Nutrient Management in Mixed Specie Pastures for GOATS
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Nutrient Management in Mixed Specie Pastures for GOATS An Peischel Small Ruminant Specialist (Goats) Cooperative Extension Service Tennessee State University and University of Tennessee Phone: 615-963-5539
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Nutrient Management in Mixed Specie Pastures for GOATS. An Peischel Small Ruminant Specialist (Goats) Cooperative Extension Service Tennessee State University and University of Tennessee Phone: 615-963-5539. Sustainability through Biodiversity. Persists over generations Flexible - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Nutrient Management in Mixed Specie Pastures for GOATS
Nutrient Managementin
Mixed Specie Pasturesfor
GOATS
An PeischelSmall Ruminant Specialist (Goats)
Cooperative Extension ServiceTennessee State University
andUniversity of TennesseePhone: 615-963-5539
Sustainability through Biodiversity
• Persists over generations
• Flexible
• Meets needs - present / future
• Renewable resources used wisely
• Pollution rate minimal
Ecosystem Foundation Blocks
• Succession
• Water cycle
• Mineral cycle
• Energy flow
Ecosystem Foundation Blocks
• Succession – Change and development– Complex, stable communities– Competition, interdependence &
adaptation
• Water Cycle– Maximum use of rainfall– Minimize erosion– Percolation / infiltration
Ecosystem Foundation Blocks
• Mineral Cycle– Effective cyclic pattern– Biological soil – atmospheric interaction– Continuous decomposing plant & animal residues
• Energy Flow– Carbon cycle– Keeps all processes of life functioning– Solar power– All living things depend upon plants to harvest
(capture) energy from sun & convert it to a useable form
Nutrition
– Environment / weather– Breed– Stage of production– Quality of diet– Age and sex of goats– Body weight and
body condition– Activity and exercise
• Energy and protein levels in balance to reflect stage of • Vitamin and mineral requirements are being met
production
Forage Quality & Goat Requirements TDN
30
40
50
60
70
80
Pasture Veget. Pasture Mature Pasture Dead
TD
N % Dry & Early Pregnant
Does
Does in Early Lactation Yearling
Weanling
J-M Luginbuhl
Forage Quality & Goat Requirements PROTEIN
0
5
10
15
20
Pasture Veget. Pasture Mature Pasture Dead
CP % Dry and Early Pregnant
Does
Yearling
Weanling Does in Early Lactation
J-M Luginbuhl
Protein (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
9/97 6/98
Black locust
Mimosa
Mulberry
Honey locust
J-M Luginbuhl
TNC
(%)
35
30
25
20
15Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept
verbinagoldenrodironweed
TNC – Lipids, Sugars, Starches, Pectins
Chemical composition of various plants browsed by goats (%)
Browse type Crude protein
Neutral
detergent fiber
Calcium Phosphorous
Multiflora rose
18.8 34.5 0.99 0.32
Honeysuckle 12.8 34.5 1.21 0.30
Brambles 15.9 24.5 0.23 0.84
Privet 18.0 26.8 0.89 0.34
Green briar 17.0 39.5 0.60 0.18
Kudzu leaves
23.7
Trumpet creeper
16.7 43.1 0.42 0.22
J-M Luginbuhl
Energy Physiological Priorities
• Energy has the number one effect on reproduction– Basal metabolism– Activity– Growth– Energy reserves– Pregnancy– Lactation– Energy reserves (milk fat)– Estrus cycle / Initiation of pregnancy
• Hormonal• Ovulation
– Excess energy reserves
Vegetation
Energy Requirement
of Goats
DietaryPreference
•Management•Terrain•Physiological state•Climate
•Plant specie•Fiber composition•Nitrogen content•Seasonal patterns•Browse and grass
Quality
•Browse•Density
•Plant part•Chemical composition
BehaviorSoil•Quantity•Residual•Dung and urine•Grass•Browse
•Fertility•Moisture•Organic Matter
Effects of Grazing
% of Leaf Removed
40
50
60
70
80
% of Root Stoppage
0
5
50
70
100
WEEKS OF GROWTH
I II III IV
Dormant
GR
OW
TH
RA
TE
(# /
AC
/ D
A)
• Recovery time– Soil fertility
– Season
– Soil water
– Temperature
– Degree of defoliation
– Time of removal
– Animal specie
Pasture Calendar
• Specie
BromeFescueWheatgrassOrchardgrassSwitchgrassBluestemIndiangrass
• MonthA M J J A S O
Diet Preference Differences(percent of diet)
Plant Horse Cattle Sheep Goat
Grass 90 70 60 20
Weeds
(forbs)
4 20 30 20
Browse
(woody)
6 10 10 60
Goat’s Eye1) Young green leaves / stems
70 – 75% digestible20% CP24 – 30 hour turn over rate
2) Old green leaves60 – 65% digestible10% CP50 hour turn over rate
3) Dead / brown leaves45% digestible6% CP65 hour turn over rate
4) Mature stems35% digestible4% CP72 hour turn over rate
GRAZING HEIGHT,GRAZING HEIGHT,FROM SOIL SURFACEFROM SOIL SURFACE
LOWER ….TO HIGHERLOWER ….TO HIGHER
Horse Horse >> Sheep > Cattle > Goat Sheep > Cattle > GoatJ-M Luginbuhl
$ $ $
J-M Luginbuhl
Leaf Tannin (mg/g DM)
120100
310
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350Folin-reactivePhenolicsCondensed Tannins
HydrolyzableTannins
J-M Luginbuhl
Cattle alone
Goats + Cattle
Experimental site after four years of grazing
Control
Rosa multiflora Thumb. bushes
No bushes left
..
Stocking rate: 1.4 acre/steer or 1.4 acre/steer + 0.7 acre/goat
J-M Luginbuhl
Recommendation: 1 to 2 goats per head of cattleJ-M Luginbuhl
Electric Fencing (Portable Solar Powered)
- Maximize utilization of forage- Allocation based on forage quality and
physical condition of goat- Manage individual or mixed plant
species- Maintain healthy environment for
vegetation and livestock
Health
•Disease prevention
•Fecal analysis
•Strategic vaccinations
•Hoof care
•Biosecurity
• Management
– Vegetation – browse, pasture, woodlands– Source alternative feedstuffs– Fencing– Health (disease prevention, foot problems,
internal parasites)– Facilities– Dogs – guardian / herding– Behavior– Transportation
-INTER · RELATIONSHIPS-ITEM PLANT ANIMAL SOIL ECON-
OMICS
SOCIAL
Herd
Objectives
Unit Size
Feed on Offer
Desired Residual
Growth Rate
Growing Conditions
Animal Conditions
Days Browsed
Days Grazed
Cooperative Extension Program
