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![Page 1: Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research … · Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030914/5b5eda577f8b9a553d8d5edd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
2014 SERA17 Meeting – Des Moines, IA
Nutrient reduction strategies and
ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King
USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit, Columbus, OH
![Page 2: Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research … · Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030914/5b5eda577f8b9a553d8d5edd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2011
Phosphorus loading has been identified as a
major water quality issue in Ohio
![Page 3: Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research … · Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030914/5b5eda577f8b9a553d8d5edd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Annual total P loads to the Western Lake Erie Basin
have decreased since the early 1970s
D. Baker, Heidelberg University
![Page 4: Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research … · Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030914/5b5eda577f8b9a553d8d5edd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
D. Baker, Heidelberg University
Annual dissolved P loads have been increasing
since the mid-1990s
![Page 5: Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research … · Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030914/5b5eda577f8b9a553d8d5edd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Bloom
Toxin
No contact OEPA, 2013
Lake Erie is not the only problem in Ohio
![Page 6: Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research … · Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030914/5b5eda577f8b9a553d8d5edd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is the state of Ohio doing to improve water
quality in Lake Erie and other surface waters?
Directors’ Agricultural Nutrients and Water Quality
Working Group
Tasked with developing recommendations for improving Ohio’s water resources while maintaining the integrity of the region’s agricultural industry
![Page 7: Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research … · Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030914/5b5eda577f8b9a553d8d5edd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ohio Clean Lakes Initiative
Provided $3 million for
projects in the WLEB to help
address water quality issues
As of April 2013:
290 farmers have
participated and BMPs have
been implemented on more
than 35,000 acres
![Page 8: Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research … · Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030914/5b5eda577f8b9a553d8d5edd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ohio Phosphorus Task Force
Developed reduction targets
for total and dissolved P
loads in the WLEB
Recommended that a 40%
reduction in P load is
required to significantly
reduce or eliminate algal
blooms in the WLEB
Recommended that more
data on BMPs be collected
in Ohio
![Page 9: Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research … · Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030914/5b5eda577f8b9a553d8d5edd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ohio Senate Bill 150
Provides education and a new certification program
for applying commercial fertilizer in Ohio
Similar to pesticide applicator certification
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Ohio Senate Bill 150
Who is required to be certified?
Anybody who applies commercial fertilizer to >50 acres
Certified persons must maintain records of fertilizer
application for 3 years
When do they need to be certified by?
Must be certified by September 2017 or face fines and
misdemeanor offense
Need to be recertified every 3 years
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4R Nutrient Stewardship Certification
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4R Nutrient Stewardship Certification
Voluntary program for CCAs
and agricultural retailers
Provides a consistent,
recognized standard for
nutrient management and
sustained crop production
Outlines 43 criteria to be
implemented
Private 3rd party audit to
maintain certification
![Page 13: Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research … · Nutrient reduction strategies and ongoing research in Ohio Mark Williams & Kevin King USDA–ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030914/5b5eda577f8b9a553d8d5edd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ongoing phosphorus research in Ohio
at the Soil Drainage Research Unit
46% of fields in Ohio have subsurface drainage
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Flow pathways
Edge-of-field
Watershed
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Research objectives
1. Quantify how, when, and under what conditions
nutrients are transported to tile drains
2. Quantify the amount of water and nutrient loss in
surface and subsurface flow paths under various
management and antecedent conditions
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs in mitigating
nutrient delivery to surface waters
4. Determine the effect of agricultural management
on watershed-scale nutrient transport
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Edge-of-field research
Monitoring 34 fields (17
paired fields) representative
of Ohio crop production
agriculture
Surface runoff and tile
discharge measurements
Using a before-after control-
impact study design
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Edge-of-field research
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Management and BMPs
• Cover crops
• Application method
• Timing of application
• Tillage
• Application rate
• Organic vs. inorganic fertilizers
• Controlled traffic and variable rate
application
• Surface amendments (gypsum)
• Drainage water management
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Edge-of-field instrumentation
H-flumes for surface runoff
Thel-mar compound weirs and Isco area velocity sensors for tile
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Case Study #1
Surface drainage area:
13.4 ac
Subsurface drainage area:
22.4 ac
Soil:
Paulding clay
Tile spacing:
40 ft
Tile depth:
60 cm
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Wheat planted in October 2012
P applied: 50 lb P2O5/ac
Soil test P: 35 mg/kg Mehlich-3
Deep tillage after harvest in July 2013 prior to oats
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Da
ily
Dis
ch
arg
e (
m3
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Cu
mu
lati
ve
So
lub
le P
Lo
ss
(k
g)
0
1
2
3
Y A
xis
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Discharge
Soluble P
Rainfall
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
1
2
3
Surface
Tile
N Fertilizer Harvest Oats
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Case Study #1
Hydrology:
6% of rainfall in surface runoff
(15% of discharge)
36% of rainfall in tile flow
(85% of discharge)
P concentration and load:
0.13 kg DRP/ha in surface
runoff (0.3 mg/L)
0.37 kg DRP/ha in tile flow
(0.14 mg/L)
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Case Study #2
Quantify tile discharge and nutrient dynamics before and
after implementation of drainage water management
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B2
B4
0 90 180 m
Ditch
Legend
Tile drain
Drainage area
Drainage area:
B2 = 12.0 ha; B4 = 27.8 ha
Tile depth:
0.9 - 1.0 m
Soil type:
Bennington silt loam
Pewamo clay loam
Soil test P concentration:
60 mg/kg (0-20 cm)
2006-2008: Both sites were free draining
2009-2012: DWM was implemented at B4
Case Study #2
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 366 731 1096 1461 1826 2191 2556
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 366 731 1096 1461 1826 2191 2556
Til
e D
isch
arg
e (
mm
)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
B2
B4
6–27% reduction in annual tile discharge with DWM
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0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
2005.520062006.520072007.520082008.520092009.520102010.520112011.520122012.5
Mean
DR
P c
on
c. (m
g L
-1)
Year
B2
B4
0.00
0.30
0.60
0.90
1.20
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
An
nu
al
DR
P l
oad
(kg
/ha)
DWM did not significantly affect DRP concentration
65-74% reduction in annual DRP load with DWM
Case Study #2
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Williams et al. (unpublished data)
Evidence of preferential flow
Peaks in dissolved P concentration coincide
with peaks in tile flow
Date
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Dis
so
lved
P c
on
c. (m
g/L
)
0.000
0.075
0.150
0.225
0.300
0.375
Til
e f
low
(L
/s)
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Frank Gibbs (9/10/2013)
Visible connection between
surface soils and tile drains
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Sample
collection Suction cup
lysimeter
Tile
Pan lysimeter
Suction cup lysimeters
sample slowly moving water
in soil pores and the bulk
soil matrix
Pan lysimeters
sample fast, free draining
water (preferential flow paths)
Using lysimeters to quantify P transport
to tile drains
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4R Research Project
Overall objective is to assess the environmental and
socio- economic benefits of the 4R nutrient
stewardship concept and the 4R Certification Program
in the WLEB
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4R Research Project
•To monitor the impacts of 4R practices and the 4R Certification Program
on crop productivity, nutrient losses, and biotic integrity from select fields,
streams, and watersheds in the WLEB
•To model the environmental benefits in Lake Erie (turbidity and HABs)
following various levels of implementation of 4R practices and the 4R
Certification Program in three WLEB agricultural watersheds
•To determine the behavioral impact of 4R educational efforts and the 4R
Certification Program on the knowledge, beliefs, and management
practices of crop growers and nutrient service providers in the WLEB
•To conduct a triple bottom line evaluation of the economic, social, and
environmental performance of the 4R Certification Program in the WLEB
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2011 2012
Is there hope for Lake Erie?
Lake Erie responds rapidly to changes in nutrient loads
Understanding nutrient transport processes and testing
of BMPs through research will help us keep nutrients in
the field and out of the Lake
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Contact Information
Mark Williams
590 Woody Hayes Dr.
Columbus, OH 43210
Kevin King