fed farming in Tanzania involves complete removal of vegetation and burning

it before cultivation is done. The area is cultivated for a number of years and when yield

shows signs of dropping the area the area are abandoned to allow it to regent to bush and

forest in order to restore soil fertility. This traditional bush-fallow farming allowed for long

following periods which helped to ensure suitable production of crops. Increased population,

both human and livestock, has forced farmers to abandon long follows in favors of short ones

or continuous cultivation of an area with a little or without applying fertilizers or manure. This

trend coupled with practice of burning farm residues every year leads to land and soil

degradation. Unfortunately , most farmers in dry lands areas do not practice soil and water

conservation measures when cultivating their land hence aggravating land degradation. (

Mwondosya, M.J et al 1998)

2.1. 3 Deforestation

Deforestation includes all actions destructive of the woody vegetation, trees or shrubs found in

an area. Primarily it result from uncontrolled cutting of wood, mainly of woody fuel for

cooking, sale, drying fish, tobacco curing, burning bricks and also for building poles and other

round wood. These actions lead to expand land degradation circles around villages and

settlements. Other factors to deforestation include make fences for herds, clearing for

cultivation, clearing to drive away marauding animals and grain-eating birds. Clearing to

expand grazing areas and to control tsetse fly (Aargaard, P. 2009)



2.1.4 Bush F ires

Farmers usually use fire as a tool to clean their farms after harvesting. Sometimes the fires get

out of hand and commence into big bushfires. Herders also set fires deliberately to burn

grazing hands to induce new grass. Again this fire becomes a bush on fires where it is to not

control. Hunters, herders, farmers may also set the bush on fire to drive away marauding

animals and to increase visibility. In all these cases, bush fires destroy large quantity of older

and cause degradation of the vegetation by burning young trees and shrubs, leaving the soil

bare and expose it to the erosive action of wind and rain (Khan, Z, at el.2008) .

2.1.5 Natural Causes of Desertification

Natural causes, which led to land degradation (desertification), include geological process and

climatic variation. Geological processes such as tectonic movements lead to the formation of

gullies. Examples are found in Kondoa district. Climatic variation especially alternate short

wet and long dry season exacerbates the deterioration of vegetation cover and as such assist

and speed up the process of land degradation (Headey, D. 2011) .

Indirect C auses of Desertification

2.1.6 Poverty

Poverty is both causes and effect of land degradation. While land degradation leads to

widespread poverty, poor people tend to over exploit natural resources in their surrounding, to

meet their basic needs. People who are struggling for survival in the harsh environment of dry

lands have a problem of food insecurity and most of them lack nutrias food. Poverty was

recognized since independence as one of the three bottlenecks to development in Tanzania.

Efforts to alleviate poverty have not been able to reduce the magnitude of the problem. It was

estimated in 1995 that over 50% of all Tanzanians were living below the poverty line and that



degradation, they can no longer afford to import.

2.2.4. R educes the World ’ s Fresh Water R eserves

It has a direct impact on river flow rates and the level of underground water tables. The

direction of river flow rates and the lowering of groundwater levels lead to the silting up of

estuaries, the encroachment of sal t suspended particles and Stalinization , which in turn

reduces the biodiversity of fresh and brackish water and fishing catches, interfering with the

operation of reservoirs and adversely affecting human and animal health(FAO May 1996 ).

An article in The Guardian , explain some of the effect of long-term drought. The article

reports how the water level of Lake Powell in Arizona has dropped by 40 meters (130ft) in the

last six years of drought. Lake Powell is the second largest water reservoir in USA; it helps

supply water to agriculture, industry and rural urban communities.

A CNN report , suggest that desertification in Africa could be one reason of why coral reefs in

the Caribbean, on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, have been drying since the 1970’s in

areas far from direct human activity.

The cost of desertification is high, and does not just in economic terms. Desertification is a

threat to biodiversity, it can lead to prolonged episodes of famine in countries that are already

impoverished and cannot sustain large agricultural losses. Poor rural people who depend on

the land survival are often forced to migrate or face starvation ( IFAD, 2010 August).

2.2.5. Economic C ost



The first estimate of the Global direct cost of desertification was m, Us 26 billion per annum,

made by UNEP in 1998 , shortly after the UN Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) in

1977. It was based on reports by consultants, including degree (1983), of yield declines onlands with differing degree of severity of desertification. Dregne produced the first world map

of desertification status in 1977 for UNCOD; like (Mabbut1984) who also made global

estimates of the extent of desertification for UNEP, he could therefore drive cost estimates,

from a biophysical data base-albeit one on subjective expert assessment.

2.3 Measures of Combating Desertification

Effective prevention of D esertication requires both local management and macro policy

approaches that promote sustainability of ecosystem services. It is advisable to focus on

prevention, because attempts to rehabilitate desertied areas are costly and tend to deliver

limited results.

2.3.1. Environmental E ducation

Environmental education has been defined and redefined over the last twenty-five years.

Definitional issues are inherent in a field this broad and encompassing. It is generally agreed

that environmental education is a process that creates awareness and understanding of the

relationship between humans and their many environments – natural, man-made, cultural, and

technological. Environmental education is concerned with knowledge, values, and attitudes,

and has as its aim responsible environmental behavior ( NEEAC, 1996).

Wang G., Wang X., Wu B. and Lu Q. (2012) Environmental sustainability consciousness has

been aroused among the youth through National campaigns, schools and NGO’s in the past ten

years in spite of many hurdles. On the National level, to mark the 33 rd World Environmental



During the summer of 2008 Kyocera corp. a Japanese manufacturer of electronic components

and photovoltaic system, created “ green curtains ” of plants climbing the outer walls of fire

factories in Japan including those in Okaya, Nagano prefecture and Gamo, Shiga prefecture. The green curtains of climbing plants, such as morning glory and goya (bitter gourd), absorb

carbon dioxide and at the same time help reduce the need for air conditioning by providing a

cool covering of the buildings and the keeping the heart of the summer sun out (John M.,

Pannell D. and Kingwell R. (2005)

2.3.5. The Importance o f Integrated National land use Planning

Land irrigation project, which are often planned and implemented by governments with

international financial support are frequently given credit for improving agricultural

productivity and reducing the fluctuations in yields from variability in rainfall. However

research has shown that it is important to anticipate negative National impact when planning

such projects. These impacts can be social in characters e.g. by displaying poorer farmers

environmental e.g. due to water logging and Stalinization , Bishop J.T. and Allen J. (1989)

Economic by diverting water for irrigation projects from flood plains crucial for cropping;

pastoralist and fishing and mixed e.g. the displacement of poorer farmers to marginal lands

can lead land degradation . Indeed the extra income from a proposed irrigation project did not

exceed 17% of the downstream losses in any of the scenarios simulated (Grainger A. (2009 ).

2.3.6. A Forestation and ReforestationUNEP (2006) the programmed of planting trees around the human environment should

insisted from the family level up to international level . Planting of vegetation can protect the

soil erosion especially during the rainy season. The government with collaboration with

donors has undertaken different programs related to combating desertification. Two program



me of soil erosion were taken in Tanzania in the dry lands areas probably stand as a testimony

of the government commitment to solving the problem of land degradation. First the soil

conservation programs in Dodoma (HADO). Started as a forestation and engineering project aiming to prevent further land degradation in Dodoma especially the Kondoa Irangi highlands.

The second National program me is the soil conservation program me for Shinyanga (HASHI)

“Hifadhi ardhi shinyanga” it was started as a follow up of National Conference held in

Shinyanga in 1984 on “ Environmental conservation through tree planting ” the aim has

been to encourage and involved the people in Shinyanga in environmental conservation

measures to mitigate the adverse effects of land degradation and to improve the sta nd of living

of the people (Berry L., Abraham E. and Essahli W. (2009)

2.4 Knowledge Gap

The desertification problem in Masinono village it lead s due the number of some factors,

although some factors are the same to the above which are worldwide causes of

Desertification but there are unique causes which described by the respondents in the study

area. People identify those factors due what they experienced in their environment for many

years ago. These factors include poor method of farming, lack of education among the

farmers, lack of environmentalists and agriculturalists in Masinono village.



CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0. Introduction

This chapte r rely on the techniques which were used in the conducting research, this done to

achieve intended goals. This chapter contains procedures adopted by a researcher; these

includes area of the study and justification, research approach, research design, justification

for using a selected approach which is either qualitative or quantitative, sample and sampling

procedures, data collection, data analysis and quality.

3.1 Location of the Study Area

Masinono village is found in Bugwema Ward in Musoma rural district in Mra region. The

village is surrounded by villages such as Muhoji on the East, Mikuyu, Musanja and Mabuhi on

the north, Bugwema village and Lake Victoria in the west part and Karukekere and Kabainja

in the south. The study area is dominated by three tribes which are Luo, Sukuma and Jita,

agriculture and domestication are the major economic activities conducted in the village. The

village is located about 45km from Musoma town the region headquarter and 25km from

Bunda town the nearest town where people of an area get their social services, it’s connected

by rough roads from both two towns Musoma and Bunda.



The selected area is Masinono village , one of the earlier villages in the country. The village is

affected by desert condition which led to the decline of crops production, loss of biodiversity,

soil erosion, famine, scarcity of water and drought. Desertification in the area is caused byovergrazing, deforestation, poor methods of farming, bush burning, population, and poverty

and land tenure.

3.3 Population of the Study A rea

Masinono village has a number of dwellers about 5412 (2012 National Census ) male are 2376

and female were 3036. The population increased rapidly because on 2002 National Census

there about 2150 number of people an area, these show that they is no program of control

population growth have been taken by the government.

3.4 Economic Activities

3.4.1 Agriculture

Agricultural activities is the backbone of Masinono dwellers economy , people of MAasinono

village practice mixed farming whereby they planting more than one crops on the same farm.

Crops cultivated are maize, millet, beans cassava, rice and cotton as a cash crop. The large

amount of crops produced is only for consumption and the surplus are sold to the market. But

the cotton which has produced for market does not improve the life of people in Masinono

village due to the price fluctuation in every year that’s why people are not much invest in

cotton production. Agriculture production in Masinono declined from 2400kg per acre up to

480kg in 2000’s. The decline of production was caused by loss of soil fertility, environmental

degradation which led to soil erosion and the changes of weather due to the increase of long

dry season rather than wet season which likely until in the late of 1990 ’s.



Source: Research Data 2014

Plate 3. 1: Small market in Masinono village

3.5 Research Design

Kothari (2004) research design is the arrangement of the condition for the collection and

analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with

economy in procedures. The researcher adopted mixed research design in which both quality

and quantitative aspects are includes both theories and diagrams wer e applied. This help ed

researcher to get the real picture of the causes of desertificatio n. Data in this research was

collected by using interview, questionnaires and observation instruments of data collection.



3.6 Sample S ize and Sampling Procedure

3.6.1 Sample Size

Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations replicates to

include in statistical sample. The sample size is very important of any empirical study in

which the goal is to make inference a bout a population from a sample . The number of sample

include sample which have both different number of males and females which are above th e

age of 18. The researcher was took 5 environmentalists which are equal 25% of the sample, 5

civil serva nts 25%, 10 students’ 20% and 30 local people 30%. Th e sample size includes

presentation of males and females.

Table 3.1 Sample Size

Respondents Sample size Percentages (%)

Environmentalist 5 12.5

Civil Servants 5 12.5

Local people (peasants) 20 50

Students 10 25

Total 40 100.00


3.6. 2 Sampling Procedures

Koha n . P (1 990 ) Sampling is the process of selecting or drawing sample of people object, and

unit from entire of universal population. In this research the researcher targets the farmers

(local people), environmentalists and c ivil servants. Those groups were provided the reliable

information about the research top ic. The sample of the study was comprise 5 civil ser vants, 5

environmentalists 10 students and 20 local people (farmers) at least 6 from each 5 zones of the

Masinono village. Those zones are Masinono A, Masinono B, Jitirora, Rwamasisi and



3.7.1.2 Observation

Observation is a way of gathering data by watching na tural setting (Kohan, P.1990 )

observation can be overt (everyone knows they are being observed). The benefited of covert

observation is that people are more likely to behave naturally if they do not know they are

being observed. The researcher participated in observing the causes of desertification in the

study area. Here researcher observes population growth, level of poverty, methods of farming

and deforestation. These observed things helped the researcher to determine the effects of

desertification and possible measure to be used to overcome the problem on an area.

3.7. 2 Secondary Sources

Secondary data are data which collected in documental form stored in a certain place

(Kombo& Tromp 20 06). The researcher use d magazines, maps articles, books, internet sources

and other literature review obtained appropriate information related to the topic.

3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation

The data which were collected were analyzed by using both qualitative and quantitative. Data

analysis both numerical diagrams and word a nalysis applied. Also Microsoft execel also

employed in the coding and summarizing data. Also the data from the field could be analyzed

and presented by using tables, pie charts and bar graphs so as to make the work more critical.

3:9 Time Frame Work (Schedule)

This schedule the time allocate during the wr iting of research work from the begin until the

end. The time duration of this research project it takes almost 1 year since the time of writing

research proposal, data collection, data analysis, writing research report and finally submission

of research project. The activities of writing this report are illustrated in the table 3.2 below;



3.11 Limitation s of the Study

During the process of collecting data researcher faced some challenges and limitation which

made the study to be difficult. These are some challenges researcher faced during data

collection; language barrier the most of people in an area especially the selected respondent

they are not master English language well so this circumstances forced research to set

conducting interviews through using Swahili language, also questionnaire for the primary

level respondents were set also in Swahili. A part from language barrier researcher faced a

challenge in capital because the money for conducting researcher did not released by the

government on time so make the study to become very difficulty. The money pro vided which

is 100,000/=T anzanian shillings is not sufficient because the data collection is regarded to be

collected during the holidays this hinder the researcher to investigate many objectives in the

study area, because during the holiday there is a lot of things someone want to fulfill apart

from academic issues. The research project it required a lot of capital as I proposed in the

budget so as to ensure that all things are conducted in high quality and on time.



Table 4.1 above show that the sex of the respondents in the study area is not equal balanced

this due to the fact that in the study area males are more influential in the society compare to

females. This can be associated that the issues of gender balance are not equal balanced countryside but there are some places it ’s not well achieved.

4.1.2 Age of the Respondents

Age of the respondents is one of the most important characteristics in understanding their

views about the particular problems; by and large age indicates level of maturity of individuals

in that sense age becomes more important to examine the response.

Figure 4.1 below shows that 25% of the respondents range between 15-20 years also the same

percentage (25%) range between 35 and above, while the 50% of the respondents were

between 20-35 years. This shows that the area is dominated by youth who most of them

engaged in agricultural activities and small business.

Figure 4.1 Ages of Respondents

4:1:3 Occupations of the Respondents

Person’s occupations do have a bearing on his or her personality and so also the ways of

looking at the problem before him. The quality of life is also determined by an individual’s

occupation and the incomes he derives from it. Occupation of an individual also socialized

him or her in a particular fashion which in turn reflects his or her pattern of behaviors and

his/her level of understanding of particular phenomenon. To identify the occupation of

respondents is very important because it determine the types of questions set to them, so as to

get reliable information during data collection. The researcher used students in order to

identify their level of understanding on environmental issues, farmers also used because they



are the majority of environmental degradation, environmentalist were used so as to know how

measure the put to deal with desertification and other environmental disaster. Lastly civil

servants were considered so as to identify on how much they engaged in environmental conservation and other activities took place in their environment.

Table 4.2 Occupation of t he Respondent (N =40)

Category Frequency Percentage (%)

Environmentalist 5 12.5

Civil servants 5 12.5

Peasants 20 50

Students 10 25

Total 40 100.00


Table 4.2 above illustrated that 50% of the respondents were peasant or local people, 25%

students, 12.5 were environmentalist and the same percentage 12.5% were the civil servants.

This shows that most of the people are peasant who engaged in crop cultivation and animal

keeping. The agricultural activities were look as the main causes of desertification of an area.

4.1.4 Martial Status of the Respondents

Marriage is one of the most important social institutions. In a developing country like

Tanzania , it has undergone many changes. The perceptions and attitudes of the person can

also differ by the marital status of the persons because the marriage might make the persons

little more responsible and matured in understanding and giving the responses to the questions

a sked. Figure 4. 3 below illustrate that 32.5% of respondents were single and most of them

were the students, about 57.5% of the respondents were married and 10% of the respondents



were the widows.

Source: Research Data2014

Figure 4.2 Shows the Marital status of the Respondents

4.1.5 Education Level of the Respondents

Education is one of the most important characteristics that might affect the person’s attitudes

and the way of looking and understanding any particular social phenomena. In a way, the

response of an individual is likely to be determined by his educational status and therefore it

becomes imperative to know the educational background of the respondents. Hence the

variable ‘Educational level’ was investigated by the researcher and the data pertaining to

education is presented in Figure 3 below illustrate that 50% of the respondents had a

secondary education, about 25% of the respondents were had college education which

includes both environmentalist and civil servants. This shows that majority of them can be

able to read and write correctly implication of their lives to the environmental conservation.

This statistics indicates that the government can introduce the policy about the environmental

and combat of desertification and they can implement the policy introduced.

Source Research Data 2014

Figure 4 .3 Shows the Education Levels of the Respondents

4.2 Factors influencing the Desertification at Masinono Village



In order to identify the causes and impact of Desertification which led the land degradation,

decline of crop production the respondents were required to determine the causes of

Desertification in the study area, its impacts and measures to be taken different respondents were interviewed.

4.2.1 Huma n Causes of D esertification in Masinono village

The causes of desertification in Masinono village is large contributed by human influence, the

various human activities can lead to the desertification into the one way or another. The

discussion with people of an area was provided the various human activities which cause these

environmental phenomena.


Figure 4.4 Show Human Causes of D esertification in Masinono

Figure 4.4 shows that the respondents argued that the Human causes of desertification in the

study area is caused by agricultural activities 17.5% and poverty 25% overgrazing 30%,

Population increase 20% and 7.5% bush fires. Agriculture officer Mr . Charles Dinda said that

“this area become dry and dry due to the fact that people are not follow the good method of

farming, so it led the destruction of environment ” . Also the 30% of the respondents claimed

that the desertification caused by poverty, people of an area lived in the line of poverty so they

depend on forest resources as the sources of firewood and used for house building so this lead

the overdependence on the exploitation of forestry resources. The (17.5%) also argued that the

poor methods of farming which includes mixed farming increase the rate of desertification

expansion. 20% of the respondents describe that the expansion of desert condition in the a rea



is due to the population increase were by people expands areas for settlement and areas for

cultivation. such as global warming and greenhouse effect.

Source: Research Data 2014 , Plate 4.1 Deforestation in Masinono Forest




Plate 4.2 Bush fire in Masinono forest

4.2. 2 Natural Causes of Desertification

Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes

increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is

caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human activities. Desertification is

a significant global ecological and environmental problem . There are various natural factors

which lead to the occurrence of desertification in various parts of the world. Some of the

natural causes include climate change, global warming, drought and intense rainfall event.

Table 4.2.2 Natural Causes of Desertification



Natural Causes Frequency Percentages (%)

Intense rainfall event 15 37.5

Drought 10 25

Climatic Change 15 37.5

Total 40 100.00


From the table 4.2.2 above the respondents interviewed about the natural causes of

desertification in their area they describe them as follows; about 37.5% of the respondents

describe that desertification phenomena is due to intense of rainfall event. Mr George

interviewed said tha t “ the change of rain season were by now days it delayed and rain fall for

a short time hence lead the occurrence of desertification ” . The 25% of the respondents

describe that the prolonged desertification is caused by drought which lead due to the lack of

rainfall for long time . Also 37.5% of the respondents identify the climate change as the factor

which lead to the occurrence of desertification in their area. On this agent of natural causes

somebody Pius Kimboi said that “ mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yamechangia kwa kiasi

kikubwa kuongezeka kwa hali ya kijangwa katika kijiji chetu, hali ambayo tulikuwa

hatujawahi kuishuhudia hapo kabla ”( interview 24 th august 2014) . people describe those three

natural causes are the great causes of desertification in their area which are drought, intense of

rainfall event and climatic change.

4.3 Impacts of Desertification in the Study AreaThe effects of desertification, land degradation and drought are the most extreme for the rural

poor. Approximately 1.5 billion people globally depend on degrading areas for their

livelihoods, and nearly half of the world’s very poor (42%) live in degraded areas. While these

people may seem far away to those of us who live in cities or developed countries, the effect



Table 4.3.2 Impact of Desertification on Land (N=40)

Category Frequency Percentage (%)

Soil erosion 3 7.5

Land conflicts 15 37.5

Decline of crops production 18 45

Loss of soil fertility 4 10

Total 40 100.00


From the above graph shows that 45% of the respondents argued that one of the most impacts

of desertification is decline of crops production supporting this Mr. Shida Naaman said that “i

n previous we cultivate up to 2000kg per acre but now days it range between 300kg to 700kg

so you can see how things are changed.” 37.5% of the respondents claimed that desertification

lead the rise of land conflict. There are many cases we deal with in our Ward council said

Mzee Joseph Owino chairman of Ward council. Also 10% of the respondents were describe

loss of soil fertility as one of the land impact of desertification, while the rest 7.5% of the

respondents argued that soil erosion is also one of the impact of desertification in the area.

4.3.3 Effects of Desertification on Rain

The figure 4.5 below illustrate that 37.5% of the respondents describe the shortage of water as

the impact of desertification on rain, also 37.5% argued on the shortage of rainfall which

brought by excessive desertification on the area. The 25% describe on the dry of water

catchme nt areas. Mama Sofia Elekia and Thomas Ongadi were said that “ now days we suffer

a lot in case of water shortage this due to the dryness of the catchments which caused by popul

ation increase and overgrazing” people of an area suffer from these three majors impacts of

Desertification, water supply became a big challenge. But now there is a light of hope for the



The study was carried out to examine the causes of Desertification at Masinono village. A

sample of forty (40) respondents was selected and interviewed. Many respondents were

interviewed on the topic under discussion gave some factors contribute to desertification suchas overgrazing, poor methods of farming, burning fires, poverty, and natural causes.

The major cause of desertification apart from the mentioned above is overgrazing which

occupy about 30% of the total causes. The people of an area especially pastoralists they own a

huge number of cattle which lead to the environmental degradation and then desertification

occur. Other causes of desertification with percentages are poverty 25%, natural causes 20%,

poor method of farming 17.5% and bush fires 7.5% in the study area.

A party from those causes they outlined the impacts of Desertification in the study area. The

impacts of desertification in the study area were seen in three major categories which also

subdivided into smaller one, there is effects on the environment which includes loss of

biodiversity 35%, poverty and separation of families 30%, climate change 15%, drought 10%

and lack of rainfall 10%, effects of desertification on land includes decline of crop

production 45%, land conflicts 37.5%, loss of soil fertility 10% and soil erosion 7.5%, effects

of desertification were also seen on rainfall as follow shortage of water(scarcity) 37.5%,

shortage of rainfall 37.5% and dryness of water catchments area 25%.

Also the respondents interviewed in the study area suggested some measures of combating

Desertification such as a forestation, agro forestry, provision of environmental education and

reduction the number of cattle’s in the area. These measures were categories by percentages

on how people believe in one ways and another or combating desertification in their area as

follow, reducing the number of cattle 42.5%, a forestation and agro forestry application 30%,



Government should supply electricity to the area, so as to enable people to obtain alternative

source of energy rather than depend on forestry. Now days more than 70% of the Tanzanian

depend on the firewood and charcoal as the source of energy. But if the electricity supplied countrywide our forest will survive and problem of deforestation could stop.

Diversion of economy from overdependence on agriculture which lead much environmental

degradation to the other sectors such as tourism, fishing industry, manufacturing industry and

mining industry so as to preserve the land which is totally destructed.

Establishment and implementation of laws and principles which deals both environmental

conservation and protection. These policies should start implemented from the grass root to

the international level because the desertification is now a worldwide phenomena ’s.

Community base Approach

People of an area were insisting that the government should expand market for their

agricultural products. This has been when the farmers failed to sold their cotton at a good price

but they sold in a very low price of 500/=Tsh per 1kg so this price could not sought people to

step forward against poverty alleviation.

The improvement of infrastructure especially roads should done effectively by the government

so as to overcome the transport and communication problem.

Major policy interventions and management approaches are needed to prevent and reverse

desertication. Assess ment of future scenarios shows that major interventions and shifts in

ecosystem management will be needed to overcome challenges related to desertication. As

recognized by the UNCCD, such interventions are to be implemented at local to global scales,



with the active engagement of stakeholders and local communities.

Also the people of an area insist the government to supply them clean and safety water

because the distance from Lake Victoria to Masinono village is almost 4km, so they ask the

government to supply them water.

5.3.2 Recommendation for future Research

For the coming researches deal with the same topic it is better when they will findings the

followings questions on their research objectives;

When the government should ensures the supply electricity in the rural area so as to reduce the

overdependence on forest as a source of energy?

Which measures should be applied to the people of an area to ensure they minimize the

number of their cattle in a minimal which could do not destroyed the environment?

How the problem of high fertility rate which lead to high population growth should be solved?



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APPENDICES

Appendix I Local people, Students, Environmentalists and Civil Servants

A. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL PEOPLE (FARMERS)

Utangulizi

Kutokana na hali ya ukame katika maeneo mengi na kwa muda mrefu, serikali inafanya

juhudi mbalimbali kuikabili tatizo hili, mojawapo ikiwa ni kuwasiliana na wananchi

katika maeneo husika ili kujua juhudi zinazoweza kurekebisha hali hii.

Maswali

SEHEMU A TAARIFA BINAFSI

1.(a) Jina..................................................................... (b)jinsia.............................



(c) umri........................(d) kuoa/kuolewa ( ) (f) umeajiriwa ( )

SEHEMU B MASWALI

Chagua herufi ya jibu sahihi na kujaza nafasi zilizoachwa wazi2. Ardhi ya hapa inatumika kwa shughuli gani? .....................................

3. Ni mazao yapi yanayolimwa na wenyeji? Zitaje (a)...................... (b).....................

(c)...............

4. Katika kipindi cha miaka 5 iliyopita hali ya uzalishaji imekuwa ikipungua au

kuongezeka? (a) ndiyo (b) hapana (c) Haikupungua wala kuongezeka

5. Unadhani kuongezeka au kupungua kwa mazao kunasababishwa na nini?

(a)............................(b)..........................(c).................................(d)..........................

6. Je? Unaonaje majira ya mvua; yako kama zamani au kuna mabadiliko? Kama kuna

mabadiliko, je, unafikiri ni kwa sababu zipi?

7. Je, unaonaje hali ya miti na mimea hapa kijijini; kuna mabadiliko yoyote ukilinganisha

na sasa? Kama kuna mabadiliko unafikiri ni kwa nini?

8. Je, ni vikwazo vipi kati ya vifuatavyo vinavyowazuia wananchi kutumia mbinu za

kisasa ambazo zinapendekezwa kwa matumizi ya ardhi, misitu, kilimo, ufugaji n.k.:-

(a) Ukata(b) Ukosefu wa wataalamu(c) Mila na Desturi(d) Ukosefu wa Elimu (ujinga)(e)

Sababu nyinginezo. Je, kati ya hizo ni sababu ipi iliyo kuu?

9. je ni njia gani iliyo bora zaidi ya kudhibiti athari ya mabadiliko ya tabia ya nchi?

(a) elimu ya mazingira itolewe (b) Kupunguza idadi ya mifugo (c) Upandaji wa miti (d)

kuzingatiwa kwa uzazi wa mpango ( )

10. Athari kuu inayotokana na kuenea kwa tabia za kijangwa katika eneo hili ni kipi kati ya

vifuatavyo?



(A) uhaba wa maji(kupungua) (B) Kukauka kwa vyanzo vya maji (C) Uhaba wa mvua ( )

11. madhara yatokanayo na mabadiliko ya tabia ya nchi katika ardhi ni ipi kati ya zifuatazo?

(A) mmomonyoko wa udongo (B) Migogogoro ya ardhi (C) Kupungua kwa uzalishaji wamazao ya kilimo (D) Kupungua kwa rutuba katika udongo. ( )

12.kutokana na kukithiri kwa shughuli za uharibifu wa mazingira katika eneo lako ni athari

gani kati ya zifuatazo ilyochukuwa nafasi kubwa?

(A) Kutoweka kwa viumbe anuwai (B) umasikini na kutengana kwa wanafamilia (C)

Mabadiliko ya tabia ya nchi (D) Ukame (E) uhaba wa mvua ( )

B. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE STUDENTS

I Joshua Thomas Nyaoke a student of Jordan University college, i conducted my research

project which is a part of my studies. I request you to help me the following response so as to

make my work be successfull y.

Personal information

Name....................................................................sex.........................age.................................

Occupation..................................................................................................................................

Choose the correct answer and write its letter besides in the space provided (bracket)

1. Which are the correct set causes of Desertification in Masinono vilaage



(A)Overgrazing, bush fires, poor methods of farming, poverty and natural causes

(B) Deforestation, hunting, irrigation (C) expansion of settlement, population growth ( )

2. What are the impacts of desertification to the people of an area? Mention them(a)...............................................................................................................................

(b).....................................................................................................................................

(c)................................................................................................................................

(d)...............................................................................................................................

(e)..............................................................................................................................

(f)................................................................................................................................

3. Can Desertification be prevented in Tanzania especially in your area? What are the

measures should be taken to overcome this phenomenon? Mention them (at least five

measures)

C. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE CIVIL SERVANTS &ENVIROMENTALISTS

I Joshua Thomas Nyaoke a student of Jordan University college, i conducted my research

project which is a part of my studies. I request you to help me the following response so as to

make my work be successfull y.

Personal information

Name....................................................................sex.........................age.................................

Occupation..................................................................................................................................

1. What is your experience on the on-going land degradation?........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

2. What are you opinion on ways to counter the on-going land degradation?



........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

3. Does your institution have any on-going programs on anti-Desertification activities? If yesmention them

(i)......................................... .........................................................................................................

(ii)...................................................................................................................................................

(iii)..................................................................................................................................................

4. How do village communities contribute to these programs?

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

5. Does your institution have an on-going fund for anti-Desertification/land degradation

projects in village communities? Which are they?

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

APPENDIX II INTERVIE W

1. What do you think lead the causes of environmental degradation in your village?

2. How people are engaged in environmental destruction?

3. What should be done in order to overcome desertification in your area?

4. There any education has been provided about environmental conservation and

protection by government or NGO ’s?

5. Which measures do you think can reduce these phenomena?



APPENDIX II OBSERVATION

Researcher was observe the following in the study area

1. How population increase the causes of desertification at Masinono village?

2. If there is any programme introduced to combat desertification in Masinono village?

3. How much people of Masinono village affected by Desertification

4. Education has been given to the people about the methods of farming so as to ensure the

environmental conservation?

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