NUTRITION NUTRITION AND AND

RESPIRATIORESPIRATIONN

LIFE PROCESSLIFE PROCESS The basic functions performed by living The basic functions performed by living

organisms to maintain their life on this earth are organisms to maintain their life on this earth are called life processes.called life processes.

The basic life processes common to all the The basic life processes common to all the living organisms areliving organisms are

Nutrition and RespirationNutrition and Respiration Transport and Excretion Transport and Excretion Control and Coordination Control and Coordination GrowthGrowth Movement and ReproductionMovement and Reproduction

NUTRITIONNUTRITION Nutrient – It is a substance which an Nutrient – It is a substance which an

organism obtains from its surroundings organism obtains from its surroundings and uses it either as an energy source or and uses it either as an energy source or for biosynthesis of body constituents.for biosynthesis of body constituents.

Example- Proteins, Carbohydrate,Fats Example- Proteins, Carbohydrate,Fats etc.etc.

Nutrition – It is a process of intake of Nutrition – It is a process of intake of nutrients as well as utilisation of nutrients nutrients as well as utilisation of nutrients by an organism.by an organism.

MODE OF NUTRITIONMODE OF NUTRITIONMode of nutrition means method of Mode of nutrition means method of

procuring food or obtaining food by procuring food or obtaining food by an organism. Depending on the an organism. Depending on the mode of obtaining food, all mode of obtaining food, all organisms can be classified into organisms can be classified into two groups, two groups,

Autotrophic Autotrophic HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

AUTOTROPHIC MODE OF AUTOTROPHIC MODE OF NUTRITIONNUTRITION

Auto means self and troph means to Auto means self and troph means to nutrition, thus autrotrophic means self nutrition, thus autrotrophic means self nutrition.nutrition.

It can be defined as a type of nutrition in It can be defined as a type of nutrition in which organisms synthesise its own food which organisms synthesise its own food

( Organic material) from the simple ( Organic material) from the simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water. and water.

Exa: – Green plants, autotrophic bacteriaExa: – Green plants, autotrophic bacteria

HETEROTROPHIC MODE OF HETEROTROPHIC MODE OF NUTRITIONNUTRITION

The word hetero means other and troph The word hetero means other and troph means nutrition, which means nutrition means nutrition, which means nutrition obtained from others.obtained from others.

Heterotrophic nutrition can be defined as a Heterotrophic nutrition can be defined as a mode of nutrition in which an organism mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food from simple cannot make its own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water, and depends on other organisms for water, and depends on other organisms for its food.its food.

Example- All animals, bacteria and fungi.Example- All animals, bacteria and fungi.

Heterotrophic nutrition is Heterotrophic nutrition is of three types which are of three types which are as follows :--as follows :--

Saprophytic NutritionSaprophytic NutritionParasitic NutritionParasitic NutritionHolozoic NutritionHolozoic Nutrition

SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITIONSAPROPHYTIC NUTRITIONThe word sapro means rotten. The word sapro means rotten. Saprophytic mode of nutrition is a Saprophytic mode of nutrition is a

nutrition in which an organism nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from dead and obtains its food from dead and decaying organic matter.decaying organic matter.

Example- Fungi and bacteriaExample- Fungi and bacteriaSuch organisms are called Such organisms are called

saprophytes.saprophytes.

PARASITIC NUTRITIONPARASITIC NUTRITION The word para means others.The word para means others. The parasitic nutrition is a nutrition in The parasitic nutrition is a nutrition in

which an organism derives its food from which an organism derives its food from the body of another living organism(called the body of another living organism(called its host).its host).

The organism which obtains food is called The organism which obtains food is called parasite and the organism from whose parasite and the organism from whose body food is obtained is called host.body food is obtained is called host.

ExampleExample of parasite – Plasmodium, Cuscuta, of parasite – Plasmodium, Cuscuta, roundwormroundworm

HOLOZOIC NUTRITIONHOLOZOIC NUTRITIONHolozoic nutrition means feeding Holozoic nutrition means feeding

on solid food.on solid food.The holozoic nutrition is a nutrition The holozoic nutrition is a nutrition

in which an organism takes the in which an organism takes the complex organic food materials complex organic food materials into its body by the process of into its body by the process of ingestion, which is subsequently ingestion, which is subsequently digested and obsorbed.digested and obsorbed.

Example – Amoeba, frog, human beings.Example – Amoeba, frog, human beings.

NUTRITION IN PLANTSNUTRITION IN PLANTS PHOTOSYNTHESIS – The process by which PHOTOSYNTHESIS – The process by which

green plants make their own food ( like green plants make their own food ( like glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the presence of using sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll, is called photosynthesis.chlorophyll, is called photosynthesis.

Oxygen gas is released during this process.Oxygen gas is released during this process. The overall equation of photosynthesis is The overall equation of photosynthesis is

represented as followsrepresented as follows

SunlightSunlight 6CO6CO22 + 12 H + 12 H22O O CC66HH1212OO66 + 6H + 6H22O + 6OO + 6O22

chlorophyllchlorophyll

CLOROPLASTCLOROPLAST

STRUCUTE OF CHLOROPLASTSTRUCUTE OF CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE :- In the chloroplast of STRUCTURE :- In the chloroplast of

higher plants, higher plants, Stacks of thylakoids(lamellar structures) Stacks of thylakoids(lamellar structures)

are present which are called grana are present which are called grana (sing.-granum).(sing.-granum).

Thylakoid is a flattened sac of Thylakoid is a flattened sac of membrane which contains chlorophyll membrane which contains chlorophyll molecules responsible for molecules responsible for Photosynthesis. The Light dependent Photosynthesis. The Light dependent reaction (or light reaction) of reaction (or light reaction) of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoids.photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoids.

A thylakoid of one granum is connected to A thylakoid of one granum is connected to other granum with the help of stroma other granum with the help of stroma lamellae (single thylakoid). lamellae (single thylakoid).

The chloroplast is filled with a liquid called The chloroplast is filled with a liquid called stroma or matrix. The light independent stroma or matrix. The light independent reaction (or dark reaction) occurs in the reaction (or dark reaction) occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.stroma of the chloroplast.

A double membrane surrounds the entire A double membrane surrounds the entire chloroplastchloroplast..

CHLOROPLASTCHLOROPLAST

PORTION OF THE LEAFPORTION OF THE LEAF

LEAF SECTIONLEAF SECTION

A PLANT CELLA PLANT CELL

CHLOROPHYLLCHLOROPHYLL Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are

photoreceptor molecules which play a key role photoreceptor molecules which play a key role in photosynthesis.in photosynthesis.

The green colour of plant is due to the The green colour of plant is due to the presence of chlorophyll.presence of chlorophyll.

Different types of chlorophyll are Different types of chlorophyll are Chlorophyll a, b, c, d, e and bacteriochlorophyllChlorophyll a, b, c, d, e and bacteriochlorophyll Chlorophyll a and b are most common and are Chlorophyll a and b are most common and are

found in all plants.found in all plants. Chlorophyll pigments are found inside Chlorophyll pigments are found inside

chloroplasts.chloroplasts.

CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULECHLOROPHYLL MOLECULE

CHLOROPHYLLCHLOROPHYLL

CAROTENECAROTENE

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS – The process by which – The process by which

green plants make their own food ( like green plants make their own food ( like glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the presence of using sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll, is called photosynthesis.chlorophyll, is called photosynthesis.

Oxygen gas is released during this process.Oxygen gas is released during this process. The overall equation of photosynthesis is The overall equation of photosynthesis is

represented as followsrepresented as follows

SunlightSunlight 6CO6CO22 + 12 H + 12 H22O O CC66HH1212OO66 + 6H + 6H22O + 6OO + 6O22

chlorophyllchlorophyll

SOLAR RADIATIONSOLAR RADIATION

RAW MATERIALS FOR RAW MATERIALS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

The raw materials for photosynthesis are The raw materials for photosynthesis are 1) Chlorophyll1) Chlorophyll 2) Sunlight2) Sunlight 3) Carbon dioxide3) Carbon dioxide 4) Water4) Water

STOMATASTOMATA

MECHANISM FOR MECHANISM FOR PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

The entire process of photosynthesis can The entire process of photosynthesis can be divided into two main stages. be divided into two main stages.

1) Light reaction – Light dependant 1) Light reaction – Light dependant 2) Dark reaction – Light independent2) Dark reaction – Light independent

LIGHT REACTIONLIGHT REACTION1)1) When light strikes chlorophylls, photons are When light strikes chlorophylls, photons are

absorbed which excite electrons of absorbed which excite electrons of chlorophylls to a higher energy level. The chlorophylls to a higher energy level. The emitted electrons travel through the electron emitted electrons travel through the electron transport chain present in the chloroplast. transport chain present in the chloroplast. The process requires a number of electron The process requires a number of electron acceptors acceptors

2)2) In this process ATP is synthesized from ADP In this process ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. This ATP is used and inorganic phosphate. This ATP is used as a source of energy during dark reaction. as a source of energy during dark reaction.

3)3) In light reaction photolysis of water In light reaction photolysis of water takes place. takes place.

4)4) 2H2H22O O 4H 4H++ + O + O22 + 4e + 4e--

5)5) The hydrogen ions which is released The hydrogen ions which is released during photolysis reduce the NADP during photolysis reduce the NADP molecule (Nicotianamide adenine molecule (Nicotianamide adenine diphosphate) into NADPHdiphosphate) into NADPH22 which is also which is also

used during the dark reaction. It is used during the dark reaction. It is important to note that oxygen released important to note that oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from during photosynthesis comes from water.water.

PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATIONPHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

ATP MOLECULEATP MOLECULE

DARK REACTIONDARK REACTION

1)1) The NADPHThe NADPH22 molecule as well as molecule as well as ATP(assimilatory power) produced during the ATP(assimilatory power) produced during the light reaction are utilized in the stroma of light reaction are utilized in the stroma of chloroplast for synthesis of carbohydrate chloroplast for synthesis of carbohydrate from COfrom CO22. This is called carbon fixation . This is called carbon fixation

2)2) In this process COIn this process CO22 enters into a series of enters into a series of reactions with Ribulose biphosphate ( five reactions with Ribulose biphosphate ( five carbon sugar). At the end carbohydrate is carbon sugar). At the end carbohydrate is synthesized and Ribulose biphosphate is synthesized and Ribulose biphosphate is regenerated. This is called Calvin-Benson regenerated. This is called Calvin-Benson cycle. After its discoverer Melvin Calvin & cycle. After its discoverer Melvin Calvin & Ande Benson.Ande Benson.

Ribulose biphosphate changes into a unstable 6 Ribulose biphosphate changes into a unstable 6 carbon compound which breaks into two carbon compound which breaks into two molecules of 3-carbon compound called phospho-molecules of 3-carbon compound called phospho-glyceric acid. glyceric acid.

This compound is finally converted into 6-carbonThis compound is finally converted into 6-carbon

compound called Glucose (Carbohydrate).compound called Glucose (Carbohydrate).

FIXATION OF CARBONFIXATION OF CARBON

PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACIDPHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID

MCALVINMCALVIN

RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESISRATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

FACTORS NECESSARY FOR FACTORS NECESSARY FOR PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

A number of factors affect the process of A number of factors affect the process of photosynthesis, as a result of which photosynthesis, as a result of which productivity is affected. These areproductivity is affected. These are

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide WaterWater ChlorophyllChlorophyll LightLight TemperatureTemperature

CARBON DIOXIDE (COCARBON DIOXIDE (CO22))

Air contains 0.03% of COAir contains 0.03% of CO22. It is released . It is released

by respiration, combustion of fossil fuels by respiration, combustion of fossil fuels and microbial decomposition. and microbial decomposition.

During early morning hours and evening During early morning hours and evening hours, COhours, CO22 released in respiration is released in respiration is

sufficient for photosynthesis. At this stage, sufficient for photosynthesis. At this stage, there is no exchange of gases between there is no exchange of gases between the plant and the environment. This is the plant and the environment. This is called called compensation pointcompensation point..

An increase in the concentration of COAn increase in the concentration of CO22

upto 0.1% increases the rate of upto 0.1% increases the rate of photosynthesis. photosynthesis.

Higher concentration of COHigher concentration of CO22 decreases decreases

the rate of photosynthesis.the rate of photosynthesis.

WATERWATER

Plants absorb water and mineral salts through Plants absorb water and mineral salts through root hair and pass it to the leaves through root hair and pass it to the leaves through xylem. xylem.

If there is less availability of HIf there is less availability of H22O, then stomata O, then stomata

closes ( to reduce the water loss by closes ( to reduce the water loss by transpiration) and there is decreased COtranspiration) and there is decreased CO22

absorption and sunlight absorption.absorption and sunlight absorption. Therefore the rate of photosynthesis Therefore the rate of photosynthesis

decreases.decreases.

CHLOROPHYLLCHLOROPHYLL

Only cells having chlorophyll are Only cells having chlorophyll are photosynthetic. There is no proportionality photosynthetic. There is no proportionality between the rate of photosynthesis and between the rate of photosynthesis and amount of chlorophyll.amount of chlorophyll.

LIGHTLIGHT

White light consists of all the seven White light consists of all the seven colours. Highest rate of photosynthesis is colours. Highest rate of photosynthesis is seen in red light and minimum in green seen in red light and minimum in green light. Chlorophyll can absorb violet, blue light. Chlorophyll can absorb violet, blue and red light rays.and red light rays.

The rate of photosynthesis increases at The rate of photosynthesis increases at the lower intensity of light and decreases the lower intensity of light and decreases in the stronger intensity of light.in the stronger intensity of light.

TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE

Photosynthesis is an enzymatic process. The Photosynthesis is an enzymatic process. The enzymes function within an optimum range of enzymes function within an optimum range of temperature. temperature.

Lower temperature has an inhibitory effect on Lower temperature has an inhibitory effect on the rate of photosynthesis because the the rate of photosynthesis because the enzymes are inactivated. enzymes are inactivated.

Increase in temperature increases the rate of Increase in temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis but it ultimately inhibits photosynthesis but it ultimately inhibits photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

CARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE

The rate of photosynthesis increases The rate of photosynthesis increases with an increase in carbon dioxide with an increase in carbon dioxide concentration upto a certain level.concentration upto a certain level.

Beyond that, CO2 concentration has Beyond that, CO2 concentration has no effect on the rate of no effect on the rate of photosynthesis. On the contrary it photosynthesis. On the contrary it decreases the rate.decreases the rate.

NUTRITION IN AMOEBANUTRITION IN AMOEBA Amoeba is a unicellular animal which Amoeba is a unicellular animal which

feeds on microscopic animals and plants feeds on microscopic animals and plants that float in a water body.that float in a water body.

The mode of nutrition in amoeba is The mode of nutrition in amoeba is holozoic.holozoic.

The process of obtaining food in amoeba The process of obtaining food in amoeba is termed as phagocytosis.is termed as phagocytosis.

The various steps of nutrition are The various steps of nutrition are ingestion, digestion, assimilation and ingestion, digestion, assimilation and egestion.egestion.

AMOEBAAMOEBA

Amoeba engulfs the food by forming Amoeba engulfs the food by forming pseudopodia.pseudopodia.

When the food is completely encircled When the food is completely encircled and the tips of encircling pseudopodia and the tips of encircling pseudopodia touch each other, the membrane at that touch each other, the membrane at that point dissolves.point dissolves.

The food is encaptured into the cell like a The food is encaptured into the cell like a bag called food vacuole.bag called food vacuole.

Inside the food vacuole, the food gets Inside the food vacuole, the food gets digested by digestive enzymes.digested by digestive enzymes.

The digested food diffuses into The digested food diffuses into the cytoplasm and is utilised by the cytoplasm and is utilised by the cell. This is termed as the cell. This is termed as assimilationassimilation..

The undigested food remains in The undigested food remains in the food vacuole, and is thrown the food vacuole, and is thrown out of the body. out of the body.

This process is called This process is called egestionegestion..

NUTRITION IN GRASSHOPPERNUTRITION IN GRASSHOPPER

Grasshopper is herbivorous which Grasshopper is herbivorous which feeds mainly on leaves of plants.feeds mainly on leaves of plants.

The mouth parts in grasshoppers The mouth parts in grasshoppers are adapted for biting and are adapted for biting and chewing.chewing.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF GRASSHOPPERGRASSHOPPER

The digestive system of grasshopper can be The digestive system of grasshopper can be divided into divided into

i)i) Foregut – mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, Foregut – mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, crop, salivary glands, gizzard crop, salivary glands, gizzard

ii)ii) Midgut – stomach, hepatic caecaMidgut – stomach, hepatic caeca

iii)iii) Hindgut – ileum, colon, rectum and anusHindgut – ileum, colon, rectum and anus

Malphigian tubules are present in between Malphigian tubules are present in between midgut and hindgut.midgut and hindgut.