Dr Pankaj Kumar SinghDr Pankaj Kumar SinghAssistant ProfessorAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Animal Department of Animal

NutritionNutritionBihar Veterinary College Patna Bihar Bihar Veterinary College Patna Bihar

IndiaIndiaE-mail vetpankgmailcomE-mail vetpankgmailcom

Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock

Nutritional Management of Common Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of LivestockDiseases of Livestock

NutritionNutrition

MaintenanceMaintenance Production (Growth Milk Wool Egg etc)Production (Growth Milk Wool Egg etc) ReproductionReproduction Disease controlDisease control

Resistance Immunity Resistance Immunity Resilience Resilience Nutritional controlNutritional control Nutritional ameliorationNutritional amelioration

Nutritional Management ofNutritional Management ofBloatBloat

AcidosisAcidosisKetosisKetosis

Bloat or Ruminal TympanyBloat or Ruminal Tympany Ruminal Microbial FermentationRuminal Microbial Fermentation

--Produce gases at particular rateProduce gases at particular rate((CoCo22~ 65 CH~ 65 CH44~ 25 N~ 25 N2 2 ~ 7 O~ 7 O2 2 ~ 1 H~ 1 H22 and H and H22S~ tracesS~ traces))Depends on kind and amount of feed offeredDepends on kind and amount of feed offered

--30 ml of mixed gases min kg ingested feed30 ml of mixed gases min kg ingested feedElimination of GasesElimination of Gases

1 Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min1 Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min2 Absorption through GIT2 Absorption through GIT3 Expulsion through anus-3 Expulsion through anus-

--Eructated at a similar rateEructated at a similar rate-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen

SometimesSometimes-gas unable to escape (-gas unable to escape (BLOATBLOAT)) Reason- Reason- excess production of gasses in short time period excess production of gasses in short time period

- any obstruction in GIT- any obstruction in GIT

Bloat hellipBloat hellipTypes Types (on basis of forms of gas)(on basis of forms of gas)

1) Primary or frothy bloat1) Primary or frothy bloat- in the form of persistent foam mixed with the - in the form of persistent foam mixed with the

ruminal contentsruminal contents

2) Secondary or free-gas bloat2) Secondary or free-gas bloat- - in the form of free gas separated from the ingestain the form of free gas separated from the ingesta

Frothy bloat is the most common type and may Frothy bloat is the most common type and may lead to fatality if not treated properlylead to fatality if not treated properly

Etiology of BloatEtiology of Bloat (A) Primary or frothy bloat

1) Plant factor a) Soluble proteins legume forages lead to

formation of foam eg- Berseem Lucerne

- Rapid release of soluble proteins during chewing and ruminal degradation

-Colonization of chloroplast particles and other particulate matter by microorganisms

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip2) 2) Animal factorAnimal factorSpeciesSpecies

BBloat can occur in both sheep and cattle loat can occur in both sheep and cattle although it is most common in the although it is most common in the cattlecattle (McDonell 2007)(McDonell 2007)

SexSex may be may be more prone than more prone than Breed Breed

- - feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle than in beef cattlethan in beef cattle (Vogel and (Vogel and

Parrott 1994)Parrott 1994) IndividualityIndividuality

BloathellipBloathellip3) Feed factors3) Feed factors

a) a) Feed particle sizeFeed particle size

- Affect foam stability- Affect foam stability

Fine particle feeding Coarse particle feeding

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

b)b) High concentrate diet High concentrate diet AcidosisAcidosisrarrbacterial cell lysis rarrrarrbacterial cell lysis rarr release of release of mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharide rarrrarr increased viscosity increased viscosity rarrrarr stable foam stable foam (Coulmen (Coulmen et alet al 2000 2000))

c)c) SaponinsSaponins bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam

(Majak et al 1980)(Majak et al 1980)

d) d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning ruminal motilityruminal motilitydarrdarr

-prevent eructation of gases leading to -prevent eructation of gases leading to bloatbloat

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Nutritional Management of Common Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of LivestockDiseases of Livestock

NutritionNutrition

MaintenanceMaintenance Production (Growth Milk Wool Egg etc)Production (Growth Milk Wool Egg etc) ReproductionReproduction Disease controlDisease control

Resistance Immunity Resistance Immunity Resilience Resilience Nutritional controlNutritional control Nutritional ameliorationNutritional amelioration

Nutritional Management ofNutritional Management ofBloatBloat

AcidosisAcidosisKetosisKetosis

Bloat or Ruminal TympanyBloat or Ruminal Tympany Ruminal Microbial FermentationRuminal Microbial Fermentation

--Produce gases at particular rateProduce gases at particular rate((CoCo22~ 65 CH~ 65 CH44~ 25 N~ 25 N2 2 ~ 7 O~ 7 O2 2 ~ 1 H~ 1 H22 and H and H22S~ tracesS~ traces))Depends on kind and amount of feed offeredDepends on kind and amount of feed offered

--30 ml of mixed gases min kg ingested feed30 ml of mixed gases min kg ingested feedElimination of GasesElimination of Gases

1 Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min1 Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min2 Absorption through GIT2 Absorption through GIT3 Expulsion through anus-3 Expulsion through anus-

--Eructated at a similar rateEructated at a similar rate-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen

SometimesSometimes-gas unable to escape (-gas unable to escape (BLOATBLOAT)) Reason- Reason- excess production of gasses in short time period excess production of gasses in short time period

- any obstruction in GIT- any obstruction in GIT

Bloat hellipBloat hellipTypes Types (on basis of forms of gas)(on basis of forms of gas)

1) Primary or frothy bloat1) Primary or frothy bloat- in the form of persistent foam mixed with the - in the form of persistent foam mixed with the

ruminal contentsruminal contents

2) Secondary or free-gas bloat2) Secondary or free-gas bloat- - in the form of free gas separated from the ingestain the form of free gas separated from the ingesta

Frothy bloat is the most common type and may Frothy bloat is the most common type and may lead to fatality if not treated properlylead to fatality if not treated properly

Etiology of BloatEtiology of Bloat (A) Primary or frothy bloat

1) Plant factor a) Soluble proteins legume forages lead to

formation of foam eg- Berseem Lucerne

- Rapid release of soluble proteins during chewing and ruminal degradation

-Colonization of chloroplast particles and other particulate matter by microorganisms

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip2) 2) Animal factorAnimal factorSpeciesSpecies

BBloat can occur in both sheep and cattle loat can occur in both sheep and cattle although it is most common in the although it is most common in the cattlecattle (McDonell 2007)(McDonell 2007)

SexSex may be may be more prone than more prone than Breed Breed

- - feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle than in beef cattlethan in beef cattle (Vogel and (Vogel and

Parrott 1994)Parrott 1994) IndividualityIndividuality

BloathellipBloathellip3) Feed factors3) Feed factors

a) a) Feed particle sizeFeed particle size

- Affect foam stability- Affect foam stability

Fine particle feeding Coarse particle feeding

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

b)b) High concentrate diet High concentrate diet AcidosisAcidosisrarrbacterial cell lysis rarrrarrbacterial cell lysis rarr release of release of mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharide rarrrarr increased viscosity increased viscosity rarrrarr stable foam stable foam (Coulmen (Coulmen et alet al 2000 2000))

c)c) SaponinsSaponins bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam

(Majak et al 1980)(Majak et al 1980)

d) d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning ruminal motilityruminal motilitydarrdarr

-prevent eructation of gases leading to -prevent eructation of gases leading to bloatbloat

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

NutritionNutrition

MaintenanceMaintenance Production (Growth Milk Wool Egg etc)Production (Growth Milk Wool Egg etc) ReproductionReproduction Disease controlDisease control

Resistance Immunity Resistance Immunity Resilience Resilience Nutritional controlNutritional control Nutritional ameliorationNutritional amelioration

Nutritional Management ofNutritional Management ofBloatBloat

AcidosisAcidosisKetosisKetosis

Bloat or Ruminal TympanyBloat or Ruminal Tympany Ruminal Microbial FermentationRuminal Microbial Fermentation

--Produce gases at particular rateProduce gases at particular rate((CoCo22~ 65 CH~ 65 CH44~ 25 N~ 25 N2 2 ~ 7 O~ 7 O2 2 ~ 1 H~ 1 H22 and H and H22S~ tracesS~ traces))Depends on kind and amount of feed offeredDepends on kind and amount of feed offered

--30 ml of mixed gases min kg ingested feed30 ml of mixed gases min kg ingested feedElimination of GasesElimination of Gases

1 Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min1 Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min2 Absorption through GIT2 Absorption through GIT3 Expulsion through anus-3 Expulsion through anus-

--Eructated at a similar rateEructated at a similar rate-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen

SometimesSometimes-gas unable to escape (-gas unable to escape (BLOATBLOAT)) Reason- Reason- excess production of gasses in short time period excess production of gasses in short time period

- any obstruction in GIT- any obstruction in GIT

Bloat hellipBloat hellipTypes Types (on basis of forms of gas)(on basis of forms of gas)

1) Primary or frothy bloat1) Primary or frothy bloat- in the form of persistent foam mixed with the - in the form of persistent foam mixed with the

ruminal contentsruminal contents

2) Secondary or free-gas bloat2) Secondary or free-gas bloat- - in the form of free gas separated from the ingestain the form of free gas separated from the ingesta

Frothy bloat is the most common type and may Frothy bloat is the most common type and may lead to fatality if not treated properlylead to fatality if not treated properly

Etiology of BloatEtiology of Bloat (A) Primary or frothy bloat

1) Plant factor a) Soluble proteins legume forages lead to

formation of foam eg- Berseem Lucerne

- Rapid release of soluble proteins during chewing and ruminal degradation

-Colonization of chloroplast particles and other particulate matter by microorganisms

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip2) 2) Animal factorAnimal factorSpeciesSpecies

BBloat can occur in both sheep and cattle loat can occur in both sheep and cattle although it is most common in the although it is most common in the cattlecattle (McDonell 2007)(McDonell 2007)

SexSex may be may be more prone than more prone than Breed Breed

- - feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle than in beef cattlethan in beef cattle (Vogel and (Vogel and

Parrott 1994)Parrott 1994) IndividualityIndividuality

BloathellipBloathellip3) Feed factors3) Feed factors

a) a) Feed particle sizeFeed particle size

- Affect foam stability- Affect foam stability

Fine particle feeding Coarse particle feeding

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

b)b) High concentrate diet High concentrate diet AcidosisAcidosisrarrbacterial cell lysis rarrrarrbacterial cell lysis rarr release of release of mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharide rarrrarr increased viscosity increased viscosity rarrrarr stable foam stable foam (Coulmen (Coulmen et alet al 2000 2000))

c)c) SaponinsSaponins bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam

(Majak et al 1980)(Majak et al 1980)

d) d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning ruminal motilityruminal motilitydarrdarr

-prevent eructation of gases leading to -prevent eructation of gases leading to bloatbloat

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Nutritional Management ofNutritional Management ofBloatBloat

AcidosisAcidosisKetosisKetosis

Bloat or Ruminal TympanyBloat or Ruminal Tympany Ruminal Microbial FermentationRuminal Microbial Fermentation

--Produce gases at particular rateProduce gases at particular rate((CoCo22~ 65 CH~ 65 CH44~ 25 N~ 25 N2 2 ~ 7 O~ 7 O2 2 ~ 1 H~ 1 H22 and H and H22S~ tracesS~ traces))Depends on kind and amount of feed offeredDepends on kind and amount of feed offered

--30 ml of mixed gases min kg ingested feed30 ml of mixed gases min kg ingested feedElimination of GasesElimination of Gases

1 Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min1 Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min2 Absorption through GIT2 Absorption through GIT3 Expulsion through anus-3 Expulsion through anus-

--Eructated at a similar rateEructated at a similar rate-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen

SometimesSometimes-gas unable to escape (-gas unable to escape (BLOATBLOAT)) Reason- Reason- excess production of gasses in short time period excess production of gasses in short time period

- any obstruction in GIT- any obstruction in GIT

Bloat hellipBloat hellipTypes Types (on basis of forms of gas)(on basis of forms of gas)

1) Primary or frothy bloat1) Primary or frothy bloat- in the form of persistent foam mixed with the - in the form of persistent foam mixed with the

ruminal contentsruminal contents

2) Secondary or free-gas bloat2) Secondary or free-gas bloat- - in the form of free gas separated from the ingestain the form of free gas separated from the ingesta

Frothy bloat is the most common type and may Frothy bloat is the most common type and may lead to fatality if not treated properlylead to fatality if not treated properly

Etiology of BloatEtiology of Bloat (A) Primary or frothy bloat

1) Plant factor a) Soluble proteins legume forages lead to

formation of foam eg- Berseem Lucerne

- Rapid release of soluble proteins during chewing and ruminal degradation

-Colonization of chloroplast particles and other particulate matter by microorganisms

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip2) 2) Animal factorAnimal factorSpeciesSpecies

BBloat can occur in both sheep and cattle loat can occur in both sheep and cattle although it is most common in the although it is most common in the cattlecattle (McDonell 2007)(McDonell 2007)

SexSex may be may be more prone than more prone than Breed Breed

- - feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle than in beef cattlethan in beef cattle (Vogel and (Vogel and

Parrott 1994)Parrott 1994) IndividualityIndividuality

BloathellipBloathellip3) Feed factors3) Feed factors

a) a) Feed particle sizeFeed particle size

- Affect foam stability- Affect foam stability

Fine particle feeding Coarse particle feeding

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

b)b) High concentrate diet High concentrate diet AcidosisAcidosisrarrbacterial cell lysis rarrrarrbacterial cell lysis rarr release of release of mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharide rarrrarr increased viscosity increased viscosity rarrrarr stable foam stable foam (Coulmen (Coulmen et alet al 2000 2000))

c)c) SaponinsSaponins bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam

(Majak et al 1980)(Majak et al 1980)

d) d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning ruminal motilityruminal motilitydarrdarr

-prevent eructation of gases leading to -prevent eructation of gases leading to bloatbloat

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Bloat or Ruminal TympanyBloat or Ruminal Tympany Ruminal Microbial FermentationRuminal Microbial Fermentation

--Produce gases at particular rateProduce gases at particular rate((CoCo22~ 65 CH~ 65 CH44~ 25 N~ 25 N2 2 ~ 7 O~ 7 O2 2 ~ 1 H~ 1 H22 and H and H22S~ tracesS~ traces))Depends on kind and amount of feed offeredDepends on kind and amount of feed offered

--30 ml of mixed gases min kg ingested feed30 ml of mixed gases min kg ingested feedElimination of GasesElimination of Gases

1 Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min1 Eructation or Belching~ 1-3 times per min2 Absorption through GIT2 Absorption through GIT3 Expulsion through anus-3 Expulsion through anus-

--Eructated at a similar rateEructated at a similar rate-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen-maintains constant pressure of gasses in rumen

SometimesSometimes-gas unable to escape (-gas unable to escape (BLOATBLOAT)) Reason- Reason- excess production of gasses in short time period excess production of gasses in short time period

- any obstruction in GIT- any obstruction in GIT

Bloat hellipBloat hellipTypes Types (on basis of forms of gas)(on basis of forms of gas)

1) Primary or frothy bloat1) Primary or frothy bloat- in the form of persistent foam mixed with the - in the form of persistent foam mixed with the

ruminal contentsruminal contents

2) Secondary or free-gas bloat2) Secondary or free-gas bloat- - in the form of free gas separated from the ingestain the form of free gas separated from the ingesta

Frothy bloat is the most common type and may Frothy bloat is the most common type and may lead to fatality if not treated properlylead to fatality if not treated properly

Etiology of BloatEtiology of Bloat (A) Primary or frothy bloat

1) Plant factor a) Soluble proteins legume forages lead to

formation of foam eg- Berseem Lucerne

- Rapid release of soluble proteins during chewing and ruminal degradation

-Colonization of chloroplast particles and other particulate matter by microorganisms

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip2) 2) Animal factorAnimal factorSpeciesSpecies

BBloat can occur in both sheep and cattle loat can occur in both sheep and cattle although it is most common in the although it is most common in the cattlecattle (McDonell 2007)(McDonell 2007)

SexSex may be may be more prone than more prone than Breed Breed

- - feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle than in beef cattlethan in beef cattle (Vogel and (Vogel and

Parrott 1994)Parrott 1994) IndividualityIndividuality

BloathellipBloathellip3) Feed factors3) Feed factors

a) a) Feed particle sizeFeed particle size

- Affect foam stability- Affect foam stability

Fine particle feeding Coarse particle feeding

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

b)b) High concentrate diet High concentrate diet AcidosisAcidosisrarrbacterial cell lysis rarrrarrbacterial cell lysis rarr release of release of mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharide rarrrarr increased viscosity increased viscosity rarrrarr stable foam stable foam (Coulmen (Coulmen et alet al 2000 2000))

c)c) SaponinsSaponins bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam

(Majak et al 1980)(Majak et al 1980)

d) d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning ruminal motilityruminal motilitydarrdarr

-prevent eructation of gases leading to -prevent eructation of gases leading to bloatbloat

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Bloat hellipBloat hellipTypes Types (on basis of forms of gas)(on basis of forms of gas)

1) Primary or frothy bloat1) Primary or frothy bloat- in the form of persistent foam mixed with the - in the form of persistent foam mixed with the

ruminal contentsruminal contents

2) Secondary or free-gas bloat2) Secondary or free-gas bloat- - in the form of free gas separated from the ingestain the form of free gas separated from the ingesta

Frothy bloat is the most common type and may Frothy bloat is the most common type and may lead to fatality if not treated properlylead to fatality if not treated properly

Etiology of BloatEtiology of Bloat (A) Primary or frothy bloat

1) Plant factor a) Soluble proteins legume forages lead to

formation of foam eg- Berseem Lucerne

- Rapid release of soluble proteins during chewing and ruminal degradation

-Colonization of chloroplast particles and other particulate matter by microorganisms

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip2) 2) Animal factorAnimal factorSpeciesSpecies

BBloat can occur in both sheep and cattle loat can occur in both sheep and cattle although it is most common in the although it is most common in the cattlecattle (McDonell 2007)(McDonell 2007)

SexSex may be may be more prone than more prone than Breed Breed

- - feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle than in beef cattlethan in beef cattle (Vogel and (Vogel and

Parrott 1994)Parrott 1994) IndividualityIndividuality

BloathellipBloathellip3) Feed factors3) Feed factors

a) a) Feed particle sizeFeed particle size

- Affect foam stability- Affect foam stability

Fine particle feeding Coarse particle feeding

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

b)b) High concentrate diet High concentrate diet AcidosisAcidosisrarrbacterial cell lysis rarrrarrbacterial cell lysis rarr release of release of mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharide rarrrarr increased viscosity increased viscosity rarrrarr stable foam stable foam (Coulmen (Coulmen et alet al 2000 2000))

c)c) SaponinsSaponins bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam

(Majak et al 1980)(Majak et al 1980)

d) d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning ruminal motilityruminal motilitydarrdarr

-prevent eructation of gases leading to -prevent eructation of gases leading to bloatbloat

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Etiology of BloatEtiology of Bloat (A) Primary or frothy bloat

1) Plant factor a) Soluble proteins legume forages lead to

formation of foam eg- Berseem Lucerne

- Rapid release of soluble proteins during chewing and ruminal degradation

-Colonization of chloroplast particles and other particulate matter by microorganisms

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip2) 2) Animal factorAnimal factorSpeciesSpecies

BBloat can occur in both sheep and cattle loat can occur in both sheep and cattle although it is most common in the although it is most common in the cattlecattle (McDonell 2007)(McDonell 2007)

SexSex may be may be more prone than more prone than Breed Breed

- - feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle than in beef cattlethan in beef cattle (Vogel and (Vogel and

Parrott 1994)Parrott 1994) IndividualityIndividuality

BloathellipBloathellip3) Feed factors3) Feed factors

a) a) Feed particle sizeFeed particle size

- Affect foam stability- Affect foam stability

Fine particle feeding Coarse particle feeding

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

b)b) High concentrate diet High concentrate diet AcidosisAcidosisrarrbacterial cell lysis rarrrarrbacterial cell lysis rarr release of release of mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharide rarrrarr increased viscosity increased viscosity rarrrarr stable foam stable foam (Coulmen (Coulmen et alet al 2000 2000))

c)c) SaponinsSaponins bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam

(Majak et al 1980)(Majak et al 1980)

d) d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning ruminal motilityruminal motilitydarrdarr

-prevent eructation of gases leading to -prevent eructation of gases leading to bloatbloat

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip2) 2) Animal factorAnimal factorSpeciesSpecies

BBloat can occur in both sheep and cattle loat can occur in both sheep and cattle although it is most common in the although it is most common in the cattlecattle (McDonell 2007)(McDonell 2007)

SexSex may be may be more prone than more prone than Breed Breed

- - feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle feedlot bloat is higher in Holstein cattle than in beef cattlethan in beef cattle (Vogel and (Vogel and

Parrott 1994)Parrott 1994) IndividualityIndividuality

BloathellipBloathellip3) Feed factors3) Feed factors

a) a) Feed particle sizeFeed particle size

- Affect foam stability- Affect foam stability

Fine particle feeding Coarse particle feeding

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

b)b) High concentrate diet High concentrate diet AcidosisAcidosisrarrbacterial cell lysis rarrrarrbacterial cell lysis rarr release of release of mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharide rarrrarr increased viscosity increased viscosity rarrrarr stable foam stable foam (Coulmen (Coulmen et alet al 2000 2000))

c)c) SaponinsSaponins bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam

(Majak et al 1980)(Majak et al 1980)

d) d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning ruminal motilityruminal motilitydarrdarr

-prevent eructation of gases leading to -prevent eructation of gases leading to bloatbloat

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

BloathellipBloathellip3) Feed factors3) Feed factors

a) a) Feed particle sizeFeed particle size

- Affect foam stability- Affect foam stability

Fine particle feeding Coarse particle feeding

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

b)b) High concentrate diet High concentrate diet AcidosisAcidosisrarrbacterial cell lysis rarrrarrbacterial cell lysis rarr release of release of mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharide rarrrarr increased viscosity increased viscosity rarrrarr stable foam stable foam (Coulmen (Coulmen et alet al 2000 2000))

c)c) SaponinsSaponins bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam

(Majak et al 1980)(Majak et al 1980)

d) d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning ruminal motilityruminal motilitydarrdarr

-prevent eructation of gases leading to -prevent eructation of gases leading to bloatbloat

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

b)b) High concentrate diet High concentrate diet AcidosisAcidosisrarrbacterial cell lysis rarrrarrbacterial cell lysis rarr release of release of mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharide rarrrarr increased viscosity increased viscosity rarrrarr stable foam stable foam (Coulmen (Coulmen et alet al 2000 2000))

c)c) SaponinsSaponins bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa bacterial strains produce slime with alfalfa saponins to produce stable foamsaponins to produce stable foam

(Majak et al 1980)(Majak et al 1980)

d) d) Urea poisoningUrea poisoning ruminal motilityruminal motilitydarrdarr

-prevent eructation of gases leading to -prevent eructation of gases leading to bloatbloat

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

Microbiological FactorsMicrobiological Factors

Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some Bacteria produces mucopolysaccharides (slime) and some unidentified macromolecule by lysis unidentified macromolecule by lysis

Extent of slime production varies among bacteriaExtent of slime production varies among bacteria

Slime production by Slime production by Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus bovis is closely related to is closely related to the amount of available energy the amount of available energy ((soluble sugars) soluble sugars) (Cheng et al 1976)(Cheng et al 1976)

Slime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquorSlime increases the viscocity of the rumen liquor

Bloat formation in the rumenBloat formation in the rumen

44

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Etiology of BloathellipEtiology of Bloathellip

B B Secondary or free-gas bloatSecondary or free-gas bloat -due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)-due to excess gas production (no frothy bubbles)

-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct-gas accumulates amp unable to eruct

a Physical obstruction of GI tracta Physical obstruction of GI tract - foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany- foreign body diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany b Tetanus b Tetanus

Due to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normallDue to lack of spasm of esophagus and inability to eructate normall

c) Ruminal atonyc) Ruminal atonyAtony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain Atony of rumen due to hypocalcaemia anaphylaxis and grain overloading or acidosisoverloading or acidosis

e) Unusual posturese) Unusual posturesAbnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in Abnormal postures like lateral recumbency other restrictive positions in handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also handling facilities crowded transportation vehicles etc may also interfere normal eructation processinterfere normal eructation process

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsDistended left abdomen (upper left flank)Distended left abdomen (upper left flank)

Three degrees of bloat A - Three degrees of bloat A - mildmild B - B - moderatemoderate C - C - severesevere

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms Animal is uncomfortable may get up and lie downAnimal is uncomfortable may get up and lie down Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll Frequent defecation kicking at the belly and roll over to relieve the discomfort and bellowingover to relieve the discomfort and bellowing

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms DyspneaDyspnea Protrusion of the tongueProtrusion of the tongue Drooling of salivaDrooling of saliva Forward stretching of head Forward stretching of head Respiratory rate Respiratory rate uarruarr Death within 15 min-1hr Death within 15 min-1hr due to suffocationdue to suffocation

Bloat ManagementBloat Management1)1) Forage selectionForage selection aa Mixture of grasses Mixture of grasses

and legumeand legume

5050 of legume grass is considered safe for level5050 of legume grass is considered safe for level

b Scientists have produced bloat reducing b Scientists have produced bloat reducing cultivar of alfalafa cultivar of alfalafa vizviz AC Grazeland BrAC Grazeland Br

Coulman Coulman et alet al (2000) (2000)

2) Field management2) Field management(A) Inclusion of sp Grass(A) Inclusion of sp Grass

Cultivation of grasses Cultivation of grasses like like medow grasses orchad medow grasses orchad grass and trimothygrass and trimothy

(B) Strategic fertilization(B) Strategic fertilization NaCl fertilizer may reduce the legume degradation NaCl fertilizer may reduce the legume degradation

rate by enhancing NaK ratio rate by enhancing NaK ratio (Phillips (Phillips et alet al 2001) 2001)

uarr uarr water-soluble CHO Conc of grass amp rumen turnover water-soluble CHO Conc of grass amp rumen turnover rate to allow high herbage intakes and rate to allow high herbage intakes and

productivityproductivity

Na increases rumen pH which prevents bloatNa increases rumen pH which prevents bloat

bull

3) Grazing management3) Grazing management Feed with coarse hay or straw then Feed with coarse hay or straw then

expose to legume pastureexpose to legume pasture

MaturityMaturity Pre-bloom or vegetative stage more risky so Pre-bloom or vegetative stage more risky so allow to graze mature herbageallow to graze mature herbage

Strip gazingStrip gazing by placing an electric fencerarr forced to graze stemby placing an electric fencerarr forced to graze stem

will uarr DMI and darr intake of soluble proteinwill uarr DMI and darr intake of soluble protein

Seasonal ManagementSeasonal Management Hay prepared in hot and dry condition is safer than cool and Hay prepared in hot and dry condition is safer than cool and

moist condition moist condition Cool and moist cond extend vegetative stagesCool and moist cond extend vegetative stages

((Radostits Radostits et alet al 2000) 2000)

4) Tannin supplementation4) Tannin supplementation Tannin (CT) from Tannin (CT) from Quebracho reduces the severity of Quebracho reduces the severity of

bloat through reducing microbial activities biofilm bloat through reducing microbial activities biofilm production and ruminal gas production production and ruminal gas production (Min (Min et alet al 2006) 2006)

The substitution of a small amount (approximately The substitution of a small amount (approximately 10) of ingested alfalfa DM by 10) of ingested alfalfa DM by Onobrychis viciifoliaOnobrychis viciifolia helps in prevention of bloat helps in prevention of bloat

(McMahon (McMahon et alet al 1999 and 1999 and 2000) 2000)

Ouebracho O vicifolia

3) Grazing management3) Grazing management Feed with coarse hay or straw then Feed with coarse hay or straw then

expose to legume pastureexpose to legume pasture

MaturityMaturity Pre-bloom or vegetative stage more risky so Pre-bloom or vegetative stage more risky so allow to graze mature herbageallow to graze mature herbage

Strip gazingStrip gazing by placing an electric fencerarr forced to graze stemby placing an electric fencerarr forced to graze stem

will uarr DMI and darr intake of soluble proteinwill uarr DMI and darr intake of soluble protein

Seasonal ManagementSeasonal Management Hay prepared in hot and dry condition is safer than cool and Hay prepared in hot and dry condition is safer than cool and

moist condition moist condition Cool and moist cond extend vegetative stagesCool and moist cond extend vegetative stages

((Radostits Radostits et alet al 2000) 2000)

4) Tannin supplementation4) Tannin supplementation Tannin (CT) from Tannin (CT) from Quebracho reduces the severity of Quebracho reduces the severity of

bloat through reducing microbial activities biofilm bloat through reducing microbial activities biofilm production and ruminal gas production production and ruminal gas production (Min (Min et alet al 2006) 2006)

The substitution of a small amount (approximately The substitution of a small amount (approximately 10) of ingested alfalfa DM by 10) of ingested alfalfa DM by Onobrychis viciifoliaOnobrychis viciifolia helps in prevention of bloat helps in prevention of bloat

(McMahon (McMahon et alet al 1999 and 1999 and 2000) 2000)

Ouebracho O vicifolia

4) Tannin supplementation4) Tannin supplementation Tannin (CT) from Tannin (CT) from Quebracho reduces the severity of Quebracho reduces the severity of

bloat through reducing microbial activities biofilm bloat through reducing microbial activities biofilm production and ruminal gas production production and ruminal gas production (Min (Min et alet al 2006) 2006)

The substitution of a small amount (approximately The substitution of a small amount (approximately 10) of ingested alfalfa DM by 10) of ingested alfalfa DM by Onobrychis viciifoliaOnobrychis viciifolia helps in prevention of bloat helps in prevention of bloat

(McMahon (McMahon et alet al 1999 and 1999 and 2000) 2000)

Ouebracho O vicifolia

5) Antifoaming agents5) Antifoaming agentsa) Oils and fatsa) Oils and fats--individual drenching 50-100ml individual drenching 50-100ml Spraying over pastureSpraying over pasture-Spraying emulsified oil in water over pasture -Spraying emulsified oil in water over pasture

ineffective during rainy seasonsineffective during rainy seasons

b) Polaxaleneb) Polaxalene-non-ionic surfactant 2g 100kg BW per day-non-ionic surfactant 2g 100kg BW per day-introduce 2-3 weeks before season bloat -introduce 2-3 weeks before season bloat -unpalatability limits its use in water -unpalatability limits its use in water -can be mixed in water along with pluronic L64 which -can be mixed in water along with pluronic L64 which

masks it palatability effect masks it palatability effect ((MinMin et al et al 2005) 2005)

5) Antifoaming agents 5) Antifoaming agents contcont

c) Alcohol ethoxylate detergent c) Alcohol ethoxylate detergent --equally effective as poloxalenesequally effective as poloxalenes-administered -administered viavia medicated blocks (Teric) 10 medicated blocks (Teric) 10 -taken by cow voluntarily 17-20g daily -taken by cow voluntarily 17-20g daily (MVM 2005)(MVM 2005)

d) Monensind) Monensin -polyether ionophoric antibiotic-polyether ionophoric antibiotic-administerd as sustained release capsule which -administerd as sustained release capsule which

diffuses slowly from a matrixdiffuses slowly from a matrix(Majak (Majak et alet al 2003) 2003)

Bloat managementBloat management1) Increase in roughage level1) Increase in roughage level feeding of increased roughage level in long form feeding of increased roughage level in long form

(unchopped) will help to reduce bloat(unchopped) will help to reduce bloat

but voluntary intake of long roughage may vary but voluntary intake of long roughage may vary considerable considerable

2) Grain consistency2) Grain consistencyA minimal A minimal processingprocessing of grains (cracking the pericarp or hull) is of grains (cracking the pericarp or hull) is

recommended for slow ruminal digestionrecommended for slow ruminal digestion (McAllister and Cheng 1996)(McAllister and Cheng 1996)

In smaller grain particle more starch In smaller grain particle more starch is exposed to microbial enzymesis exposed to microbial enzymes--uarrproduction of VFAsuarrproduction of VFAs and mucopolysacch and mucopolysacch- decline in pH amp increase in the viscosity - decline in pH amp increase in the viscosity

(Cheng and Hironaka 1973)(Cheng and Hironaka 1973) Pelleting is also not recommendedPelleting is also not recommended

- F- Fine grinding is necessary to process a solid pellet ine grinding is necessary to process a solid pellet -- Enhance development of stable foamEnhance development of stable foam

3) Grain type amp variety3) Grain type amp varietya) Feed less degradable grainsa) Feed less degradable grains egeg Rate and extent of fermentation of wheat amp barley Rate and extent of fermentation of wheat amp barley gtgt sorghum and maize sorghum and maize

(McAllister et al 1993)(McAllister et al 1993)

Differences among barley and wheat varietiesDifferences among barley and wheat varietieseg eg hard-red winter wheathard-red winter wheat is safer than soft-red is safer than soft-red

winter wheat (has greater foam strength)winter wheat (has greater foam strength)

(Akins (Akins et alet al 2009) 2009)

The chances of bloat are much higher with easily degrdable grains The chances of bloat are much higher with easily degrdable grains then with slowly degrdable grainsthen with slowly degrdable grains

Therefore selection of grain is very Therefore selection of grain is very important in bloat prone animalsimportant in bloat prone animals

2) Grain consistency2) Grain consistencyA minimal A minimal processingprocessing of grains (cracking the pericarp or hull) is of grains (cracking the pericarp or hull) is

recommended for slow ruminal digestionrecommended for slow ruminal digestion (McAllister and Cheng 1996)(McAllister and Cheng 1996)

In smaller grain particle more starch In smaller grain particle more starch is exposed to microbial enzymesis exposed to microbial enzymes--uarrproduction of VFAsuarrproduction of VFAs and mucopolysacch and mucopolysacch- decline in pH amp increase in the viscosity - decline in pH amp increase in the viscosity

(Cheng and Hironaka 1973)(Cheng and Hironaka 1973) Pelleting is also not recommendedPelleting is also not recommended

- F- Fine grinding is necessary to process a solid pellet ine grinding is necessary to process a solid pellet -- Enhance development of stable foamEnhance development of stable foam

3) Grain type amp variety3) Grain type amp varietya) Feed less degradable grainsa) Feed less degradable grains egeg Rate and extent of fermentation of wheat amp barley Rate and extent of fermentation of wheat amp barley gtgt sorghum and maize sorghum and maize

(McAllister et al 1993)(McAllister et al 1993)

Differences among barley and wheat varietiesDifferences among barley and wheat varietieseg eg hard-red winter wheathard-red winter wheat is safer than soft-red is safer than soft-red

winter wheat (has greater foam strength)winter wheat (has greater foam strength)

(Akins (Akins et alet al 2009) 2009)

The chances of bloat are much higher with easily degrdable grains The chances of bloat are much higher with easily degrdable grains then with slowly degrdable grainsthen with slowly degrdable grains

Therefore selection of grain is very Therefore selection of grain is very important in bloat prone animalsimportant in bloat prone animals

3) Grain type amp variety3) Grain type amp varietya) Feed less degradable grainsa) Feed less degradable grains egeg Rate and extent of fermentation of wheat amp barley Rate and extent of fermentation of wheat amp barley gtgt sorghum and maize sorghum and maize

(McAllister et al 1993)(McAllister et al 1993)

Differences among barley and wheat varietiesDifferences among barley and wheat varietieseg eg hard-red winter wheathard-red winter wheat is safer than soft-red is safer than soft-red

winter wheat (has greater foam strength)winter wheat (has greater foam strength)

(Akins (Akins et alet al 2009) 2009)

The chances of bloat are much higher with easily degrdable grains The chances of bloat are much higher with easily degrdable grains then with slowly degrdable grainsthen with slowly degrdable grains

Therefore selection of grain is very Therefore selection of grain is very important in bloat prone animalsimportant in bloat prone animals

4) Antifoaming agents4) Antifoaming agents Use of tallow 3-5 in total ration Use of tallow 3-5 in total ration

(Gramlich et al 1993)(Gramlich et al 1993) Polaxalene Polaxalene (Hall and Majak 1992)(Hall and Majak 1992)

5) 5) Dietary saltsDietary salts Addition of common salt (NaCl) 4 to the diet Addition of common salt (NaCl) 4 to the diet

may produce its protective effect by increasing water may produce its protective effect by increasing water intake and diluting the rumen contentsintake and diluting the rumen contents

(Cheng et al 1979)(Cheng et al 1979)

-Effect is short term-Effect is short term

--Could be used as a temporary measure when bloat is Could be used as a temporary measure when bloat is unexpectedly encountered in feedlotunexpectedly encountered in feedlot

Salt also reduces feed intake resulting in a reduced Salt also reduces feed intake resulting in a reduced rate of gainrate of gain

6) others6) others Avoid overfeeding of animals after a period of Avoid overfeeding of animals after a period of

starvation like bad weather amp transportationstarvation like bad weather amp transportation Always ensure proper water availability during Always ensure proper water availability during

all the timesall the times

TreatmentTreatment Restrict the intake of causative feed or legumeRestrict the intake of causative feed or legume In mild casesIn mild cases

Antifoaming agents like vegetable oils (eg soybean) Antifoaming agents like vegetable oils (eg soybean) and mineral oils (paraffins) at doses of 250-500 ml and mineral oils (paraffins) at doses of 250-500 ml could be administered depending on severity could be administered depending on severity

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate a surfactant is Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate a surfactant is commonly incorporated along with oils in early commonly incorporated along with oils in early phases of condition phases of condition

Poloxalene (25-50 g) is effective in treating bloatPoloxalene (25-50 g) is effective in treating bloat

TreathellipTreathellipIf due to oesophageal choke or obstructionIf due to oesophageal choke or obstruction

--pass stomach tube of the largest bore pass stomach tube of the largest bore -blow and move it back and forth -blow and move it back and forth

In frothy bloat In frothy bloat an antifoaming agent should be administeredan antifoaming agent should be administered

while the tube is in placewhile the tube is in place

Stomach tube

TreathellipTreathellipIn severe frothy bloat a trocar and cannula may be used If cannula provides relief administer an antifoaming agent through it

If the cannula fails amp the animalrsquos life is threatened an emergency rumenotomy should be performed

II II ACIDOSISACIDOSIS Production of large quantity of lactic acid Production of large quantity of lactic acid

within the rumen with a profound change in within the rumen with a profound change in the biochemical constituents and microbial the biochemical constituents and microbial populationpopulation

Fall of ruminal pH below 5Fall of ruminal pH below 5

Sudden intake of highly fermentable Sudden intake of highly fermentable carbohydratescarbohydrates

ACIDOSISACIDOSISEtiologyEtiologyDry periodDry period

Shifting to high roughage dietsShifting to high roughage diets Changes in rumen functionChanges in rumen function

- - Bacterial population shifts away from lactate producersBacterial population shifts away from lactate producers Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus bovis LactobacilliLactobacilli

Reduction in lactate utilizersReduction in lactate utilizers Selenomonas ruminantium Selenomonas ruminantium Megasphaera elsdeniiMegasphaera elsdenii

Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive capacity of VFAcapacity of VFA

~ ~ 50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period

ACIDOSIS ACIDOSIS contd contd hellip hellipParturitionlactationParturitionlactation

High starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosisHigh starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosis Lactate producers respond immediatelyLactate producers respond immediately

- Higher production of lactate- Higher production of lactate Lactate utilizers respond more slowlyLactate utilizers respond more slowly

Need 3-4 weeks adaptation timeNeed 3-4 weeks adaptation time Greater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematicallyGreater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematically

Acidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquosAcidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquos - Slower absorption- Slower absorption Protozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pHProtozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pH Poorly developed rumen papillaePoorly developed rumen papillae

Adds to accumulation of organic acidsAdds to accumulation of organic acids Leading to Leading to acidosisacidosis

Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis Switch to low grain-high fibre dietsSwitch to low grain-high fibre diets

Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and water supple of green grass and water

Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Sachharmoyces Sachharmoyces cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)

Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt sulphate till rumen flora is establishedsulphate till rumen flora is established

Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate of 2mlkg body weightof 2mlkg body weight

Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide 1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

5) 5) Dietary saltsDietary salts Addition of common salt (NaCl) 4 to the diet Addition of common salt (NaCl) 4 to the diet

may produce its protective effect by increasing water may produce its protective effect by increasing water intake and diluting the rumen contentsintake and diluting the rumen contents

(Cheng et al 1979)(Cheng et al 1979)

-Effect is short term-Effect is short term

--Could be used as a temporary measure when bloat is Could be used as a temporary measure when bloat is unexpectedly encountered in feedlotunexpectedly encountered in feedlot

Salt also reduces feed intake resulting in a reduced Salt also reduces feed intake resulting in a reduced rate of gainrate of gain

6) others6) others Avoid overfeeding of animals after a period of Avoid overfeeding of animals after a period of

starvation like bad weather amp transportationstarvation like bad weather amp transportation Always ensure proper water availability during Always ensure proper water availability during

all the timesall the times

TreatmentTreatment Restrict the intake of causative feed or legumeRestrict the intake of causative feed or legume In mild casesIn mild cases

Antifoaming agents like vegetable oils (eg soybean) Antifoaming agents like vegetable oils (eg soybean) and mineral oils (paraffins) at doses of 250-500 ml and mineral oils (paraffins) at doses of 250-500 ml could be administered depending on severity could be administered depending on severity

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate a surfactant is Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate a surfactant is commonly incorporated along with oils in early commonly incorporated along with oils in early phases of condition phases of condition

Poloxalene (25-50 g) is effective in treating bloatPoloxalene (25-50 g) is effective in treating bloat

TreathellipTreathellipIf due to oesophageal choke or obstructionIf due to oesophageal choke or obstruction

--pass stomach tube of the largest bore pass stomach tube of the largest bore -blow and move it back and forth -blow and move it back and forth

In frothy bloat In frothy bloat an antifoaming agent should be administeredan antifoaming agent should be administered

while the tube is in placewhile the tube is in place

Stomach tube

TreathellipTreathellipIn severe frothy bloat a trocar and cannula may be used If cannula provides relief administer an antifoaming agent through it

If the cannula fails amp the animalrsquos life is threatened an emergency rumenotomy should be performed

II II ACIDOSISACIDOSIS Production of large quantity of lactic acid Production of large quantity of lactic acid

within the rumen with a profound change in within the rumen with a profound change in the biochemical constituents and microbial the biochemical constituents and microbial populationpopulation

Fall of ruminal pH below 5Fall of ruminal pH below 5

Sudden intake of highly fermentable Sudden intake of highly fermentable carbohydratescarbohydrates

ACIDOSISACIDOSISEtiologyEtiologyDry periodDry period

Shifting to high roughage dietsShifting to high roughage diets Changes in rumen functionChanges in rumen function

- - Bacterial population shifts away from lactate producersBacterial population shifts away from lactate producers Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus bovis LactobacilliLactobacilli

Reduction in lactate utilizersReduction in lactate utilizers Selenomonas ruminantium Selenomonas ruminantium Megasphaera elsdeniiMegasphaera elsdenii

Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive capacity of VFAcapacity of VFA

~ ~ 50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period

ACIDOSIS ACIDOSIS contd contd hellip hellipParturitionlactationParturitionlactation

High starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosisHigh starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosis Lactate producers respond immediatelyLactate producers respond immediately

- Higher production of lactate- Higher production of lactate Lactate utilizers respond more slowlyLactate utilizers respond more slowly

Need 3-4 weeks adaptation timeNeed 3-4 weeks adaptation time Greater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematicallyGreater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematically

Acidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquosAcidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquos - Slower absorption- Slower absorption Protozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pHProtozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pH Poorly developed rumen papillaePoorly developed rumen papillae

Adds to accumulation of organic acidsAdds to accumulation of organic acids Leading to Leading to acidosisacidosis

Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis Switch to low grain-high fibre dietsSwitch to low grain-high fibre diets

Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and water supple of green grass and water

Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Sachharmoyces Sachharmoyces cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)

Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt sulphate till rumen flora is establishedsulphate till rumen flora is established

Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate of 2mlkg body weightof 2mlkg body weight

Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide 1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

6) others6) others Avoid overfeeding of animals after a period of Avoid overfeeding of animals after a period of

starvation like bad weather amp transportationstarvation like bad weather amp transportation Always ensure proper water availability during Always ensure proper water availability during

all the timesall the times

TreatmentTreatment Restrict the intake of causative feed or legumeRestrict the intake of causative feed or legume In mild casesIn mild cases

Antifoaming agents like vegetable oils (eg soybean) Antifoaming agents like vegetable oils (eg soybean) and mineral oils (paraffins) at doses of 250-500 ml and mineral oils (paraffins) at doses of 250-500 ml could be administered depending on severity could be administered depending on severity

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate a surfactant is Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate a surfactant is commonly incorporated along with oils in early commonly incorporated along with oils in early phases of condition phases of condition

Poloxalene (25-50 g) is effective in treating bloatPoloxalene (25-50 g) is effective in treating bloat

TreathellipTreathellipIf due to oesophageal choke or obstructionIf due to oesophageal choke or obstruction

--pass stomach tube of the largest bore pass stomach tube of the largest bore -blow and move it back and forth -blow and move it back and forth

In frothy bloat In frothy bloat an antifoaming agent should be administeredan antifoaming agent should be administered

while the tube is in placewhile the tube is in place

Stomach tube

TreathellipTreathellipIn severe frothy bloat a trocar and cannula may be used If cannula provides relief administer an antifoaming agent through it

If the cannula fails amp the animalrsquos life is threatened an emergency rumenotomy should be performed

II II ACIDOSISACIDOSIS Production of large quantity of lactic acid Production of large quantity of lactic acid

within the rumen with a profound change in within the rumen with a profound change in the biochemical constituents and microbial the biochemical constituents and microbial populationpopulation

Fall of ruminal pH below 5Fall of ruminal pH below 5

Sudden intake of highly fermentable Sudden intake of highly fermentable carbohydratescarbohydrates

ACIDOSISACIDOSISEtiologyEtiologyDry periodDry period

Shifting to high roughage dietsShifting to high roughage diets Changes in rumen functionChanges in rumen function

- - Bacterial population shifts away from lactate producersBacterial population shifts away from lactate producers Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus bovis LactobacilliLactobacilli

Reduction in lactate utilizersReduction in lactate utilizers Selenomonas ruminantium Selenomonas ruminantium Megasphaera elsdeniiMegasphaera elsdenii

Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive capacity of VFAcapacity of VFA

~ ~ 50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period

ACIDOSIS ACIDOSIS contd contd hellip hellipParturitionlactationParturitionlactation

High starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosisHigh starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosis Lactate producers respond immediatelyLactate producers respond immediately

- Higher production of lactate- Higher production of lactate Lactate utilizers respond more slowlyLactate utilizers respond more slowly

Need 3-4 weeks adaptation timeNeed 3-4 weeks adaptation time Greater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematicallyGreater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematically

Acidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquosAcidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquos - Slower absorption- Slower absorption Protozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pHProtozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pH Poorly developed rumen papillaePoorly developed rumen papillae

Adds to accumulation of organic acidsAdds to accumulation of organic acids Leading to Leading to acidosisacidosis

Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis Switch to low grain-high fibre dietsSwitch to low grain-high fibre diets

Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and water supple of green grass and water

Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Sachharmoyces Sachharmoyces cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)

Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt sulphate till rumen flora is establishedsulphate till rumen flora is established

Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate of 2mlkg body weightof 2mlkg body weight

Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide 1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

TreatmentTreatment Restrict the intake of causative feed or legumeRestrict the intake of causative feed or legume In mild casesIn mild cases

Antifoaming agents like vegetable oils (eg soybean) Antifoaming agents like vegetable oils (eg soybean) and mineral oils (paraffins) at doses of 250-500 ml and mineral oils (paraffins) at doses of 250-500 ml could be administered depending on severity could be administered depending on severity

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate a surfactant is Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate a surfactant is commonly incorporated along with oils in early commonly incorporated along with oils in early phases of condition phases of condition

Poloxalene (25-50 g) is effective in treating bloatPoloxalene (25-50 g) is effective in treating bloat

TreathellipTreathellipIf due to oesophageal choke or obstructionIf due to oesophageal choke or obstruction

--pass stomach tube of the largest bore pass stomach tube of the largest bore -blow and move it back and forth -blow and move it back and forth

In frothy bloat In frothy bloat an antifoaming agent should be administeredan antifoaming agent should be administered

while the tube is in placewhile the tube is in place

Stomach tube

TreathellipTreathellipIn severe frothy bloat a trocar and cannula may be used If cannula provides relief administer an antifoaming agent through it

If the cannula fails amp the animalrsquos life is threatened an emergency rumenotomy should be performed

II II ACIDOSISACIDOSIS Production of large quantity of lactic acid Production of large quantity of lactic acid

within the rumen with a profound change in within the rumen with a profound change in the biochemical constituents and microbial the biochemical constituents and microbial populationpopulation

Fall of ruminal pH below 5Fall of ruminal pH below 5

Sudden intake of highly fermentable Sudden intake of highly fermentable carbohydratescarbohydrates

ACIDOSISACIDOSISEtiologyEtiologyDry periodDry period

Shifting to high roughage dietsShifting to high roughage diets Changes in rumen functionChanges in rumen function

- - Bacterial population shifts away from lactate producersBacterial population shifts away from lactate producers Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus bovis LactobacilliLactobacilli

Reduction in lactate utilizersReduction in lactate utilizers Selenomonas ruminantium Selenomonas ruminantium Megasphaera elsdeniiMegasphaera elsdenii

Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive capacity of VFAcapacity of VFA

~ ~ 50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period

ACIDOSIS ACIDOSIS contd contd hellip hellipParturitionlactationParturitionlactation

High starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosisHigh starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosis Lactate producers respond immediatelyLactate producers respond immediately

- Higher production of lactate- Higher production of lactate Lactate utilizers respond more slowlyLactate utilizers respond more slowly

Need 3-4 weeks adaptation timeNeed 3-4 weeks adaptation time Greater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematicallyGreater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematically

Acidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquosAcidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquos - Slower absorption- Slower absorption Protozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pHProtozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pH Poorly developed rumen papillaePoorly developed rumen papillae

Adds to accumulation of organic acidsAdds to accumulation of organic acids Leading to Leading to acidosisacidosis

Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis Switch to low grain-high fibre dietsSwitch to low grain-high fibre diets

Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and water supple of green grass and water

Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Sachharmoyces Sachharmoyces cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)

Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt sulphate till rumen flora is establishedsulphate till rumen flora is established

Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate of 2mlkg body weightof 2mlkg body weight

Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide 1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

TreathellipTreathellipIf due to oesophageal choke or obstructionIf due to oesophageal choke or obstruction

--pass stomach tube of the largest bore pass stomach tube of the largest bore -blow and move it back and forth -blow and move it back and forth

In frothy bloat In frothy bloat an antifoaming agent should be administeredan antifoaming agent should be administered

while the tube is in placewhile the tube is in place

Stomach tube

TreathellipTreathellipIn severe frothy bloat a trocar and cannula may be used If cannula provides relief administer an antifoaming agent through it

If the cannula fails amp the animalrsquos life is threatened an emergency rumenotomy should be performed

II II ACIDOSISACIDOSIS Production of large quantity of lactic acid Production of large quantity of lactic acid

within the rumen with a profound change in within the rumen with a profound change in the biochemical constituents and microbial the biochemical constituents and microbial populationpopulation

Fall of ruminal pH below 5Fall of ruminal pH below 5

Sudden intake of highly fermentable Sudden intake of highly fermentable carbohydratescarbohydrates

ACIDOSISACIDOSISEtiologyEtiologyDry periodDry period

Shifting to high roughage dietsShifting to high roughage diets Changes in rumen functionChanges in rumen function

- - Bacterial population shifts away from lactate producersBacterial population shifts away from lactate producers Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus bovis LactobacilliLactobacilli

Reduction in lactate utilizersReduction in lactate utilizers Selenomonas ruminantium Selenomonas ruminantium Megasphaera elsdeniiMegasphaera elsdenii

Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive capacity of VFAcapacity of VFA

~ ~ 50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period

ACIDOSIS ACIDOSIS contd contd hellip hellipParturitionlactationParturitionlactation

High starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosisHigh starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosis Lactate producers respond immediatelyLactate producers respond immediately

- Higher production of lactate- Higher production of lactate Lactate utilizers respond more slowlyLactate utilizers respond more slowly

Need 3-4 weeks adaptation timeNeed 3-4 weeks adaptation time Greater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematicallyGreater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematically

Acidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquosAcidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquos - Slower absorption- Slower absorption Protozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pHProtozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pH Poorly developed rumen papillaePoorly developed rumen papillae

Adds to accumulation of organic acidsAdds to accumulation of organic acids Leading to Leading to acidosisacidosis

Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis Switch to low grain-high fibre dietsSwitch to low grain-high fibre diets

Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and water supple of green grass and water

Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Sachharmoyces Sachharmoyces cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)

Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt sulphate till rumen flora is establishedsulphate till rumen flora is established

Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate of 2mlkg body weightof 2mlkg body weight

Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide 1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

TreathellipTreathellipIn severe frothy bloat a trocar and cannula may be used If cannula provides relief administer an antifoaming agent through it

If the cannula fails amp the animalrsquos life is threatened an emergency rumenotomy should be performed

II II ACIDOSISACIDOSIS Production of large quantity of lactic acid Production of large quantity of lactic acid

within the rumen with a profound change in within the rumen with a profound change in the biochemical constituents and microbial the biochemical constituents and microbial populationpopulation

Fall of ruminal pH below 5Fall of ruminal pH below 5

Sudden intake of highly fermentable Sudden intake of highly fermentable carbohydratescarbohydrates

ACIDOSISACIDOSISEtiologyEtiologyDry periodDry period

Shifting to high roughage dietsShifting to high roughage diets Changes in rumen functionChanges in rumen function

- - Bacterial population shifts away from lactate producersBacterial population shifts away from lactate producers Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus bovis LactobacilliLactobacilli

Reduction in lactate utilizersReduction in lactate utilizers Selenomonas ruminantium Selenomonas ruminantium Megasphaera elsdeniiMegasphaera elsdenii

Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive capacity of VFAcapacity of VFA

~ ~ 50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period

ACIDOSIS ACIDOSIS contd contd hellip hellipParturitionlactationParturitionlactation

High starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosisHigh starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosis Lactate producers respond immediatelyLactate producers respond immediately

- Higher production of lactate- Higher production of lactate Lactate utilizers respond more slowlyLactate utilizers respond more slowly

Need 3-4 weeks adaptation timeNeed 3-4 weeks adaptation time Greater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematicallyGreater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematically

Acidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquosAcidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquos - Slower absorption- Slower absorption Protozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pHProtozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pH Poorly developed rumen papillaePoorly developed rumen papillae

Adds to accumulation of organic acidsAdds to accumulation of organic acids Leading to Leading to acidosisacidosis

Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis Switch to low grain-high fibre dietsSwitch to low grain-high fibre diets

Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and water supple of green grass and water

Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Sachharmoyces Sachharmoyces cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)

Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt sulphate till rumen flora is establishedsulphate till rumen flora is established

Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate of 2mlkg body weightof 2mlkg body weight

Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide 1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

II II ACIDOSISACIDOSIS Production of large quantity of lactic acid Production of large quantity of lactic acid

within the rumen with a profound change in within the rumen with a profound change in the biochemical constituents and microbial the biochemical constituents and microbial populationpopulation

Fall of ruminal pH below 5Fall of ruminal pH below 5

Sudden intake of highly fermentable Sudden intake of highly fermentable carbohydratescarbohydrates

ACIDOSISACIDOSISEtiologyEtiologyDry periodDry period

Shifting to high roughage dietsShifting to high roughage diets Changes in rumen functionChanges in rumen function

- - Bacterial population shifts away from lactate producersBacterial population shifts away from lactate producers Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus bovis LactobacilliLactobacilli

Reduction in lactate utilizersReduction in lactate utilizers Selenomonas ruminantium Selenomonas ruminantium Megasphaera elsdeniiMegasphaera elsdenii

Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive capacity of VFAcapacity of VFA

~ ~ 50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period

ACIDOSIS ACIDOSIS contd contd hellip hellipParturitionlactationParturitionlactation

High starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosisHigh starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosis Lactate producers respond immediatelyLactate producers respond immediately

- Higher production of lactate- Higher production of lactate Lactate utilizers respond more slowlyLactate utilizers respond more slowly

Need 3-4 weeks adaptation timeNeed 3-4 weeks adaptation time Greater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematicallyGreater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematically

Acidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquosAcidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquos - Slower absorption- Slower absorption Protozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pHProtozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pH Poorly developed rumen papillaePoorly developed rumen papillae

Adds to accumulation of organic acidsAdds to accumulation of organic acids Leading to Leading to acidosisacidosis

Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis Switch to low grain-high fibre dietsSwitch to low grain-high fibre diets

Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and water supple of green grass and water

Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Sachharmoyces Sachharmoyces cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)

Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt sulphate till rumen flora is establishedsulphate till rumen flora is established

Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate of 2mlkg body weightof 2mlkg body weight

Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide 1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

ACIDOSISACIDOSISEtiologyEtiologyDry periodDry period

Shifting to high roughage dietsShifting to high roughage diets Changes in rumen functionChanges in rumen function

- - Bacterial population shifts away from lactate producersBacterial population shifts away from lactate producers Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus bovis LactobacilliLactobacilli

Reduction in lactate utilizersReduction in lactate utilizers Selenomonas ruminantium Selenomonas ruminantium Megasphaera elsdeniiMegasphaera elsdenii

Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive Reduction in rumen papillae length and absorptive capacity of VFAcapacity of VFA

~ ~ 50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period50 absorptive area lost in first 7 weeks of dry period

ACIDOSIS ACIDOSIS contd contd hellip hellipParturitionlactationParturitionlactation

High starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosisHigh starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosis Lactate producers respond immediatelyLactate producers respond immediately

- Higher production of lactate- Higher production of lactate Lactate utilizers respond more slowlyLactate utilizers respond more slowly

Need 3-4 weeks adaptation timeNeed 3-4 weeks adaptation time Greater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematicallyGreater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematically

Acidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquosAcidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquos - Slower absorption- Slower absorption Protozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pHProtozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pH Poorly developed rumen papillaePoorly developed rumen papillae

Adds to accumulation of organic acidsAdds to accumulation of organic acids Leading to Leading to acidosisacidosis

Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis Switch to low grain-high fibre dietsSwitch to low grain-high fibre diets

Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and water supple of green grass and water

Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Sachharmoyces Sachharmoyces cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)

Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt sulphate till rumen flora is establishedsulphate till rumen flora is established

Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate of 2mlkg body weightof 2mlkg body weight

Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide 1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

ACIDOSIS ACIDOSIS contd contd hellip hellipParturitionlactationParturitionlactation

High starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosisHigh starch diets~ High risk of rumen acidosis Lactate producers respond immediatelyLactate producers respond immediately

- Higher production of lactate- Higher production of lactate Lactate utilizers respond more slowlyLactate utilizers respond more slowly

Need 3-4 weeks adaptation timeNeed 3-4 weeks adaptation time Greater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematicallyGreater accumulation of lactate~ Absorbed systematically

Acidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquosAcidity of lactate is 10 times stronger than VFArsquos - Slower absorption- Slower absorption Protozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pHProtozoa and many bacteria killed due to low ruminal pH Poorly developed rumen papillaePoorly developed rumen papillae

Adds to accumulation of organic acidsAdds to accumulation of organic acids Leading to Leading to acidosisacidosis

Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis Switch to low grain-high fibre dietsSwitch to low grain-high fibre diets

Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and water supple of green grass and water

Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Sachharmoyces Sachharmoyces cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)

Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt sulphate till rumen flora is establishedsulphate till rumen flora is established

Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate of 2mlkg body weightof 2mlkg body weight

Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide 1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

Management of AcidosisManagement of Acidosis Switch to low grain-high fibre dietsSwitch to low grain-high fibre diets

Ad libitumAd libitum supple of green grass and water supple of green grass and water

Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Use of lactate utilizing bacteria (Sachharmoyces Sachharmoyces cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)cervisae Selenomonas ruminantium)

Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud Intraruminal administration of fresh rumen cud from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt from healthy animal alone with 20 mg of cobalt sulphate till rumen flora is establishedsulphate till rumen flora is established

Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate Use of 25 sodium bicarbonate at the dose rate of 2mlkg body weightof 2mlkg body weight

Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide Intraruminal administration of aluminium hydroxide 1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal1gkg body wt till the rumen pH returns to normal

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERIII KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVEREtiologyEtiology Imbalance in energy input-outputImbalance in energy input-output

Starvation Starvation Negative Energy BalanceNegative Energy Balance

Not Enough EnergyNot Enough Energy

Massive Fat MobilizationMassive Fat Mobilization Body fat utilized as energyBody fat utilized as energy

Limited capacity of liver to oxidize fatLimited capacity of liver to oxidize fat Converted to ketone bodiesConverted to ketone bodies

Accumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrateAccumulation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate- - Hypoglycaemia and ketosisHypoglycaemia and ketosis

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVERKETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellipcontd hellip

Causes of limited fat oxidation in liverCauses of limited fat oxidation in liverLack of oxaloacetateLack of oxaloacetateLack of carnitineLack of carnitineLack of niacinLack of niacinEndocrinological reasonsEndocrinological reasons

Reduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReduced DM intake ndash the main etiologyReasons of lower DMenergy intakeReasons of lower DMenergy intake ParturitionParturition~ ~ Decrease by Decrease by ~~30 during 30 during plusmnplusmn2d of calving2d of calving Milk feverMilk fever AcidosisAcidosis

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

Ketosis Clinical SignsKetosis Clinical Signs DigestiveDigestive

1048708 1048708 AnorexiaAnorexia1048708 1048708 Increased rumen motilityIncreased rumen motility1048708 1048708 Massive decrease in milk productionMassive decrease in milk production1048708 1048708 Dry firm fecesDry firm feces1048708 1048708 DepressedDepressed

Nervous symptomsNervous symptoms

1048708 1048708 Hyper-excitableHyper-excitable1048708 1048708 AtaxiaAtaxia1048708 1048708 Excess salivationExcess salivation1048708 1048708 AggressivenessAggressiveness

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

Clinical Pathology and KetosisClinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)(Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)

HyperketonemiaHyperketonemia gt 100 mg dlgt 100 mg dl

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemiaNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlNormal 40 ndash 60 mg dlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdlKetosis 10 ndash 30 mgdl

KetoneriaKetoneria Increased NEFAIncreased NEFA

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

Ross Test ~ Ketone TestsRoss Test ~ Ketone Tests

Used on urine or serumUsed on urine or serum Placed approximately one gram of a 1100 Placed approximately one gram of a 1100

mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium mixture of sodium nitroprusside amp ammonium sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or sulphate in a test tube and add 5 ml of urine (or serum)serum)

Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium Shake well and then add 2 cc of conc ammonium hydroxidehydroxide

Look for purple color at liquid interfaceLook for purple color at liquid interface

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

Ketosis Therapy and PreventionKetosis Therapy and Prevention

Dextrose ndash d-glucoseDextrose ndash d-glucose- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- 500cc at 50gt solution IV- Effective time = 2 hours- Effective time = 2 hours

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids- 20mg Dexamethasone- 20mg Dexamethasone-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours-Create hyperglycemia for 36 hours

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed the animals according to the feeding Feed the animals according to the feeding

standards providing adequate nutrientsstandards providing adequate nutrients

Feed the animals in such a way and at such Feed the animals in such a way and at such a level that should be near optimum and a level that should be near optimum and within the capacity of the animal to consume within the capacity of the animal to consume it without going off feedit without going off feed

Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the Follow the feeding strategy to maximize the intake during early lactation and minimize intake during early lactation and minimize prolonged mobilization of body fatprolonged mobilization of body fat

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period Avoid overfeeding throughout the dry period

-Overfeeding may lead to fattiness -Overfeeding may lead to fattiness Obese cow is more proneObese cow is more prone

Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high Avoid feeding of ketogenic materials (high butyric acid Silage)butyric acid Silage)

Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels Increase concentrate feeding to moderate levels in the dry period and rapidly after calving using in the dry period and rapidly after calving using care to prevent the cow from going off feed care to prevent the cow from going off feed

In early lactation of high yielding cows In early lactation of high yielding cows concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of concentrate to forage ratio should be in order of 55-6535-4555-6535-45 so as to ensure proper propionate so as to ensure proper propionate levelslevels

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

Nutritional Management of KetosisNutritional Management of Ketosis Feed high quality roughage at a minimum Feed high quality roughage at a minimum one thirdone third

of total dry matter intakeof total dry matter intake

Abrupt change in feeding materials should be Abrupt change in feeding materials should be avoidedavoided

Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by Feed intake of the animals should be maximized by providing adequate comforts exercise and with no providing adequate comforts exercise and with no stressstress

The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene The cows more susceptible should be fed propylene glycol glycol --200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving200-400 ml daily from 5 days before to 10 days after calving

Over dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depressionOver dosage can decrease DMI via CNS depression

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

Nutritional amelioration of ketosisNutritional amelioration of ketosis Use of Glucogenic precursorsUse of Glucogenic precursors

- Sodium magnesium salts of propionate - Sodium magnesium salts of propionate -1-2 propanediol -1-2 propanediol - Glycerol- Glycerol

Use of NiacinUse of Niacin - Decrease lipolysis- Decrease lipolysis- 3-6g animalday to reduce blood - 3-6g animalday to reduce blood --

hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate Use of ionophores like monensinUse of ionophores like monensin

-increase the propionate production -increase the propionate production - beneficial in treating ketosis - beneficial in treating ketosis

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45

• Slide 1
• Nutritional Management of Common Diseases of Livestock
• Nutrition
• Slide 4
• Bloat or Ruminal Tympany
• Bloat hellip
• Etiology of Bloat
• Etiology of Bloathellip
• Bloathellip 3) Feed factors
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Signs and symptoms
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bloat Management
• 2) Field management
• 3) Grazing management
• 4) Tannin supplementation
• 5) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Antifoaming agents cont
• Bloat management
• 2) Grain consistency
• 3) Grain type amp variety
• 4) Antifoaming agents
• 5) Dietary salts
• 6) others
• Treatment
• Treathellip
• Slide 30
• II ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• ACIDOSIS contd hellip
• Management of Acidosis
• III KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER
• KETOSIS amp FATTY LIVER contd hellip
• Ketosis Clinical Signs
• Clinical Pathology and Ketosis (Acetoacetate β-hydroxy butyrate acetone)
• Ross Test ~ Ketone Tests
• Ketosis Therapy and Prevention
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Slide 42
• Nutritional Management of Ketosis
• Nutritional amelioration of ketosis
• Slide 45