NURSING THEORYENIE NOVIEASTARIDKKD FIK UI

NURSING THEORYThe third type of theoretical worksDerived from works in other disciplines and related to nursing from earlier nursing philosophies and theories, from nursing grand theories, or from nursing conceptual modelsA work classified as a nursing theory is less abstract than a grand theory but not as specific as a middle range theory

Theories may be specific to a particular aspect of nursing practiceGrand nursing theories are conceptual structures that are nearly as abstract as the nursing models from which they are derived, nut they propose outcomes on use and application of the model in nursing practiceTheories are ways of looking at a phenomenon to describe, explain, predict, or control it.

Nursing theoriesIda Jean Orlando: Nursing Process TheoryNola J. Pender: Health Promotion ModelMadeleine Leininger: Culture care Theory of Diversity and UniversalityMargaret A. Newman: Health as Expanding ConsciousnessRosemarie Rizzo Parse: Human BecomingHelen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain: Modeling and Role-ModelingGladys L. Husted & James H. Husted: Symphonological Bioethical Theory

Ida Jean OrlandoNursing Process Theory (1)Riwayat:- Lahir 12 Agustus 1926- berpengalaman di berbagai unit keperawatan, sebagai supervisor, asisten direktur kep., clinical nursing consultant

Publikasi buku: 1) The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship: Function, Process and Principles of Professional Nursing Practice (1958); 2)The Discipline and Teaching of Nursing Process: An evaluative Study (1972)

Ida Jean OrlandoNursing Process Theory (2)Konsep utama:1. Fungsi Keperawatan profesional2. Perilaku yang diperlihatkan pasien3. Reaksi segera atau respon internal perawat4. Disiplin proses keperawatan5. Kemajuan/peningkatan

Ida Jean OrlandoNursing Process Theory (3)Definisi Konsep yang dibahas meliputi:Tanggung jawab perawatKebutuhan klienPerilaku yang diperlihatkan klienReaksi segeraDisiplin proses keperawatanPeningkatan/kemajuanTujuan keperawatanTindakan otomatis (segera)Tindakan deliberatif (terencana)

Nola J. PenderThe Health Promotion Model (1)Riwayat- lahir 1941- Dipl (1962), BSN (1964), MA (1965), PhD psikologi & pendidikan (1969)- Menulis buku (Health Promotion in Nursing practice) & signifikan dlm keg. Riset shg terbentuk pusat riset keperawatan sbg bagian dari NIH th 1981- Aktif di bbg organisasi, Presiden FAAN 1991-1993Sumber teori: Sosial Learning theory (Albert Bandura)

Nola J. PenderThe Health Promotion Model (2)Konsep Utama: Faktor Kognitif-Perseptual (Mekanisme Motivasional Primer):- Pentingnya Kesehatan- Persepsi Kendali Kesehatan- Persepsi Efektifitas Diri- Definisi Kesehatan- Persepsi Status Kesehatan- Persepsi Manfaat Perilaku- Persepsi hambatanthd perilaku promosi kesehatan

Madeleine LeiningerCulture Care Theory of Diversity & UniversalityBS Biologi, MS Kepr.Psikiatri, PhD Antropsi. & budaya,Penemu Trans Cultural Nursing Sumber teori: Antropologi, perilaku caring, askep nilai2 sehat-sakit, dan pola perilaku berbasis budayaKonsep utama: care, caring, culture, cultural care, cultural value, cultural care diversity, cultural care universality, ethnocentrism, cultural imposition, ethnocentrism, cultural imposition, cultural care preservation, cultural care accommodation, cultural care re patterning, nursing

Margaret A. NewmanModel of Health (1)Riwayat:- Lahir 1933- BS in Home Economics & English (1954), BSN (1962), MS in Med Surg Nsg & teaching (1964), PhD in Nsg (1971)Memiliki posisi di Universitas, Dir Kep dan memperoleh beberapa penghargaanSumber teori: Filosofer Hegel (proses dialektikal fusi yang bertentangan), ahli fisika Capra & Bentov

Margaret A. NewmanModel of Health (2)Konsep Utama:- Kesehatan: menyangkut penyakit dan non penyakit, ekspilasi pola yang mendasari individu & lingkungan. Sebagai suatu proses perkemb. kesadaran diri dan lingkungan bersama-sama dg peningkatan kemampuan untuk mempersepsikan alternatif dan berespon dlm bbg cara.- Pola: apa yang mengidentifikasi individual sbg seseorang yang khusus- Kesadaran: kapasitas informasional sistem: kemampuan sistem berinteraksi dg lingkungannya (waktu, pergerakan dan ruang)

Rosemario ParseManusia-Kehidupan-Kesehatan (1)BSN, MS, PhD KeperawatanSumber teori: pengetahuan manusia utuh (Rogers), pemikiran fenomenologi-seksistensial (Heidegger et al): manusia adalah suatu kesatuan yang hidup dan keperawatan adalah ilmu pengetahuan ttg manusiaKonsep utama: 3 elemen tematik yaitu: makna, ritmisitas, dan ko-transendens.

Rosemario ParseManusia-Kehidupan-Kesehatan (2)3 prinsip:1) imaging, valuing, & languaging2) revealing-concealing, enabling-limiting, & connecting-separating3) powering, originating, & transforming

Helen E. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, & Mary Ann P. Swan (1)Modeling and Role-ModelingLatar belakang:- Erickson: MS psikiatrik, Dr. Psikologi, berpengalaman sbg pendidik, pimpinan organisasi- Tomlin: MS Psikiatrik, pengalaman CI dan Ners dibbg unit (termasuk ICU, CCU)- Swain: BS, MS,dr Psikologi, pengelola pendidikan, organisatoris

Helen C. Erickson et alModeling & Role-Modeling (2)Sumber teori: teori psikologi, kognitif dan biologi. Dipengaruhi scr tdk langsung oleh Abraham Maslow, Jean Piaget, Erik Erickson, Milton H. Erickson, George Engel, Hans SelyeKonsep utama:- modeling- role modeling- Nursing- Nurturance- Unconditional Acceptance- Person : How people are alike or different

Helen C. Erickson et alModeling & Role-Modeling (3)How people are alike- holisme- kebutuhan dasar- perkembangan seumur hidup (fase kognitif & psikologi)- affiliated- individuationHow people are different:- inherent endowment- adaptation- mind body relationship- self care (pengetahuan, sumber, tindakan)

Gladys L. Husted & james H. Husted: Symphonological Bioethical TheorySymphonology: a system of interpersonal ethics based on the terms and presuppositions of an agreement specifically the health care professional-patient agreementThe agreement is based on the nature of the relationship between the parties involvedIn its ethical dimensions it outlines the commitments and obligations of eachThis theory has led to the construction of practice-based decision-making model that assists in determining when and what actions are appropriate for HCPs and patients

Major concepts & definitionsAgency: the capacity of an agent to initiate action toward a chosen goalContext: the interweaving of the relevant facts of a situationEnvironment-agreement; is a shared state of awareness on the basis of which interaction occurHealth: is a concept applicable to every potential of a persons lifeNursing; acts as the agent of the patient, doing for her patient what he would do for himself if he were able. The nurses ethical responsibility is to encourage and strengthen those qualities in the patient that serve life, health, and well-being through their interactionPerson-patient: an individual with a unique character structure, possessing the right to pursue vital goals as he choosesRights; the product of an implicit agreement among rational beings, by virtue of their rationality, not to obtain actions or the product of actions from others except through voluntary consent, objectively gained

Penugasan kelompokDari 7 (tujuh) teori yang tergabung dalam kelompok Nursing Theory ini, setiap kelompok memilih 1 teori untuk dianalisaSalin gambar kerangka skematik dari teoriDiskusikan makna gambar tersebut dalam kelompokUraikan gambar kerangka skematik tersebut dengan menggunakan kata-kata sendiriSumber: Marriner-Tomey & Alligood (2006), Nursing Theorists and Their Work. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier

ReferencesGeorge, J.B. (1995). Nursing Theories: the base for professional nursing practice. 4th Ed. Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.Marriner-Tomey & Alligood (2006). Nursing Theorists and Their Works. 6th Ed. St.Louis: Mosby Elsevier, Inc.Reed, P.G, Shearer, N.C., & Nicoll, L.H. (2004). Perspectives on Nursing Theory. 4th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.