Nutrigenomics - UAB...
Transcript of Nutrigenomics - UAB...
NutrigenomicsSara Artigas JerónimoAdvanced Genetics, 2015-1016
Contents
Introduction. Nutritional Genomics.
Nutrigenetics and associated examples
Nutrigenomics and liked diseases
Nutritional Epigenomics
Conclusions
Future perspectives
Introduction
Nutritional Genomics:
Nutrient-gene interaction.
Interactions among genes and factors in the environment and how these interactions affect the survival and reproduction of species.
Introduction
Nutrigenetics: response to dietary components regarding to the genetics differences of the individual.
Nutrigenomics: study of the influence of dietary components on the genome.
Table. DD Farhud, M Zarif Yeganeh (2010) “Nutrogenomics and Nutrigenetics”. Iranian J Publ Health, Vol39, No.4
Nutrigenetics
It points to understanding how the genetic background of an individual impact to the diet.
Interaction between SNPs in various genes and the metabolic response to the diet.
SNPs can alter the bioactivity of important metabolic pathways and mediators and influence the ability of nutrients to interact with them
Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene (LPH) polymorphisms show how SNPs alter gene expression. This polymorphism is in the upstream of the LPH gene associated with hypolactasia and changes tolerance to dietary lactose and allows different expression of the LPH.
Mutations in GALT gene, phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and G6PD gene result in Galactosemia, Phenylketonuria and Fauvism diseases.
PPAR-α gene has a polymorphism at codon 162 that has been associated with changes in total cholesterol and Apo B concentrations.
NutrigenomicsExplores how the interactions between genes and food components impact human health.
Bioactive components can be nutritive or not nutritive, inherent part of food or intentionally added to food.
Dietary compounds can effect gene expression directly or indirectly.
40 micronutrients are needed in the human diet.
-As ligands for TF receptors-Be metabolized by primary or secondary metabolized pathway, altering concentrations of substrates or intermediates
Table 1. M. Müller, S. Kersten (2003) “Nutrigenomics: goals and strategies”. Nature Reviews. Genetics. Volume 4, April.
DNA damageChromosome breaks
due to incorporation of uracil in DNA
Table2. DD Farhud, M Zarif Yeganeh (2010) “Nutrogenomics and Nutrigenetics”. Iranian J Publ Health, Vol39, No.4
Dietary chemicals indirectly regulate some of TFs. SREBPs are activated by protease cleavage, an event regulated by low levels of foxy sterols and changes in insulin/glucose and PUFAS
PUFA intake can modulate the gene expression of several enzymes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
Dietary chemicals can directly affect signal transduction pathways. Green tea contains polyphenol EGCG that inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of Her-2/neu receptor and EGFR that reduces signaling via the PI3-Akt kinase-NF-kB pathway.
L-tryptophan as a powerful inducer of collagenase gene expression at a transcriptional level.
Caffeinated-Coffee increases the risk of heart attack among individuals who carry a version of a gene that makes them ‘slow’ caffeine metabolizers, but has no effect among individuals who are ‘fast’ caffeine metabolizers.
Folate deficiency increases genome damage, as telomeres degeneration
Increases risk of childhood leukemia in children with mother who did not intake enough folic acid supplementation during pregnancy
Table 3. S B. Pajovic (2008). “Nutrigenomics”. Genetic, Vol. 40, No.1, 67-74
Nutritional Epigenomics
Epigenetic events can also be modified by bioactive food components.
Table 4 and 5. DD Farhud, M Zarif Yeganeh (2010) “Nutrogenomics and Nutrigenetics”. Iranian J Publ Health, Vol39, No.4
Conclusions
Under certain circumstances and in some individuals, diet can be a serious risk factor for a number of diseases
Common dietary components can act on the human genome, either directly or indirectly, to alter gene expression or structure
The degree to which diet influences the balance between healthy and disease states may depend on an individual’s genetics background
Some diet-regulated genes are likely to play a role in the onset, indigence, progression, and/or severity of chronic diseases
Dietary intervention based on knowledge of nutritional requirement, nutritional status and genotype can be used to prevent, mitigate or cure chronic diseases
References
DD Farhud, MZ Yeganeh (2010) “Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics” Iranian J Publ Health, Vol 39, No4, 2010, pp.1-14
A. El-Sohemy (2008) “The science of nutrigenomics”. Health Law Review-16:3
R. DeBusk (2015) “The role of nutritional genomics in developing an optimal diet for humans”. Nutrition in clinical practice, Vol 25, No 6, 627-633.
S. B. Pajovic (2008) “Nutrigenomics”. Genetic, Vol. 40, No. 1. 67-74
M. Muller, S. Kersten (2003) “Nutrigenomics: goals and strategies”. Nature Reviews. Genetics, Vol. 4, 315-322.
Y. L. Low, E. Shyong Tai (2007) “ Understanding diet-gene interactions: lesson from studying nutrigenomics and cardiovascular disease”. Mutation research 622, 7-13