Nutrient Recovery A Key Component of Sustainable Nutrient...

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Samuel Jeyanayagam, PhD, PE, BCEE CH2M HILL Scott Phipps, PE Hazen and Sawyer Nutrient Recovery A Key Component of Sustainable Nutrient Removal

Transcript of Nutrient Recovery A Key Component of Sustainable Nutrient...

Page 1: Nutrient Recovery A Key Component of Sustainable Nutrient ...klasystems.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Track_01_1100... · A Key Component of Sustainable Nutrient Removal . MR396

Samuel Jeyanayagam, PhD, PE, BCEE CH2M HILL

Scott Phipps, PE Hazen and Sawyer

Nutrient Recovery

A Key Component of Sustainable

Nutrient Removal

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2

Phase 1

State of Science

Review of

extractive nutrient

recovery

I. Characterize drivers

& barriers

II. Database of facilities

and technologies

performing nutrient

recovery

III. Market Analysis

Phase 2

Provide guidance on

the implementation

of recovery

technologies at

WWTPs

I. Tool for evaluating

resource recovery

(TERRY)

II. Case Study Guidance

documents

Phase 3

Experimentally

evaluate recovery

technologies

I. Evaluate high priority

embryonic P recovery

technologies

The WERF Nutrient Recovery Project is Designed

to Fill the Knowledge Gap

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Project Team led by:

Hazen and Sawyer

CH2MHILL

Utilities: 20

National & international experts

Universities & research organizations

USA

Australia

Europe

Japan

Technology providers: 6

3 WERF Project Team

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Acknowledgments

Ronal Latimer, Hazen & Sawyer - Principal Investigator (PI)

Sam Jeyanayagam, CH2M Hill - Co-PI

Wendell Khunjar, Hazen and Sawyer

Joe Rohrbacher, Hazen and Sawyer

Vivi Nguyen , Hazen and Sawyer

Glen Daigger, CH2MHill

Todd Williams, CH2MHill

Ron Alexander , Alexander Associates Inc

Utility partners – Columbus & Cincinnati MSD

University of Queensland, Australia

CSIRO, Australia

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Presentation Outline

Background

The (Other) Nutrient Predicament

Extractive Nutrient Recovery

Closing Thoughts

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Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for the

Next 50 to 100 years

1. Energy

2. Water

3. Food

4. Environment

5. Climate change

6. Poverty

7. Political stability

8. Disease

9. Education

10.Population explosion

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Population Explosion

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100

Year

Po

pu

lati

on

, B

illio

n 7 Billion

(2011)

9 Billion

(2050)

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Tipping Point of Urbanization

8

2007

68% of the population

will be living in Urban

areas by 2050

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Courtesy: Paul Reiter, IWA

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Courtesy: Paul Reiter, IWA

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Courtesy: Paul Reiter, IWA

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Fresh

water

use

Change in

Land Use

Biodiversity

Loss

Climate change

Nitrogen cycle

Phosphorous

cycle

Ozone depletion

Aerosol

loading

Chemical

pollution

Ocean

acidification

1Adapted from Rockstrom, J., et al. (2009), Nature 461 (7263), 472-5

Planetary Boundaries are Being Overstepped Due to

Increased Anthropogenic Inputs Adapted from Rockstrom, J., et al. (2009), Nature 461 (7263), 472-5

Adapted from Penuelas, J., et al. (2012), Global Change Biology 18, 3-6

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Presentation Outline

Background

The (Other) Nutrient Predicament

Extractive Nutrient Recovery

Closing Thoughts

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The Phosphorus Predicament

Vaccari, 2009

Primary nutrient required for plant growth

Essential nutrient that cannot be substituted

A non-renewable resource

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Fate of Global Phosphorus

Human

WWTP Plants Industry

Agriculture

Rivers,

Oceans

Sediments

Phosphate

rock

Discharge

Sedimentation Tectonic

uplift

Fertilization

Detergent

Weathering Runoff

Mining

Cornel et al (2009)

Economically extractable reserves

likely to be depleted in 50-100 years.

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The Nitrogen Predicament

Non- Bioavailable

Nutrient Bioavailable

Nutrient

Haber Bosch Process

N2 NH3

12 kWh/kg N

Treatment

0.9 to 2.3 kWh/kg N N2

NH3,

NOx

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Natural Processes

Human activity is contributing to nitrogen

accumulation in the environment

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Clearly business as usual is not sustainable

and a change in paradigm is needed with

respect to how we manage nutrients.

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Presentation Outline

Background

The (Other)Nutrient Predicament

Extractive Nutrient Recovery

Closing Thoughts

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A New Paradigm is Quickly Evolving

New paradigm of nutrient & resource extraction

Energy,

chemicals

Traditional paradigm of meeting limits

Wastewater Meet Effluent

Limits

Energy, nutrients, organics, metals

Wastewater Reclaimed Water

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N2 gas

P- rich Sludge

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Why Should you Care about

Nutrient Recovery?

Regulatory driver - P limits in OH Manage recycle loads – enhance process reliability

Nutrient recovery complements nutrient removal

Achieve chemical & energy savings

Reduced solids production

Control P content of biosolids

Minimize struvite nuisance scaling

Create potential revenue stream

Achieve long term sustainability benefits

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Drivers and Barriers 21

Extractive Nutrient

Recovery

Technology

development

Non-renewable supply of

fertilizer feedstocks

Desire for low cost,

sustainable nutrient

management option

Rising energy

consumption and costs

Potential to minimize

O&M issues

Potential to stabilize nutrient

removal performance

Lack of knowledge about

technical options

Limited capital budget

Long payback periods

Lack of regulatory

drivers

Lack of acceptance by

stakeholders

Staffing constraints

Drivers for Adopting Nutrient

Recovery Barriers against Adopting Nutrient

Recovery

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Effective Nutrient Recovery Requires a

Three Step Framework

Accumulation step to increase N content > 1000 mg N/L and

P content > 100 mg P/L

Release step to generate low flow and high nutrient stream

Recovery step produces high nutrient content product

Recovered nutrient

product

Accumulation Release Extraction Mainstream

Low

nutrient

effluent

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P Recovery Efficiency

From Cornel et al. (2009)

Primary

Sludge

10-15%

EBPR or

Chem - P

Removal

35-50%

Effluent

10%

Feces

33%

Urine

67%

Secondary

Sludge

25-40%

Sludge

Up to 90%

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% P Minimum Maximum

Accumulation 35 90

Release (into soluble stream) 70 90

Recovery 50 90

Overall % P recovery

efficiency

12 73

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N Recovery Efficiency 24

% N Minimum Maximum

Accumulation 5 20

Release (into soluble stream) 30 60

Recovery 80 99

Overall % N recovery

efficiency

1.2 12

From Phillips et al., (2011)

and Jonsson et al., (2006)

Effluent

13%

Feces

20%

Urine

80%

Sludge

20%

Gaseous emission

67%

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Available Technologies

Accumulation Release Extraction

Enhanced

biological

phosphorus

removal (EBPR)

Algae

Purple non-sulfur

bacteria

Membrane filtration

Adsorption/Ion

exchange

Solvent extraction

Anaerobic

digestion

Thermolysis

WAS release

Sonication

Microwave

Chemical

extraction

Chemical

precipitation

Electrodialysis

Gas permeable

membrane and

absorption

Gas stripping

Solvent

extraction

Numerous options to chose from

Not all systems require all three components

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Struvite Recovery is a Mature

Technology Struvite = Mg + NH4 + PO4

NH4 & PO4 released in digestion

Typically Mg limited

Mg addition for odor control (i.e.

Mg(OH)2) can promote struvite formation

Miami Dade SDWRF

NYC Newtown Creek WPCP

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Intentional Struvite Precipitation Exploits pH

Dependent Chemical Precipitation Phenomena

Magnesium

Caustic

Centrate/Filtrate

Dryer

Effluent

Struvite

Dewatering

Sand (Procorp)

FBR

N:P ratio in filtrate ~ 2.4-2.6, ammonia in excess

N:P ratio in struvite = 0.45

lbs N required per lb P

removed

Fluidized bed reactor or CSTR used for struvite recovery

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Ostara Pearl™

8 full-scale facilities in

operation Durham AWTP OR,

Gold Bar WWTP Canada,

Nansemond WWTP VA,

York WWTP PA,

Rock Creek WWTP OR,

Nine Springs WWTP WI,

HM Weir WWTP Canada,

Slough STW, United Kingdom

27 pilot facilities US, Europe, Mid-East, China,

UK

Resale of products

facilitated by Ostara

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Multiform Harvest

Lower Capital Cost

o Smaller footprint, smaller

reactors

Less refined product

o Blended and refined in

secondary markets

2 full scale municipal

installations Yakima WWTF

West Boise WWTF

2 pilots facilities (US)

Resale of products

facilitated by MFH

Images

courtesy MFH

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Summary of Technology Options for

Struvite Recovery

Name of

Technology Ostara Pearl®

Multiform

Harvest struvite

technology

Phospaq Crystalactor® NuReSys

Name of product

recovered Crystal Green ® struvite fertilizer struvite fertilizer

Struvite,

Calcium‐phosphate,

Magnesium‐phosphate

BioStru®

% Efficiency of

recovery from

sidestream

80-90% P

10-40% NH3-N

80-90% P

10-40% NH3-N

80% P

10-40% NH3-N

85-95% P for struvite

10-40% NH3-N

> 90% P for calcium

phosphate

45% P

5-20% N

Product

marketing/resale Ostara Multiform Harvest N/A

Third party facilitated by

Procorp, DHV N/A

Capital Cost

(US$/capacity)

$2,500-$15,000

Per lb P/d

$2000-$6000

Per lb P/day

$2-4

Per gal/day

$1400-1600

Per lb P/day

$0.43-20

Per gal/day

# of full-scale

installations 8 2 2 30 7

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P Release Prior to Anaerobic Digestion Minimizes

Nuisance Struvite Scaling

Release P

from sludge

using VFA

rich stream

Low P content of

sludge minimizes

nuisance struvite

formation from

digester onwards

Send P rich sidestream to recovery process

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Recovery of Nitrogen only Products

Accumulation Release Extraction

EBPR

Algae

Purple non-sulfur

bacteria

Membrane filtration

Adsorption/Ion

exchange

Solvent extraction

Anaerobic

digestion

Thermolysis

WAS release

Sonication

Microwave

Chemical

extraction

Chemical

precipitation

Electrodialysis

Gas permeable

membrane and

absorption

Gas stripping

Gas stripping is appropriate for NH3 recovery

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Nitrogen Recovery via Gas Stripping and

Ion Exchange

Pre-treatment

Sidestream

Air

AmmoniaRecoveryProcess

Treated wastewater

Concentrated ammonia product

(e.g. NH4SO4, NH4NO3)

Stripping Reactor

1. pH adjustment (pH > 9.3)2. Heating (Temp > 80 0C)

1. Acid scrubber2. (e.g. H2SO4, HNO3)

■ Large capital investment

■ Effective for concentrations > 1000 mg N/L

• Industrial

• Agricultural

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Recovery of Nitrogen only Product not

Favored Currently 34

Low resale value of N only products and high operating and

capital costs makes N recovery challenging

Nitrogen only recovery also limited by more attractive

sidestream N treatment options

Deammonification

N recovery as part of combined N and P product is more

attractive option at present Will need to be revisited as natural gas price/demand varies

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Recovery of N and P from Biosolids and Ash

Involves Multiple Steps

Accumulation Release Extraction

EBPR

Algae

Purple non-sulfur

bacteria

Membrane filtration

Adsorption/Ion

exchange

Solvent extraction

Anaerobic

digestion

Thermolysis

WAS release

Sonication

Microwave

Chemical

extraction

Chemical

precipitation

Electrodialysis

Gas permeable

membrane and

absorption

Gas stripping

Extraction/recovery can involve acidification, thermolysis,

chemical extraction and chemical precipitation

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Nutrient Extraction from Solids & Ash can be

complex and are not yet mature Krepo process 1) sludge thickening (5% DS)

2) acidification (pH 1-3)

3) thermal hydrolysis (140 C, 30-40-min)

5) organic sludge separation (50% DS)

6) phosphate precipitation

7) recycling of precipitant

Seaborne process 1) acidification

2) solids separation

3) solids incinerated

3) heavy metals precipitation

4) de-sulfurized gas -> cogen. plant

5) struvite precipitation

6) ammonia stripping

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Seaborne piloted at Gifhorn WWTP in

Germany (2006)

KREPO Full-scale facilities at

Helsingborg and Malmo

WWTFs(Sweden)

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Summary of Technologies for Nutrient

Recovery from Solids and Ash Name of Process

Seaborne Krepro SEPHOS BioCon® PASH PHOXNAN

Product recovered

struvite; diammonium sulfate (DAS)

iron phosphate as a fertilizer

aluminum phoshate or

calcium phosphate (advanced SEPHOS)

phosphoric acid

struvite or calcium

phosphate

phosphoric acid

Process feedstock

sludge sludge sewage

sludge ash sewage

sludge ash sewage

sludge ash sludge

Few full-scale applications currently exist

Work is on-going in Europe to make these economical

options

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Presentation Outline

Background

The (Other)Nutrient Predicament

Extractive Nutrient Recovery

Closing Thoughts

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Closing Thoughts

Struvite recovery can: ■ Reduce energy and chemical consumption

■ Minimize nuisance struvite formation and

reduce O&M costs

■ Reduce the P content of biosolids

Struvite recovery can be economical: ■ Sidestreams ≥ 20% P load

■ Struvite mitigation

Several commercial technology

providers with proven track record Recovered struvite is marketed as a slow

release fertilizer

Technology providers have different business

models for this purpose

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Closing Thoughts 40

Low resale value of N only products makes N

recovery challenging

N recovery as part of combined N and P

product (struvite) is more economical at

present

Will need to be revisited as natural gas

price/demand varies

Main barriers to wider adoption of nutrient

recovery include:

Lack of regulatory drivers

Poor economics

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Closing Thoughts

WERF Study – next steps

Compilation of data into case studies

Development and beta-testing of TERRY

Demonstration of embryonic or innovative options

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Purple non-sulfur bacteria Nano-enhanced iron media

Reactor Tank

Organic

Aqueous

Reacted Organic

phase

Phase Separation

Clean aqueous

phase

Stripping

Organic to

recycle

Nutrient rich

solution

Stripping

agent

Liquid extraction Bioelectrochemical cell

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Samuel Jeyanayagam, PhD, PE, BCEE

CH2M HILL CH2M HILL [email protected]

Scott Phipps, PE Hazen and Sawyer

[email protected]

Nutrient Recovery

A Key Component of Sustainable

Nutrient Removal