Nutrition and Dietetics-lecture
Transcript of Nutrition and Dietetics-lecture
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NUTRITION AND
DIETETICS
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NUTRITION
IS THE SUM OF ALL
INTERACTION
BETWEEN AN
ORGANISM AND THE
FOOD IT CONSUMES
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NUTRIENTS
ORGANIC OR INORGANIC
SUBSTANCES FOUND IN
FOODS THAT AREREQUIRED FOR BODY
FUNCTIONING
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ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
MACRONUTRIENTS
MICRONUTRIENTS
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DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKE
ESTIMATED ENERGY REQUIREMENT
FAT: 20-35%
CARBS: 45-65%
PROTEIN: 0-35%
FIBER: MEN-3!"# WOMEN 25"#
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FATS $ &CAL'"()#
CARBS*PROTEINS*&ETONES $
4&CAL'"()#
ALCOHOL- +&CAL'"()#
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HOW ENERGY IS USED
60% - RESTING BASAL METABOLIC
RATE
-E,(". /,1( ) ( ,7 )8
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MACRONUTRIENTS
ENERGY PRO;IDER
MOLECULES ARE LARGER THAN ANY OTHER NUTRIENTS
NEEDED IN LARGE AMOUNTS
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CARBOHYDRATES
TYPES
MONOSACCHARIDES- SINGLE
DISACCHARIDES- DOUBLE
POLYSACCHARIDES- MULTIPLE
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POLYSACCHARIDES
STARCH< INSOLUBLE*NON
SWEET
FIBER< COMPLE= CARB FROM
PLANTS
>SATISFIES APPETITE?
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FUNCTION OF CARB
PREFERRED SOURCE OF
ENERGY
PROMOTE NORMAL FAT
METABOLISM
SPARE PROTEIN
ENHANCE LOWER
GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION
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CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION
PTYALIN- SALI;ARY
AMYLASE
PANCREATIC AMYLASE MALTASE
SUCRASE LACTASE
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LIPIDS
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
THAT ARE GREASY AND
INSOLUBLE IN WATER BUTSOLUBLE IN ALCOHOL OR
ETHER
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FUNCTION
PRO;IDE CONCENTRATED
SOURCE AND A STORED
FORM OF ENERGY PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS
MAINTAIN TEMPERATURE
ENHANCE ABSORPTION OFFAT SOLUBLE ;IT@
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TYPES OF LIPIDS
FAT< SOLID AT ROOM
TEMP
OILS< LIQUID AT
ROOM TEMP
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FATTY ACIDS
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
UNSATURATED FATTY
ACIDS -MONOUNSATURATED
-POLYUNSATURATED
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CHOLESTEROL
HDL- GOOD CHOLESTEROL
LDL- BAD CHOLESTEROL
FUNCTION:
CREATE BILE ACIDS
SYNTHESIE STEROID HORMONESCELL STRUCTURES
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PROTEIN
CLASSIFICATIONS:
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS- CANNOT BE
MANUFACTURED IN THE BODY
NONESSENTIAL- CAN BE
MANUFACTURED IN THE BODY
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FUNCTION OF PROTEIN
DE;ELOPMENT OF BODY
TISSUES
REPAIR TISSUES REGULATE FLUID BALANCE
MAINTAIN ACID BASEBALANCE
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MACRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
KWASHIORKOR MARASMUS
AGE OF ONSET YR OLD YR OLD
GROWTH STUNTING STUNTING
E=TREME WASTING
EDEMA PRESENT ABSENT
PLASMA PROTEIN ;ERY LOW NORMAL
OTHERS FATTY LI;ERS&IN LESIONSDEPIGMENTEDHAIR
ANEMIAOLD MANS FACE
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MICRONUTRIENTS
@ ;ITAMINS
2@ MINERALS
-MACRO< O;ER 00#"
-MICRO< LESS 00#"
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VITAMIN
NEEDED IN SMALL
QUANTITIES TO CATALYE
METABOLIC PROCESSES
TYPES
-WATER SOLUBLE
-FAT SOLUBLE
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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
A D E &
;ITAMIN A
3 FORMS
-RETINOL
-RETINAL
-RETINOIC ACID > ACTI;E FORM?
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FUNCTION
GROWTH REGULATORS OF
EPITHELIUM
GAMETOGENESIS
PRESENT IN ROD AND CONE CELLS
FOR ;ISION
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DEFICIENCY TOXICITY
NYCTALOPIA > NIGHT
BLINDNESS?-EARLIESTMANIFESTATION
XEROPHTHALMIA- EYE AND CORNEALDRYNESS
IMPOTENCE ANDGROWTHRETARDATION
HYPERKERATOSIS
PSEUDOTUMOR
CEREBRI > INC ICP?
INCREASED RIS& OFFRACTURE
TERATOGENIC
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VITAMIN D
ORGANS ESSENTIAL
@ S&IN
2@ LI;ER3@ &IDNEY
RESPONDS TO HYPOCALCEMIA
AND PTHINCREASE CALCIUM AND
PHOSPHATE
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DEFICIENCY TOXICITY
RICKETS: INCHIDRENBEFORE EPIPLATES CLOSES
OSTEOMALACIA:IN ADULTS*
AFTER EPIPLATES CLOSES
MOST TO=IC;ITAMIN
HYPERCALCEMIA-ANORE=IA ANDNAUSEA-THIRST
-STUPOR
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VITAMIN E
FUNCTION
-ANTI O=IDANT
-PRE;ENT O=IDATION OF LDL
DECREASE ATHEROSCLEROSIS
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DEFICIENCY TOXICITY
RBC FRAGILITY
NEUROLOGICDYSFUNCTION
LEASTTO=IC;ITAMIN
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VITAMIN K
BLOOD COAGULATION
CLOTTING FACTORS
0
+
2
1972
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DEFICIENCY TOXICITY
HEMMORHAGIC DSE OFNB
AUNDICE ANDHEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
;ITAMIN B AND ;ITAMIN C
ARE NOT STORED IN THE BODY AND
CAN BE E=CRETED IN THE URINE
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B1
THIAMINE
DEFICIENCY:
BERI BERI
WERNIC&E-&ORSA&OFF
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B2
RIBOFLA;IN
DEFICIENCY:
STOMATITIS
CHEILOSIS
DERMATITIS
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B3
NIACIN
DEFICIENCY:
@ PELLAGRA
2@ HARTNUP DISEASE
3@ CARCINOID SYNDROME
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B5
PANTOTHENATE
DEFICIENCY
@DERMATITIS
2@ ENTERITIS
3@ ALOPECIA
4@ ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
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B6
PYRIDO=INE
DEFICIENCY CAN BE SEEN IN
ISONIAID USE
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B12
COBALAMIN
DEFICIENCY:
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
>MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA?
DIAGNOSTICS: SCHILLING TEST
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VITAMIN C
DEFICIENCY:
SCUR;Y
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ESSENTIAL MINERALS
CALCIUM
000-500MG DIETARY C) PER DAY
SOURCES:
BROCCOLI
CARROTS
CHEESE
SPINACH* GREEN BEANS
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PHOSPHORUS
SOURCES
FISH
NUTS
ORGAN MEATS
POR& BEEF CHIC&EN
WHOLE GRAIN BREADS AND CEREALS
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POTASSIUM
A;OCADO
BANANAS
CANTALOUPE
CARROTS
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SODIUM
CHEESE
BACON
BUTTER
CANNED FOOD
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ZINC
EGGS
LEAFY ;EGETABLES
MEATS
PROTEIN RICH FOODS
DEFICIENCY- ACRODERMATITIS
ENTEROHEPATICA
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IRON
BREADS AND CEREALS
DAR& GREEN LEAFY ;EGETABLES
EGG YOL&
LI;ER
MEATS
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TYPES OF DIETS
CLEAR LIQUID DIET
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VEGETARIAN DIETS
LACTO OVO $ CONSUMES EGGS
AND DAIRY
LACTO VEGETARIAN- CONSUMESDAIRY PRODUCTS BUT E=CLUDES
EGGS
VEGAN $ E=CLUDES ANIMAL
PRODUCTS
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PESCO VEGETARIAN $ CONSUMES
SEAFOOD E=CEPT MEAT* POULTRY*
EGGS AND DAIRY PRODUCTS@
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TUBE FEEDING
POINTS TO REMEMBER
FOWLERS POSITION
ASSESS TUBE PLACEMENT
ASSESS RESIDUAL FEEDING
CONTENTS
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FEEDING BAG OPEN SYSTEM 4
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
HANG BAG 2 IN@ ABO;E THE
INSERTION POINT
CLAMP TUBING THEN ADD FORMULA OPEN CLAMP THEN RUN FORMULA
ATTACH THE FEEDING BAG TO THE
TUBE
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SYRINGE
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
PRE;ENT E=CESS AIR IN ENTERING
STOMACH
ADMINISTER SLOWLY
PREFILLED BOTTLE WITH DRIP
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PREFILLED BOTTLE WITH DRIPCHAMBER CLOSED SYSTEM 4
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
HANG ABOUT 2 IN ABO;E
INSERTION POINT
PRE;ENT INSTILLATION OF E=CESS AIR
ENSURE CLIENT COMFORT
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AFTER FEEDING
FOWLERS POSITION OR SLIGHTLYELE;ATED RIGHT LATERAL
POSITION K LEAST 30 MIN
GASTROSTOMY OR
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GASTROSTOMY OR EUNOSTOMY FEEDING
INSERTION
LUBRICATE AND INSERT END OF
TUBE 4-6 IN@
CHEC& PATENCY > 7( 5-30 #89)(* 879 (8.* ),?
( (1)8 1," (. 4-6 7(
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FEEDING
CHEC& RESIDUAL FORMULA > 50#8
7( #7( (. 1," 988
)1#,(1@? HOLD 3-6 INCHES ABO;E OSTOMY
SLOWLY INSTILL THE FORMULA
BEFORE FORMULA RUNS OUT*FLUSH WITH 30 CC WATER
AFTER FEEDING
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AFTER FEEDING
REMAIN IN SITTING OR SLIGHTLELE;ATED RIGHT LATER POSITION
FOR 30 MIN
ASSES PERIOSTOMAL S&IN
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TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION