Joachim Behrendt

Nutrient Recovery and Water Saving with the “LooLoop”

Joachim Behrendt, Ulrich Braun, Ulrike Gayh, Mathias Anholz,

Torsten Bettendorf, Ralf Otterpohl

Sustainable sanitationPre-conference Workshops

(10-12 August 2009, Tampere , Finland)

Joachim Behrendt

Agenda

➔ Introduction and Motivation➔ Technical Realisation➔ Prozess Variants ➔ Obtained Results➔ Research and Development Needs➔ Conclusion

Joachim Behrendt

Introduction and Motivation

➢ Disposal of faecal contaminated wastewater causes problems

➢ Extraction of freshwater for domestic uses is effected

➢ Objectives:

➔ Water demand for flushing of toilets can be reduced down to zero

➔ Reuse faecal matter, like biogas, mineral fertilizer and soil-conditioner

➔ Eliminating all pathogens and hazardous substances, like pharmaceuticals, hormones and multi-resistance plasmids

Joachim Behrendt

A) Healthy Kidney Cells (B) Diclofenac Caused Damage in kedney cells

Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt

A B

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Technical Realisation

airFI

NICNIC QIR

O2,pH,T

PIC QIC

pH

KOH

Ozone Treatment

max

min

max

min

to biosolidtreatment

1.

1. liquid fertiliser overflow

max

Joachim Behrendt

➔ Rechen und Siebe

➢ Rechen sind in der Abwasserreinigung etabliert und können als Komponente erworben werden

➢ Siebung ist problematischer, weil es zu Korrosion kommen kann und die Poren leicht verstopfen, weil Ausfällung bevorzugt an metallischen Oberflächen stattfindet

➔ Sedimentation

➢ Sedimentation birgt das Risiko des Schlammauftriebs, wegen hoher Nitratkonzentration (Denitrifikation)

➔ Screen and Sieves

➢ Screen are established in wastewater treatment and can bought as componente

➢ Screening is more problematic, because corrusion occurs and the pores are easily blocked due to prefered precipitation at metalic surfeces

➔ Sedimentation

➢ Sedimentation holds the risk of flotation of sludge, due to the high nitrate concentration (denitrification)

Technical RealisationSeparation of Solids

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➔ Flotation

➢ Flotation benötigt gleichmäßigen Zulauf

➢ Option für größere Baugrößen➔ Filtersack

➢ Filtersack mit Vertikalsieb funktioniert

➢ Stoßbelastung möglich

➢ ideal für kleiner Baugrößen

➔ Flotation

➢ Flotation need even inflow

➢ Option for bigger scale➔ Filter Bag

➢ Filter bag with vertical sieve works

➢ Peak loads possible

➢ ideal for small units

Technical RealisationSeparation of Solids

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Fotograph of the Solid Separation

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Fotograph of the Solid Separation

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Materialfluss Feststoffabtrennung

from Bettendorf, 2007

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Biological Treatment

➔ Lowering of pH➔ Degradation of organic compounents➔ Elimination of colour➔ Reduction of Pathogenes

✔ Realised as Membran-Bio-Reactor (MBR)

✔ and as Fixed-Bed-Reactor (FBR)

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Biological Treatment

Key reactions:

Nitritation :

NH 4+ +

32O2 + 2HCO3

- NO2- + 2CO2 + 3H 2O

Nitratation :

NO2- +

12O2 NO3

-

Joachim Behrendt

Biological Treatment

but actually:

NH 3 + 32O2 HNO2 + 2H 2O

HNO2 + 12O2 + H2O NO3

- + H 3O+

NH3 + H 3O+ NH 4

+ + H2O

HNO2 + H 2O NO2- + H3O

+

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Kinetic of the Nitrification

Nitritation :

µNS = µNSmax

SNH 3

K S−NH 31

SHNO2

K I−HNO 2

SNH 3

SNH 3

2

KH−NH 3

SO2

K NS−O2 + SO 2

f T f I f pH

Nitratation :

µNB = µNBmax

SHNO2

K S−HNO21

SNH3

K I−NH 3

SHNO2

SHNO2

2

KH−HNO2

SO2

K NB−O2 + SO2

f T f I f pH

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Kinetic Coefficients from Literature

from Tewodros_Lemmu, 2009

Joachim Behrendt

Kinetic Coefficients from Literature

from Tewodros_Lemmu, 2009

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Kinetic Coefficients from Literature

from Tewodros_Lemmu, 2009

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Experimental set up for the determination of the Kinetic of the Oxidation of Nitrogen

M

QIR

O2, pH

SIC

TIC

Pressluft

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Impact of the concentration of the dissolved oxygen

from Tewodros_Lemmu, 2009

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Impact of the concentration of the dissolved oxygen

from Tewodros_Lemmu, 2009

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Kinetic of the NH4-Degradation

from Antholz, 2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

NH4+-N/NH3-N [mg]

Res

pir

atio

n r

ate

[mg

/(g

*h)]

Black water cycle

WWTP Seevetal

Joachim Behrendt

Kinetic of the NO2-Degradation

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

NO2--N [mg]

Res

pir

ati

on

rate

[m

g/(

g*h

)]

Black water cycle

WWTP Seevetal

from Antholz, 2009

Joachim Behrendt

Temperature impact to NH4-Oxidation

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 10 20 30 40 50Temperature [°C]

Re

sp

irati

on

ra

te [

mg

/(g

*h)]

Balck water cycleWWTP Seevetal

from Antholz, 2009

Joachim Behrendt

Temperature Impact to the NO2-Oxidation

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 10 20 30 40 50Temperature [°C]

Re

sp

ira

tio

n r

ate

[m

g/(

g*h

)] Black water cycleWWTP Seevetal

from Antholz, 2009

Joachim Behrendt

Fotograph of the MBR of the “Looloop”

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Fotograph and Scheme of the FBR

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Fixed-bed-reactor (FBR)

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Trials of Treatment with Ozone

➔ Colour removal

➔ Elimination of refraktory Substances (Pharmaceutical residues)

➔ Hygienisation

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Experimental Set-up for Ozonisation

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Results of Ozonisation of biological pre-treated Urine

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

D O3 0,34 g/lD O3 0,26 g/lD O3 0,35 g/lKinetik

Zeit t [min]

Far

bza

hl

CU

[1/

m]

from Gahy, 2007

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Ozonisation in a tube reactor

from Gahy, 2007

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Results Ozonisation

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,400

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Konti: behandeltes Volumen 1 Liter

Konti: behandeltes Volumen 2 Liter

Batch: behandeltes Volumen 0,9 Liter

Ozondosis [g/l]

Far

bza

hl c

u [

1/m

]

from Gahy, 2007

Joachim Behrendt

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

0

24

48

72

96

120

NH4-N [mg/l]TOC [mg/l]FZ [1/m]

Ko

nze

ntr

atio

n S

_NH

4, S

_TO

C [

mg

/l]

Far

bza

hl

CU

[1/

m]

Zulauf Bioreaktor nach UF Ozonierung Biologische Nachbehandlung

Progress of Colour Reduction During Blackwater Treatment

from Gahy, 2007

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Ozone Reactor Pilot-scale-plant

From Ozone Generator

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Ozone Reactor Pilot-scale-plant

Ozomat SBApel Ozon-Wassertechnik GmbH

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Bobble Swarm in the Ozone Reactor

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Energy Demand

the production of 1 kg Ozone requires 10 kWh electricity

the demand of ozone consists from 0,5 m3 urine and an equivalent amount of colourand from faeces and of the elimination of recolouring

250 g ozone per m3 urine

20 g ozone per m3 flushing water

annual demand 1 m3 urine (equivalent)/(cap. a) plus 15 m3 flushing water /(cap. a)550 g O3/(cap. a) 5,5 kWh/(cap. a)

Nitrite oxidation with ozone:4 kg/(cap. a) 2 kg O3/kg NO2 = 8 kg/(cap. a) Ozon 80 kWh/(cap. a)

Joachim Behrendt

Nano-filtration of biological treated Blackwater

➔ Concentration of the nutrients and pollutants

➔ Colour removal

➔ Hygienisation

Joachim Behrendt

Nano-filtration

NF

inflow Permeate

Retentate

(TOC, ions) TOC < 300-500 Damonovalent ions

TOC > 300-500 Dapolyvalent ions (PO4

3+ , SO42- )

and monovalent ions (K+, Na+) for charge compensation

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scheme of the Membrane Test Plant

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Fotograph of the Membrane and Filter

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Fotograph of the Membrane Plant

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Separation of Ions

from Bettendorf, 2008

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Specific Flux

from Bettendorf, 2008

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Membrane Fouling

from Bettendorf, 2008

time t [d]

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Process Integration of the Nano Filtration

from Bettendorf, 2008

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Dry Residue/Fertiliser

originialoriginial

200 °C300 °C

400 °C

500 °C

© Bettendorf

Joachim Behrendt

Conlusion

Thank You very muchfor your Attention!