Nwrec container workshop ii 2006 phosphorus
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Transcript of Nwrec container workshop ii 2006 phosphorus
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Jim Owen, Jr.
Phosphorus in Containers and the Environment
North Willamette Research andExtension Center
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Plant Shoot Leaf Tissue Storage Tissue Vascular Tissue
Fertilizer
Surface runoff
Substrate components
Plant Root Storage
Labile Phosphorus
Non-labile Phosphorus
H2PO4- (aq)
HPO4-2 (aq)
adsorption, precipitation,
immobilization
desorption,
dissolution, mineralization
weathering
sediment / water
OH- H+
uptake
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mineralization
adsorption
prec
ipita
tion
Plant Uptake
Solution PH2PO4
-
HPO42-
nucleic acid / phytin
Leaching
Sorbed P
Microbial P
Substrate Components
Secondary Minerals
Primary Minerals
weathering
diss
olut
ion
weath
ering
adsorption
desorption
immobilization
Fertilizer
weathering /
desorption
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FertilizerLiquid 10 to 15
ppmCRF 5 to 10 ppm
SubstrateDouglas Fir Bark 10 to 45
ppmWater
Willamette Valley
P Source
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FertilizerLiquid 10 to 15
ppmCRF 5 to 10 ppm
Release is temperature dependent
treble-superphosphate?
P Source
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FertilizerLiquid 10 to 15
ppmCRF 5 to 10 ppm
Release is temperature dependent
treble-superphosphate?
P Source
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Availability Factors
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Availability
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Availability
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pH effect
Lindsay, 1979
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pH effect
Lindsay, 1979
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Uptake - Active
AA--
AA-- HH++ AA-- HH++
HH++
Buchanan et al., 2000
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Uptake - Active
PP--
PP-- HH++ PP-- HH++
HH++
Buchanan et al., 2000
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N and P relationshipAmmonium
• supplies H+
• Uptake enhanced
NitrateConsumes H+
• Anion
• Uptake suppressed
Uptake
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Soil uptakeRootTranslocated via xylem
Re-mobilizationOlder leavesPhloem
Transport
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The Problem with P
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Problem
Readily leaches0.5 to 1.5 ppm
Low input efficienciesPhosphorus 20% to 40%
USEPA-MCL regulation and criteriaPhosphorus (total) ≤ 0.025 ppmmEutrophication?
Tyler et al., 1996, Lea-Cox and Ristvey, 2002; Warren and Bilderback, 2005
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N+P
N
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HEADLINES
“Fertilized to Death”
“Hypoxia in the Gulf”
“The Dead zone”
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Eutrophication
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Wetland Remediation
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Wetland Remediation
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0A
pr-0
2M
ay-0
2Ju
n-02
Jul-
02A
ug-0
2Se
p-02
Oct
-02
Nov
-02
Dec
-02
Jan-
03Fe
b-03
Mar
-03
Apr
-03
May
-03
Jun-
03Ju
l-03
Aug
-03
Sep-
03O
ct-0
3N
ov-0
3D
ec-0
3Ja
n-04
Feb-
04M
ar-0
4A
pr-0
4M
ay-0
4Ju
n-04
Jul-
04A
ug-0
4
Sep-
04O
ct-0
4N
ov-0
4D
ec-0
4Ja
n-05
Feb-
05M
ar-0
5
Apr
-05
May
-05
Sampling date
PO
4-P
mas
s lo
adin
g/re
mov
al r
ate
(kg
ha-1
d-1
)
Mass loading rate
Mass removal rate
Buchanan et al., 2000
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Wetland Remediation
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0A
pr-0
2M
ay-0
2Ju
n-02
Jul-
02A
ug-0
2Se
p-02
Oct
-02
Nov
-02
Dec
-02
Jan-
03Fe
b-03
Mar
-03
Apr
-03
May
-03
Jun-
03Ju
l-03
Aug
-03
Sep-
03O
ct-0
3N
ov-0
3D
ec-0
3Ja
n-04
Feb-
04M
ar-0
4A
pr-0
4M
ay-0
4Ju
n-04
Jul-
04A
ug-0
4
Sep-
04O
ct-0
4N
ov-0
4D
ec-0
4Ja
n-05
Feb-
05M
ar-0
5
Apr
-05
May
-05
Sampling date
PO
4-P
mas
s lo
adin
g/re
mov
al r
ate
(kg
ha-1
d-1
)
Mass loading rate
Mass removal rate
Buchanan et al., 2000
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Solution
Recycle waterReduce application rateReduce irrigaiton volume
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FertilizerLiquid 10 to 15
ppmCRF 5 to 10 ppm
80% reduction in solution P2 ppm (Lea-Cox-Ristvey)1 ppm (Warren)
Application rate
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Solution
Recycle waterReduce application rateReduce irrigation volume
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Applicatoin rateRCBD with 4 replications
Cyclic irrigation • 0100, 0300, 0500 HR EST
Main effects Amendment (11% by vol.)
• 0.25 to 0.85 mm LVM• Washed, builders sand
Leaching fraction• 0.2 or 0.1
P rate• 1.0g or 0.5g
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Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LF
Cum
ulat
ive
eff
luen
t (L
)
Day after initiation
Treatment
16 L
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Input Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Clay 0.1 LFClay 0.2 LF
Cu
mul
ativ
e ef
flue
nt D
RP
(m
g) Treatment
Day after initiation
14 mg
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Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sand Clay
0.51.0
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment
P rate
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Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sand Clay
0.51.0
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment
P rate
A
B
31 g
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Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sand Clay
0.51.0
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment
P rate
Not Significant
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Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.5 1.0
SandClay
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Phosphorus rate (g)
Amendment
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Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.5 1.0
SandClay
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Phosphorus rate (g)
Amendment
A
B
77 g
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Input Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.5 1.0
SandClay
Tot
al p
lant
dry
mas
s (g
)
Phosphorus rate (g)
Amendment
B
A31 g
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Input Efficiency
B
A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
N NK NPK
ShootRoot
Sh
oot d
ry m
ass
(g)
Applied nutrient
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Input Efficiency
B
A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
N NK NPK
ShootRoot
Sh
oot d
ry m
ass
(g)
Applied nutrient
K Limiting?
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P Deficiency
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P Deficiency
Early symptomsDeeper green foliage.Heavy stunting (compact form).Purple (or red) pigmentation in
several species.Fewer & longer roots, more root
mass at first, less when deficiency intense.
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P Deficiency
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P Deficiency
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P Deficiency
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P Deficiency
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P Deficiency
Late symptomsDwarfingChlorosis of lower leaves.Necrosis of lower leaves
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P Deficiency
Late symptomsChlorosis of lower leaves.Necrosis of lower leaves
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P Deficiency
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P Deficiency
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SUMMARY
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Plant Shoot Leaf Tissue Storage Tissue Vascular Tissue
Fertilizer
Surface runoff
Substrate components
Plant Root Storage
Labile Phosphorus
Non-labile Phosphorus
H2PO4- (aq)
HPO4-2 (aq)
adsorption, precipitation,
immobilization
desorption,
dissolution, mineralization
weathering
sediment / water
OH- H+
uptake
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Plant Shoot Leaf Tissue Storage Tissue Vascular Tissue
Fertilizer
Surface runoff
Substrate components
Plant Root Storage
adsorption, precipitation,
immobilization
desorption,
dissolution, mineralization
weathering
sediment / water
OH- H+
uptake
20%
50%
25%
5%
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QUESTIONS