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NVQ level 3 spa therapy lecturer copy

Sauna, Steam &

Hydrotherapy

2010

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Sauna Steam and Hydrotherapy

Contents 1 Introduction to spa treatments 2 Legislation 5 Local Bylaws 7 Hygiene 11 Reception 12 Consultation 16 Contra-indications 17 Client preparation 18 Treatment uses

21 Sauna

25 Steam 30 Hydrotherapy 35 Hygiene for Spa pools 41 Relaxation room 42 Effects of heat and cold

43 Contra-actions 44 Aftercare advice

45 Shutdown of the spa

Monitor clients and the operation of sauna, steam and hydrotherapy treatments Within this package you will learn about: • Legal requirements • Working safely • Preparing, maintaining

and monitoring the areas

• Client consultation and care

• The sauna, steam and hydrotherapy treatments

• Shutdown the area • Aftercare advice The work areas that you will be required to work in include: • Sauna • Steam • Hydrotherapy • Showers • Relaxation area

Originating from Scandinavian coun-tries a Finnish sauna cabin is traditionally made from pine panels w i t h s l a t t ed wooden benches around the walls of the sauna for the client to sit/lie on. A thermostatically controlled stove warms the coals to produce a dry heat. Water can be ladled onto the coal, which creates steam and there-fore increases the humidity of the sauna. This heat

then rises, w h i c h causes the sauna to be hotter on the upper benches. A thermome-ter should be placed near to the roof of the sauna to measure the temperature inside the sauna. A hy-grometer should be used to check the humidity of the air within the sauna. Sauna cabins are available in various sizes that can ac-commodate 1 per-

son ranging up to 14 people. A Laconium is a tiled sauna that creates an evenly distributed mild dry heat at 55ºC. It creates the heat from under floor and seat heating rather than a stove. Some clients may prefer this as it is less intense.

A dry heat treatment

Did you know? The temperature of the Finnish sauna can vary between 60-120ºC. When water is poured onto the coa ls i t increases the humidity (moisture content) of the sauna. High temperatures are only recommended in larger saunas where there is a greater amount of air. The amount of sweat lost through heat can vary from 0.15-1.5 li tres. This is why the body loses weight after heat treatments. However it is only a temporary loss and will be re-gained once a person drinks water/fluids.

Picture of a combined t he r mo me t e r a n d hygrometer used to measure the temperature and humidity of the sauna.

Sauna

S a u n a , s t e a m a nd h y d r o t h er a p y p a c k ag e

Effects of the sauna on the skin and body

•Increases the circulation which causes erythema •The heart rate increases •The blood vessels dilate which causes the blood pressure to reduce •Increased elimination of wastes and water due to the increase in sweat pro-

duction •The production of sweat has a deep cleansing effect •Temporary weight loss due to the amount of water expelled from the body during sweat production

•Soothing effect on the nerve endings •Induces a feeling of relaxation •Relaxes and warms the muscles •Helps to relieve a congested respiratory system

Showering should be recommended after the treatment to remove sweat, chemicals and stale smells from the body. Recommend that the shower should not be hot, only warm, to avoid irritation of the skin. Allow a suitable rest period to prevent faintness or dizzi-ness occurring. It is advisable for the client to rest for 5-20 minutes, then slowly rise to a sitting level and to stand up slowly. It is quite common for a person to feel dizzy following a spa treat-ment due to the heat involved, the effect of the treatment on the circulation and because they have usually been lying or sitting down. Replenishment of fluids is advisable, recommend that the

client drinks fluids (preferably cool water) following any spa treatment. This is to re-hydrate the body following the treatment. If the client remains dehydrated, they may experience dizziness, headaches, extreme thirst or constipation. Recommend suitable further treatments such as body massage, electrical body treatments or body wraps. All wet or dry heat

treatments suitably cleanse the skin and warm the tissues enabling subsequent treatments to be more effective. Provide advice on healthy eating if the clients aim is to slim or lose weight.

Discuss the impor-tance of regular exercise and a healthy eating plan. Avoid putting prod-ucts containing chemicals onto the skin such as depila-tory creams or self tanning products

The following advice should be provided

Recommend product use and promote retail sales

Discuss how to recreate spa treatments in the home as this will promote retail sales in products such as: • Exfoliants • Body lotion • Shower gel • Bath treat-

ments

Aftercare advice

S a u n a , S t e a m a nd H y d r o t h er a p y P a c k ag e

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Clare Hargreaves-Norris Sauna, Steam & Hydrotherapy 2010

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Monitor clients and the operation of sauna, steam and hydrotherapy treatments Within this package you will learn about: • Legal requirements • Working safely • Preparing, maintaining

and monitoring the areas

• Client consultation and care

• The sauna, steam and hydrotherapy treatments

• Shutdown the area • Aftercare advice The work areas that you will be required to work in include: • Sauna • Steam • Hydrotherapy • Showers • Relaxation area

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Legislation

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 This is the main piece of legislation under which nearly all other regulations are made. This piece of legislation covers all persons whether employers, employees or self-employed. Employers must provide: • Access to a health and safety policy. • Proper safety procedures e.g. fire exits and evacuation procedure. • Safe equipment that is serviced regularly. • Adequate training to all staff in safety procedures. • A workplace that is both safe and meets health requirements. Employees (you the therapist) must: • Follow health and safety procedures that your employer provides you

with. • Act to protect yourself and others, such as clients and work colleagues. • Treat all equipment properly and report any faults that you notice to

your manager. You must not misuse or interfere with any equipment. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 This act covers things such as toilet facilities, minimum working temperature, adequate lighting, adequate ventilation, appropriate floor covering, drinking water and staff area. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Under these regulations, the employer must make formal arrangements for maintaining and improving safe working conditions/practices. This includes risk assessments and requires: • Potential hazards to be identified. • An assessment of the potential risks associated with the hazards. • Identifying who is at risk. • Establishing how the risk can be minimised. • Staff to be trained to be able to identify and control risks. • Regular reviews to take place.

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Electricity at Work Regulations Act 1992 These regulations cover the installation, maintenance and use of electrical systems and equipment. If an electrical fault was to occur, it could result in electrical burns, electrical shock, fire, death, injury and loss of business These regulations state that: • You should always check any equipment before use. • A qualified electrician should check all pieces of electrical equipment

in the workplace annually. • Any equipment that is broken or damaged should not be used. This

includes things such as exposed wires, cracked sockets etc. • Sockets should never be overloaded. • You should have a procedure in place for checking hand held tools to

make sure that they are not re-used if faulty. • You should keep records of the electrical testing. Task What precautions should you follow when using electrical equipment? • Equipment must comply with British Standard of Safety. • The equipment must be wired correctly and checked by a qualified

electrician every 12 months - a sticker would indicate this. • No liquids should be near the electrical equipment. • Leads should not be trailing. • Equipment must be cleaned regularly. • Always check the equipment is working properly before use –

remember it is your responsibility to check the equipment every time. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002 These regulations explain how hazardous substances should be used, stored and disposed of. A hazardous substance includes things such as chemicals, substances, biological agents and dust. In order to comply with COSHH the employer should carry out a COSHH risk assessment by firstly obtaining a copy of the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) sheets off the suppliers. This will provide all safety information on each product and will list if any precautions need to be taken such as wearing gloves when handling a substance. The employer

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must ensure that employees are properly informed, trained and supervised. Detailed instructions must be kept regarding any products considered hazardous and you should know how to: 1. Store in the correct place. 2. Any precautions needed when using the substance. 3. Use the substance correctly. 4. Dispose of the substance correctly. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 This aims to prevent discrimination against people with disabilities. Employers are expected to make reasonable adjustments to their premises to enable a person with a disability to work there, or for a client to access the premises. A disability is defined as: • A person with a physical or mental impairment. • A person with an impairment that has an adverse effect on a person’s

ability to perform normal activities. • An impairment that has a long-term effect. Treating minors A person under the age of 16 in England, is considered a minor. It is a legal requirement when treating a minor that: • A parent or guardian must sign the record card as consent that the

service can be provided. • A parent or guardian must remain present throughout the duration of

the service. W

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Local Bylaws

You must contact your local council when installing a piece of wet or dry heat treatment equipment to check if there are any local bylaws which apply to that particular service within your constituency as they vary slightly across the country. Your local Health and Safety Executive (HSE) will be able to provide you with information on safe use of equipment related to spa treatments. Any salon that is offering a wet or dry heat treatment must adhere to their local bylaws, which are produced by the local authority. Below are general guidelines that are often outlined in these regulations by the local authority: • Adequate ventilation must be provided to prevent the build up of

carbon dioxide and stale odours. • Only appropriate cleaning agents should be used for cleaning surfaces.

Always follow the manufacturer’s recommendations. • Equipment should be of adequate strength and rigid to be able to take

the weight of a person. • Showering or washing facilities should be provided for hygiene

reasons. • The operator should keep servicing records relating to the equipment

on the premises. • Only a qualified electrician or contractor should service and repair the

equipment and this must be done in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

• Faulty equipment should never be used. • The operator is responsible for ensuring that fully trained staff are

available to provide advice and supervision for all clients. • Written information should be displayed for the clients detailing

operating and usage instructions.

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Displaying Written Instructions For Equipment Usage

It is very important that written instructions are displayed so that: • Customers and staff are fully aware of the guidelines for that

particular piece of wet or dry heat equipment. • Verbal instruction can easily be forgotten, quite often people

remember only selective information, displaying written instructions ensures that a person has an additional source of reference and will therefore fully understand all instructions.

• Clients will often be undressed before they realise that they are unsure of something, with the instructions clearly displayed in the spa they can easily read the information that they require.

A prominent sign should be displayed to inform the clients of the effects and methods of use for each piece of equipment. The ISRM (Institute of Sport & Recreation Management) have produced posters for sauna, steam and hydrotherapy that give clear instructions on guidelines for use. Remember that different types/makes of equipment will have different manufacturer’s guidelines for use.

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Hygiene Heat and moisture are present in the areas where these services are supplied, creating an ideal environment for micro-organisms to grow. It is therefore very important that hygienic practices are followed. Cross infection occurs due to certain micro-organisms (germs such as fungus, virus or bacteria) being contagious and these may then be transferred through direct or indirect contact. Secondary infection occurs because germs enter a cut or broken skin. For example, if the client has a small graze and you use unhygienic practices, the graze could become infected. Cleansing is the removal of surface dirt and grease. Soap is the most common method of cleansing the skin. Disinfecting is a chemical that destroys growing forms of infection but not their spores. When the effect wears off the organism re-grows. Disinfectants should not be used on the skin as they are too strong, if necessary they should be used sparingly. Examples of disinfectants are bleach, hibitane and savlon. Follow the hygienic practices outlined below when providing sauna, steam or hydrotherapy services: • Supply clean towels/gowns to each client. • Place used towels/gowns into a plastic bag lined container, and boil

wash using detergent after each client. • Clean and wipe over all surfaces with a suitable detergent as

recommended by the manufacturer. • Clean floor surfaces daily with hot water and detergent and then

disinfect with suitable product. • Place clean, protective, non-slip coverings onto the floor. • Clean the wooden seating within the sauna daily by scrubbing with

water. This is to prevent sebum and skin particles from adhering to the wood. It would not usually be practical to use a disinfectant because large quantities of water would be required to remove the disinfectant. Any remaining disinfectant within the sauna could cause noxious fumes. Always check manufacturer’s instructions.

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• Clean steam rooms with disinfectant, detergent and water and fully rinse. Any excess steam or condensation can be soaked up using paper or cloth towels prior to this.

• Leave the doors to the sauna, steam cabinet/room open after use to allow the equipment to completely dry and prevent unhygienic conditions and damp smells from occurring.

• Empty the sauna bucket daily and allow to dry out – to prevent micro-organisms developing.

• Clean showerheads regularly as part of the cleaning rota, as this section is often forgotten about and is an area that is prone to breading micro-organisms.

• The client must wear a bathing suit at all times. • The client must shower before entering the sauna, steam, spa pool or

wet floatation. • Cover seating within the sauna or steam with clean towels or

disposable paper towels. • Immediately place waste into a lined bin. At the end of the day, this

should then be sealed and disposed of immediately. • Use manufacturer’s instructions when cleaning the spa pool. Do not

use a detergent, as it would have an adverse effect on the spa pool system.

• Adequate ventilation must be fitted and used to prevent the development of micro-organisms.

• Supply clients with paper slippers for use within the spa area to prevent cross infection.

• Any member of staff entering the spa wearing normal footwear should fit protective coverings over their normal shoes.

• Clients or staff with contagious conditions are not permitted into the spa area.

Air and water borne infections that may affect the spa area

• Spa pool folliculitis - is a bacterial skin condition that arises hours to a few days after bathing in inadequately disinfected warm water, such as a spa pool. The result is an eruption of scattered small red itchy or tender bumps, some of which are pustular. They mainly occur in areas that were covered by the swimming costume. Rarely, some people with spa pool folliculitis feel unwell - they may have earache, sore throat, nausea and vomiting, headache and/or mild fever.

• Verrucas - are viral infections that can be easily spread if the client didn’t wear protective foot coverings.

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• Athletes foot - is a fungal infection and would therefore be easily spread if the client didn’t wear protective foot coverings.

• Ecoli and coliform bacteria - can often be present in water and could cause sickness and upset stomachs.

• Legionnaires disease - is a potentially fatal form of pneumonia that is found in water and is passed on through inhalation of the bacteria, the symptoms are very similar to flu. To prevent the bacteria from forming a stringent disinfecting regime must be followed in the spa, in particular don’t forget to remove shower heads and disinfect every 3 months as a build up of scale can harbour bacteria.

Importance of ventilation Ventilation is a process which involves replacing stale air with a supply of fresh air. This process is very important as stale air contains: • An increased amount of carbon dioxide. • A reduced level of oxygen. • Increased number of micro-organisms due to their survival rate being

higher in a warm and humid environment. If the environment continues to remain warm, humid and stale, the micro-organisms can reach such a level that the environment becomes a health hazard.

A decrease in oxygen will also cause a reduction in concentration and people will tire easily. Stale smells will be produced which does not present a good impression to clients or staff. Methods of ventilation that can be used are: • open windows and doors • ventilating bricks • louvered windows • a coopers disk • extractor fans All of these are perfectly acceptable methods however; open windows and doors can cause draughts and may have an adverse effect on the security of the premises.

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Preventing Contact Dermatitis Contact dermatitis is common in therapists and occurs due to contact or allergy to substances, solvents or immersing hands in water frequently. It appears as redness, itchiness and inflammation on the hands. Prevent by avoiding contact with substances, wearing gloves, barrier cream and drying hands properly. Personal appearance of the therapist As a therapist, you are required to present a professional image at all times. In order to do this you should: • Have clean teeth and avoid eating strong smelling foods and smoking. • Bathe daily. • Ensure you have a clean, pressed overall daily. • Secure your hair away from the face so that does not interfere with

the treatment. • Have clean, short nails that are free from enamel, so that they do not

interfere with the treatment. • Cover any cuts on the hands with a waterproof plaster • Wear only minimal jewellery. Only a plain wedding band or stud

earrings are allowed. (No facial piercing). • Wear shoes that are clean, low heeled and fit securely around your

feet. • If outdoor shoes are being worn in the spa then protective coverings

should be worn over shoes in the wet area. • Wear tights to protect legs/feet and to prevent offensive odours. • Not attend work/college if you have an infectious disease. • Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, particularly gloves

and protective glasses when handling any chemicals or cleaning substances.

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Reception

Sauna, steam and hydro treatments can be offered individually however they are most commonly applied prior to a body treatment or as part of a spa day. The receptionist and members of staff need to be aware of maximum numbers for each service in order to avoid over-booking the facilities and to comply with health and safety regulations. When making appointments for individual services you must establish which facility the client wishes to use. Remember to explain to the client that they will need to bring appropriate swimwear for the treatment. You will also need to take into consideration cultural and religious beliefs as some clients may need to wear more than a swimsuit when using the facilities or may not want to use facilities if there are male and females present at the same time. In some countries it is perfectly acceptable to use the facilities naked and you need to be aware of this. Produce your own establishment rules and consider offering certain times within the week to accommodate clients’ requirements. Treatment duration and frequency Task Please complete the following chart for cost, treatment duration and maximum recommended frequency (times do not include consultation or dressing).

Treatment

Cost Time Frequency

Sauna

15-20 minutes 2-3 times per week

Steam


Hydrotherapy


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One of the most important parts of the treatment is the con-sultation. At this point, you will discuss the client’s needs and decide what needs to be done to meet those needs. In order for the client to be satisfied with the treatment you need to know what was expected. You must therefore use the following techniques:

• Good communication skills – both verbal (talking) and non-verbal (body language). Examples of good body language are good posture, eye contact, smiling, encouraging head nods. It is also important that you speak clearly and accurately when carrying out the treatment.

• Good questioning techniques - this is vital to gain the information that you require to carry out the treat-ment.

• Open questions – this type of question begins with How? Where? When? Why? and encourages the client to give much more information. Use open questioning techniques wherever possible during the consultation and treatment.

• Closed questions - questions beginning with Do? Is? are types of closed questions, providing yes or no answers, which will lead to a one, sided conversation.

• Good observation skills – you need to be able to read your client’s body language as it will help you to understand how your client is feeling.

• You may need to adapt your consultation for individuals con-sider their age, cultural or religious background, gender and any disabilities that they might have.

• Allow the client time to ask any questions, this will ensure that they can fully relax during their time in the spa area.

• Listen carefully to what the client is saying in order for you to understand the client’s needs and make them feel important.

The first part of the consultation is greeting the cl ient and making t h e m f e e l comfortable. It is important that you welcome the cl ient, preferably greet them by their name, and introduce yourself by name before b eg i n ni n g t he consultation.

Con su l tat io n

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During the consultation procedure you would: • Introduce yourself. • Discuss the client’s requirements. • Match a treatment to the client’s needs. • Explain the treatment procedure. • Give the client the opportunity to ask any questions. • Discuss cost, time, frequency and possible courses of treatments. • In some instances aftercare advice, homecare advice and

recommendations that product purchases would be necessary will also be given.

• Complete the record card. Reasons why a client may want a spa treatment The reasons why a client may want a spa treatment are as follows: • To deep cleanse the skin • To improve the appearance and texture of the skin all over the body • For relaxation purposes • To warm and relax the muscles in preparation for a body treatment • To improve the feeling of well being • To detoxify • To aid muscular aches and pains • To socialise Record keeping A record card should be completed for all treatments and contains confidential personal information about a client that is specific to each treatment. They should be stored in alphabetical order by surname in a locked metal filing cabinet or box. This should be easily accessible to the therapist, when ready to perform a treatment. This information could also be updated onto a computer system but you must be aware of your responsibilities under the Data Protection Act. A record card should contain the following information: • Client’s name • Address • Telephone number • Doctors name and telephone number • Any medical details • Medication

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• List to check for contra-indications • Treatment aims and outcomes • Treatment carried out • Timing of the treatment session • Aftercare advice • Client signature or parent/guardian signature if the client is a minor • Client feedback After each treatment, you should update the record card. This would be particularly useful in the following instances: • You need to contact a client urgently due to a cancellation, double

booking etc. • You need to check up on a particular detail of the treatment. • If another therapist is to take over the treatment. • The client wishes to purchase a product that you used in a previous

treatment. Data Protection Act 1998 This legislation is in place to protect client’s privacy and confidentiality. You will be required to keep records of your clients’ treatments; these could be either computer or paper based. Inform the client that their records will be stored and will only be accessed by those authorised to do so. The information should be: 1. Adequate, relevant and not excessive for the purpose 2. Accurate 3. Kept for no longer than is necessary 4. Secure W

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Task Please answer the following questions: 1. What effective communication and questioning techniques should you use? Body language in the form of encouraging head nods and smiling, in addition open ended questioning techniques should be used. 2. Why is it important that you allow clients time to ask questions and listen to them? A client will not feel cared for if you do not listen to what their concerns are, or what they are saying - they will feel unimportant. If a client has not been allowed to ask questions then they may worry unnecessarily throughout the treatment, which will not make them feel comfortable. 3. What are your salon requirements for record keeping? Records should be kept for all clients, for all treatments and updated regularly. You should store all records in a safe place, usually in alphabetical order. Paper records should be kept in a lockable fire and waterproof cabinet. Records kept on a computer must be kept in line with the Data Protection Act. 4. What are the reasons for keeping a record of clients’ treatments? • So that you can monitor the results • To monitor the frequency that the client is receiving treatment • To make a record of products used • To make a record of any contra-actions • For insurance purposes to show that you are taking due care to check

for contra-indications etc. and are following correct procedures

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Contra-indications

Task 1. What would you do if the client had any of the above conditions?

1. If the client has any of the above conditions, you must recommend that the client seek medical advice and treatment before proceeding with the spa treatment. Inform the client that there is a possibility of a contra-indication and explain that you cannot carry out the treatment as it may cause harm to the client.

2. If the client wishes for the treatment to be carried out they must supply a doctors note.

3. Reassure the client and offer an alternative treatment that is not contra-indicated if possible.

4. Make a note on the record card. 2. Why is it important that you do not name a specific contra-indication

when referring the client to their GP? It is important that you do not diagnose any of these conditions as it is unprofessional and may worry or upset the client unnecessarily. 3. Why is it important that they see their GP regarding the condition?

It is important that you do not just send the client home, as they need to receive treatment from their doctor in order to prevent the condition from worsening and to alleviate the condition.

Prev

ent Circulatory conditions

such as thrombosis, high/low blood pressure, heart conditionsRespiratory conditions PregnancySkin diseases and disorders

Rest

rict

DiabetesEpilepsy

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Client Preparation And Wellbeing

Due to the nature of the treatments involved, it is vital that the client is monitored throughout the treatment. The client may feel dizzy, tired, headachy, nauseous; have breathing difficulties or feel generally unwell due to the heat produced by all of the treatments. Before the first treatment, you should check the client’s pulse to ensure that it is normal. The client should be advised to receive a tepid shower before, at regular intervals and to conclude the treatment. This is to cool the body and prevent symptoms of the above from occurring. It allows the body temperature to return to normal, which in turn allows the bodies functioning to resume its normal behaviour. The client should also sip cold water at regular intervals to help re-hydrate the body. Taking the clients pulse The client’s pulse may be taken before the treatment to ensure that it is strong and normal and after the treatment to check that the client’s pulse has returned to normal. The client’s pulse should be taken by applying the fingertips inside the wrist or to the client’s neck and then gently applying pressure. The average pulse rate is 72 beats per minute; however, this tends to vary between 60 to 80 beats per minute. Whatever the client’s original pulse reading is before treatment the pulse should return to this level after a rest period.

Removal of accessories

Removal of appropriate

clothing

Securing of hair

Checking the client’s pulse

Showering prior to

treatment

Providing clear

instructions

Wearing appropriate swimwear

Monitoring client

Regular breaks and water intake

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Treatment Uses

Although every person is different and therefore there needs differ greatly, most people will generally fall into one of the categories outlined below: Treatment Needs Sauna Steam

Room Steam Cabinet

Spa Pool

Social treatment Yes Yes

Yes

Improve feeling of well being

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Deep cleansing effect

Yes Yes Yes

Does not wish hair to be affected

Yes

Claustrophobic client

Yes Yes

Client wishing privacy

Yes

Cellulite conditions Yes

Less mobile client

Yes

Removal of dead skin cells

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Improve the skin appearance

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Muscular aches and pains

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

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Equipment Needed

• Temperature gauge is used to measure the temperature of the sauna and steam room. They should remain in the sauna and steam room to ensure availability for all clients when using the facilities.

• Water testing equipment special equipment is used to test the pH and chemical levels in the spa pool. All levels should be tested at least twice daily to ensure that safe and hygienic levels are maintained.

• Shower facilities are used before receiving a treatment to ensure that clients are clean and to remove any surface dirt, dead skin cells and sebum. The client should also shower at regular intervals between their treatments to regulate the body temperature. A final shower is taken on completion to assist the body functions in returning to normal and to remove any chemicals.

• Clock is needed to check the timing of treatment sessions. • Relaxation area allows the client to relax, the body to cool down and

the pulse to return to normal. It is also beneficial when running busy spa days as it allows the spa more freedom when booking treatments, as there is an area for the clients to wait between treatments.

Treatment areas

Sauna

Hydro bath

Steam cabinet

Facilities

Showers

Relaxation area

EquipmentWater

testing kitTemperature

gauge Clock

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Task Please complete the following: 1. What should the client be instructed to do when preparing for the treatment? • Remove accessories • Wear appropriate clothing • Shower prior to treatment • Secure hair 2. What treatment would you recommend for an elderly client who does not have great mobility and has just visited the hairdresser? Steam cabinet 3. Two sisters would like to have a treatment together, which will assist in the removal of dead skin cells in preparation for their holiday abroad, what treatment would you recommend? Steam room 4. What treatment would you recommend for a nervous client who has never had a treatment before? Spa pool 5. What should the client do at regular intervals during the time is the spa area? Shower, take breaks and drink cool water 6. What is classed as a normal pulse rate? The average pulse rate is 72 beats per minute, however, this tends to vary between 60 to 80 beats per minute.

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Originating from Scandinavian coun-tries a Finnish sauna cabin is traditionally made from pine panels w i t h s l a t t ed wooden benches around the walls of the sauna for the client to sit/lie on. A thermostatically controlled stove warms the coals to produce a dry heat. Water can be ladled onto the coal, which creates steam and there-fore increases the humidity of the sauna. This heat

then rises, w h i c h causes the sauna to be hotter on the upper benches. A thermome-ter should be placed near to the roof of the sauna to measure the temperature inside the sauna. A hy-grometer should be used to check the humidity of the air within the sauna. Sauna cabins are available in various sizes that can ac-commodate 1 per-

son ranging up to 14 people. A Laconium is a tiled sauna that creates an evenly distributed mild dry heat at 55ºC. It creates the heat from under floor and seat heating rather than a stove. Some clients may prefer this as it is less intense.

A dry heat treatment

Did you know? The temperature of the Finnish sauna can vary between 60-120ºC. When water is poured onto the coa ls i t increases the humidity (moisture content) of the sauna. High temperatures are only recommended in larger saunas where there is a greater amount of air. The amount of sweat lost through heat can vary from 0.15-1.5 li tres. This is why the body loses weight after heat treatments. However it is only a temporary loss and will be re-gained once a person drinks water/fluids.

Picture of a combined t he r mo me t e r a n d hygrometer used to measure the temperature and humidity of the sauna.

Sauna


Effects of the sauna on the skin and body

•Increases the circulation which causes erythema •The heart rate increases •The blood vessels dilate which causes the blood pressure to reduce •Increased elimination of wastes and water due to the increase in sweat pro-

duction •The production of sweat has a deep cleansing effect •Temporary weight loss due to the amount of water expelled from the body during sweat production

•Soothing effect on the nerve endings •Induces a feeling of relaxation •Relaxes and warms the muscles •Helps to relieve a congested respiratory system

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Preparing the sauna When preparing the sauna for use you should ensure that: • The sauna is tested prior to use to ensure that it is working correctly. • Showers and washroom facilities are checked to ensure that they are

stocked up with the appropriate supplies and are in a clean and hygienic manner.

• The sauna is switched on approximately 30-60 minutes before it is required in order to allow time for it to heat up.

• Paper roll or towels are placed over the wooden seating. • Duckboards are placed onto the floor and appropriately covered. • The air vents should be opened to ensure air circulation. • The wooden bucket is filled with water in addition to a couple of drops

of pine or eucalyptus essence to produce a suitable aroma. • Clean supplies of towels are available. Operating temperature and humidity levels The operating temperature and the humidity levels of the sauna can vary, however to ensure maximum client comfort the sauna should be 60-80ºC and have a relative humidity of 10%. The temperate can be increased slightly, up to about 90ºC for a client who is accustomed to receiving a sauna treatment. Recommended treatment times Depending on the client’s tolerance the treatment time may vary between 5-30 minutes. You must ensure that breaks are taken at regular 5-10 minute intervals at which time the client should shower to cool the body down. The treatment time should be increased gradually over a period of time, but should not exceed 30 minutes. Sauna procedure 1. Prepare client and sauna as previously discussed. 2. Escort the client into the sauna and advise to sit on the lower bench

until they become accustomed to the heat. 3. Water may be added to the coals to increase the humidity inside the

sauna. 4. The client should be encouraged to shower at regular 5-10 minute

intervals. 5. Stay within easy reach of the client throughout the duration of the

treatment, look through the glass door to let them know that you are near by.

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6. On completion of the sauna treatment, the client should take a final shower.

7. Recommend a drink of water to replenish body fluids and prevent against dehydration.

8. Allow the client to rest and then re-take the client’s pulse to ensure it is at the correct level.

9. Update the record card on completion of the treatment. 10. Tidy and clean the area in preparation for the next client. Dangers of equipment misuse A very high temperature and a very low humidity can result in: • Fainting or dizziness if the blood pressure falls too low • The body becoming severely dehydrated • Breathing difficulties • Scorching the lungs • Burning the skin • Dryness and irritation of the mucous membranes e.g. the throat and

nose • Constipation due to dehydration

Task Please complete the following to demonstrate your knowledge of a sauna treatment: 1. What place in the sauna is the hottest? The upper levels 2. What is the operating temperature of the sauna? The temperature of the sauna can vary between 60-80ºC. 3. What should the relative humidity of the sauna be? A relative humidity of 50-70 %.

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4. What are the effects of the sauna on the circulatory system? • Increases the circulation which causes erythema • The heart rate increases • The blood vessels dilate which causes the blood pressure to reduce 5. How do you prepare the sauna for use? • The sauna is tested prior to use to ensure that it is working correctly. • Showers and washroom facilities are checked to ensure that they are

stocked up with the appropriate supplies and are in a clean and hygienic manner.

• The sauna is switched on approximately 30-60 minutes before it is required in order to allow time for it to heat up.

• Paper roll or towels are placed over the wooden seating. • Duckboards are placed onto the floor and appropriately covered. • The air vents should be opened to ensure air circulation. • The wooden bucket is filled with water in addition to a couple of drops

of pine or eucalyptus essence to produce a suitable aroma. • A clean supply of towels are available. 6. What are the recommended treatment times and showering intervals for a sauna treatment?

You must ensure that breaks are taken at regular 5-10 minute intervals at which time the client should shower to cool the body down. Treatment time is 20 minutes up to a maximum of 30 minutes.

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Steam treatments were originally used by the Turks and Romans where people met socially for relaxation. Today there are different types of steam treatments available, these are the steam room (including the caldarium and ham-man) and the steam cabinet. Both pro-duce the effects of wet heat, however are different in size, with a steam cabinet accommodating only one person at a time. Within a steam cabinet, beneath the

seat at floor level, is the water tank which is heated by an electrical element. The cabinet is con-nected directly to the mains electric supply and a mains switch will turn the power on. A timer switch is located at floor level on the side of the cabinet and sets the heating time of the cabinet and the time for the steam treatment. A tem-perature gauge sets the steam cabinet to the correct temperature.

A steam room contains a large boiler that passes the steam into the room through tubes. The water vapour created circulates around the room.

A wet heat treatment

Did you know? The relative humidity of the steam cabinet/room is usually about 95% as the air is saturated with water. The steam cabinet/room must therefore have a lower tempera-ture than a sauna. A steam cabinet is a cheaper alternative than a steam room, and is therefore more popular in salons. The steam cabinet is beneficial if the client does not want to get their hair wet. It is also better for a claustrophobic client or a client who prefers a private treatment. Fibre optic lighting is sometimes used in the ceiling of steam rooms to create various colours that induce a feeling of relaxation.

Steam


Effects of steam on the skin and body

•Increases the circulation which results in erythema •The heart rate/pulse rate increases •Increases the body temperature •The blood vessels dilate which causes the blood pressure to reduce •Increase in elimination

of wastes and water due to sweat production •The production of sweat has a deep cleansing effect •Sebum production is stimulated •Soothes sensory nerve endings •Softens the skin and

removes the upper layer of the epidermis improving skin texture •Induces a feeling of relaxation •The sweat cannot evapo-rate from the body, it simply runs off the skin, therefore having no cool-ing effect on the body

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