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Transcript of Nursing Process
Nursing Process - Presentation Transcript
NURSING PROCESS "the cornerstone of the nursing profession"
HISTORY
The term nursing process and the framework it implies are relatively new.
In 1955, Hall originated the term (care, cure,core), 3 steps: note observation, ministration, validation
Johnson (1959), “Nursing seen as fostering the behavioral functioning of the client”.
Orlando (1961), identified 3 steps: client’s behavior, nurse’s reaction, nurse’s action. “Nursing process set into motion by client’s behavior”
Weidenbach (1963) were among the first to use it to refer to a series of phases describing the process.
Wiche (1967) “Nursing is define as an interactive process between client and nurse”. 4 steps: Perception, Communication, Interpretation, Evaluation.
Yura and Walsh (1967) suggested the 4 components –APIE.
Knowles (1967) described nursing process as: discover, delve, decide, do, discriminate.
American Nurses Association
Published standards of nursing practice. Diagnosis distinguished as separate step of nursing process (1973)
Published Nursing – a Social Policy Statement. Diagnosis of actual and potential health problems delineated as integral part of nursing practice (1980)
Published Standard of Clinical Nursing Practice. Outcome identification differentiated as a distinct step of the nursing process. Therefore, the six steps of the nursing process are as follows: A.D.OI.P.I.E. (1991).
What is a Process?
It is a series of planned actions or operations directed towards a particular result or goal.
It is a systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care.
Nursing Process
The Nursing Process
Is the underlying scheme that provides order and direction to nursing care.
It is the essence of professional nursing practice.
It has been conceptualized as a systematic series of independent nursing actions directed toward promoting an optimum level of wellness for the client.
It is cyclical; the components follow a logical sequence, but more than one component may be involved at any one time.
Purpose of Nursing Process
To identify a client’s health status, actual or potential health care problems or needs, to establish plans to meet the identified needs, and to deliver specific nursing interventions to meet those needs.
It helps nurses in arriving at decisions and in predicting and evaluating consequences.
It was developed as a specific method for applying a scientific approach or a problem solving approach to nursing practice.
Nursing Process... Organized Systematic Goal-Oriented Humanistic Care Efficient Effective
PHASES OF THE NURSING PROCESS
Assessment
Diagnosis
Outcome Identification
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
ASSESSMENT
To establish baseline information on the client.
To determine the client’s normal function.
To determine the client’s risk for diagnosis function.
To determine presence or absence of diagnosis function.
To determine client’s strengths.
To provide data for the diagnostic phase.
Activities of Assessment
COLLECT DATA
VALIDATE DATA
ORGANIZE DATA
RECORDING DATA
Assessment involves reorganizing and collecting CUES:
Objective (overt) Subjective (covert)
Types of Assessment
Initial Assessment
- initial identification of normal function, functional status and collection of data concerning actual and potential dysfunction.
Focus Assessment
- status determine of a specific problem identified during previous assessment.
Time Lapsed Reassessment
- comparison of client’ current status to baseline obtained previously, detection of changes in all functioning health problems after an extended period of time .
Emergency Assessment
- identification of life threatening situation.
Clinical Skills used in Assessment
Observation – act of noticing client cues.
*looking, watching, examining, scrutinizing, surveying, scanning, appraising.
*uses different senses: vision, smell, hearing, touch.
Interviewing – interaction and communication.
Physical Examination
INSPECTION
PERCUSSION
AUSCULTATION
INTUITION
- defined as insights, instincts or clinical experiences to make judgment about client care.
4 PHASES OF INTERVIEW:
Preparatory Phase
(Pre-interaction)
Introductory Phase
(Orientation)
Maintenance Phase
(Working)
Concluding Phase
(Termination)
COMMUNICATION
A process in which people affect one another through exchange of information, ideas, and feelings.
Documentation/Recording is a vital aspect of nursing practice.
Include both oral and written exchange of information between caregivers.
Modes of Communication
Verbal Communication
- Uses spoken or written words.
Non-verbal Communication
- Uses gestures, facial expression, posture/gait, body movements, physical appearance (also body language), eye contact, tone of voice.
Characteristics of Communication
SIMPLICITY
- commonly understood words, brevity, and completeness
CLARITY
- exactly what is meant
TIMING and RELEVANCE
- appropriate time and consideration of client’s interest and concerns
ADAPTABILITY
- adjustment – depending on moods and behavior
CREDIBILITY
- worthiness of belief
Components of Communication sender (encoder) message receiver (decoder) response (feedback)
Documenting & Reporting
DOCUMENTATION
- Serves as a permanent record of client information and care.
REPORTING
- takes place when two or more people share information about client care
NURSING DOCUMENTATION : the charting of documents, the professional surveillance of the patient, the nursing action taken in the patient’s behalf, and the patient’s programs with regards to illness.
Purposes of Client’s Record /Chart
Communication
Legal Documentation
Research
Statistics
Education
Audit and Quality Assurance
Planning Client Care
Reimbursement
TYPES OF RECORDS
Source Oriented Medical Record
“traditional client record”
FIVE BASIC COMPONENTS:
Admission sheet
Physician’s order sheet
Medical history
Nurse’s notes
Special records and reports
B. Problem-oriented medical record (POMR)
- arranged according to the source of information.
FOUR BASIC COMPONENTS:
Database
Problem list
Initial list f orders or care plans
Progress notes:
Nurse’s notes
(SOAPIE)
Flow sheets
Discharge notes or referral summaries
KARDEX
Concise method of organizing and recording data.
Readily accessible to health care team.
Series of Flip cards
Ensure continuity of care
Tool for change of shift report
For planning & communication purposes.
Parts of a Kardex
Personal Data
Basic needs
Allergies
Diagnostic tests
Daily Nursing Procedures
Medications and IV therapy, BT.
Treatments like O 2 , steam inhalation, suctioning, change of dressings, mechanical ventilation.
Characteristics Of Good Recording
BREVITY.
USE OF INK / PERMANENCE.
ACCURACY.
APPROPRIATENESS.
COMPLETENESS & CHRONOLOGY / ORGANIZATION / SEQUENCE / TIMING.
USE OF STANDARD TERMINOLOGY.
SIGNED.
In case of ERROR.
CONFIDENTIALITY.
LEGAL AWARENESS.
LEGIBLE.
DO NOT use the word “PATIENT” or “PT” in the chart.
A HORIZONTAL LINE drawn to fill up a partial line.
REPORTING
CHANGE-OF-SHIFT REPORTS OR ENDORSEMENT.
-for continuity of care / health care needs.
TELEPHONE REPORTS.
-provide clear, accurate, & concise information
-includes: when, who made/was, whom, what info given/received.
TELEPHONE ORDERS.
- RN’s duty, must be signed w/in 24 hours.
TRANSFER REPORTS
- from one unit to another.
Some Legal Significance of CHARTING
Chart Accurately
Chart Objectively
Chart Promptly
Make No Mention of an Incident Report in the Chart
Write Legibly and Use Only Standard Abbreviations
THIRTEEN CHARTING RULES
Write Neat and Legibly
Use Proper Spelling and Grammar
Write with Blue or Black Ink and Use Military time
Use Authorized Abbreviations
Transcribe Orders Carefully
Document Complete Information About Medication
Chart Promptly
Never Chart Nursing Care or Observation Ahead of Time.
Clearly Identify Care Given by Another Member of the Health Care Team.
Don’t Leave Any Blank Spaces on Chart Forms.
Correctly Identify Late Entries.
Correct Mistaken Entries Properly.
Don’t Sound Tentative – Say What You Mean.
SIX More Charting Rules
Don’t Tamper with Medical Records.
Don’t criticize other Health Care Professionals in the chart.
Don’t Document any Comments that a patient or family member makes about a potential lawsuit against a health care professional or the hospital.
Eliminate bias from written descriptions of the patient.
Precisely document any information you report to the doctor.
Document any potentially contributing patient acts.
How to Document Non-Compliance
Refusing to comply with dietary restrictions.
Getting out of bed without asking help.
Ignoring follow-up appointments at the clinic, emergency department, out-patient or doctor’s office.
Leaving against medical advice (AMA)
Abusing or refusing to take medications.
Personal Items at the Bedside
Your notes should contain a description of what was found and how you disposed of it.
TAMPERING w/ MED. EQUIPMENT Document what you saw the patient doing or what you believe he’s doing.
SIX PHASES
NURSING
PROCESS
con't.
ASSESSMENT
To establish data base.
Sources of Data:
Primary: Patient / Client
Secondary: Family members, SOs, Record/Chart, Health team members, Related Lit.
Approaches to Collecting Data for Assessing Client’s Health:
ABDELLAH’S 21 Nursing Problems
DOROTHEA OREM’S Components of Universal Self-Care
GORDON’S Functional Health Patterns
Correlating a Body Systems Physical Examination with Data Gathered by Functional Health Area.
ABDELLAH’s 21 Nursing Problems:
To promote good hygiene and physical comfort.
To promote optimal activity, exercise, rest and sleep.
To promote safety through the prevention of
accident, injury, or other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of infection.
To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformities.
To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells.
To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all
body cells.
To facilitate the maintenance of eliminations.
To facilitate the maintenance of
food and electrolyte balance.
To recognize the physiological responses of the body to disease conditions – pathological, physiological, and compensatory.
To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions.
To facilitate the maintenance of sensory functions.
To identify and accept the positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions.
To identify and accept the inter-relatedness of emotions and organic illness.
To facilitate the maintenance of effective
verbal and non-verbal communication.
To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships.
To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals.
To create/or maintain a therapeutic environment.
To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developing needs.
To accept the optimum goals in the light of physical and emotional limitations.
To use community resources as an aide in resolving problems arising from illness.
To understand the role of social problems
as influencing factors in the cause of illness.
Dorothea Orem’s Components of Universal Self-Care
Maintenance of sufficient intake of air, water and food.
Provision of care associated with elimination process and excrements.
Maintenance of a balance between solitude and social interaction.
Prevention of hazards to life, functioning and well-being.
Promotion of human functioning and development within social groups in accord with potential known limitations and the desire to be normal.
GORDON’S FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS
Health Perception – Health Management Pattern
- describes client’s perceived pattern of health and well being and how health is managed.
Nutritional – Metabolic Pattern
- describes pattern of food and fluid consumption relative to metabolic need and pattern indicators of local nutrient supply.
Elimination Pattern
- describes pattern of excretory function (bowel, bladder, and skin)
Activity – Exercise Pattern
- describes pattern of exercise, activity, leisure, and recreation.
Cognitive – Perceptual Pattern
- describes sensory, perceptual, and cognitive pattern
Sleep – Rest Pattern
- describes patterns of sleep, rest, and relaxation.
7. Self-perception – Self-concept Pattern
- describes self-concept and perceptions of self (body comfory, image, feeling state)
Role – Relationship Pattern
- describes pattern of role engagements
and relationships.
Sexuality – Reproductive Pattern
- describes client’s pattern of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with sexuality pattern, describes reproductive patterns.
Coping – Stress Tolerance Pattern
- describes general coping patterns and effectiveness of the pattern in terms of stress tolerance.
Value – Belief Pattern
- describes pattern of values and beliefs, including spiritual and /or goals that guide choices or decisions.
DIAGNOSING
Clinical act of identifying problems.
Identify health care needs.
Prepare diagnostic statements.
Uses critical thinking skills of analysis and synthesis. (PRS – PES)
ACTIVITIES:
- organize cluster or group data.
- compare data against standards.
- analyze data after comparing with standards.
- identify gaps / inconsistencies in data.
- determine health problems, risks, and strengths.
- formulate Nursing Diagnosis.
Outcome Identification
refers to formulating and documenting measurable, realistic, client-focused goals.
PURPOSES:
To provide individualized care
To promote client participation
To plan care that is realistic and measurable
To allow involvement of support people
ESTABLISH PRIORITIES!!!
Classification of NURSING DIAGNOSIS:
High – priority
- life threatening and requires immediate attention.
Medium – priority
- resulting to unhealthy consequences.
Low – priority
- can be resolve with minimal interventions.
Characteristics of Outcome Criteria:
S - SPECIFIC
M - MEASURABLE
A - ATTAINABLE
R - REALISTIC
T - TIME – FRAMED
CAN BE SHORT TERM OR LONG TERM GOAL.
PLANNING
Involves determining beforehand the strategies or course of actions to be taken before implementation of nursing care.
To be effective, involve the client and his family in planning!
IMPLEMENTATION
Putting nursing care plan into ACTION!
To help client attain goals and achieve optimal level of health.
Requires: Knowledge, Technical skills, Communication skills, Therapeutic Use of Self.
…..SOMETHING THAT IS NOT WRITTEN IS CONSIDERED AS NOT DONE!!!
EVALUATION
IS ASSESSING THE CLIENT’S RESPONSE TO NURSING INTERVENTIONS.
COMPARING THE RESPONSE TO PREDETERMINED STANDARDS OR OUTCOME CRITERIA.
FOUR POSSIBLE JUDGMENTS:
The goal was completely met.
The goal was partially met.
The goal was completely unmet.
New problems or nursing diagnoses have developed.
Characteristics of NURSING PROCESS…
Problem-oriented.
Goal oriented.
Orderly, planned, step by step.
(systematic)
Open to new information.
Interpersonal.
Permits creativity.
Cyclical.
Universal.
Benefits of the NURSING PROCESS: for the Client
QUALITY CLIENT CARE
CONTINUITY OF CARE
PARTICIPATION BY CLIENTS IN THEIR HEALTH CARE
Benefits of the NURSING PROCESS: for the Nurse
CONSISTENT AND SYSTEMATIC NURSING EDUCATION.
JOB SATISFACTION.
PROFESSIONAL GROWTH.
AVOIDANCE OF LEGAL ACTION.
MEETING PROFESSIONAL NURSING STANDARDS.
MEETING STANDARDS OF ACCREDITED HOSPITALS.
HEART OF THE NURSING PROCESS…
KNOWLEDGE
SKILLS
- manual, intellectual, interpersonal.
CARING
- willingness and ability to care.
Willingness to CARE
Keep the focus on what is best for the patient.
Respect the beliefs / values of others.
Stay involved.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle.
CARING BEHAVIORS
Inspiring someone / instilling hope and faith.
Demonstrating patience, compassion, and willingness to persevere.
Offering companionship.
Helping someone stay in touch with positive aspect of his life.
Demonstrating thoughtfulness.
Bending the rules when it really counts.
Doing the “little things”
Keeping someone informed.
Showing your human side by sharing “stories”
The Nursing Process - Presentation Transcript
THE NURSING PROCESS
Objectives:
At the end of 3 hours, the student should be able to:
Define nursing process
State importance of nursing process in nursing profession
State and define interrelated phases of nursing process
Be able to identify subjective and objective data gathered
Be able to formulate nursing diagnosis according to NANDA using the nursing process
NURSING PROCESS
The cornerstone of the nursing profession
Includes: ADOPIE – Assessment, Diagnosis, Outcome identification, Planning, Implementation and Evaluation
NURSING PROCESS IS:
ORGANIZED & SYSTEMATIC
6 sequential and interrelated steps
HUMANISTIC
The plan of care is developed and implemented with great consideration to the unique needs and concerns of the individual client
It is individualized
It involves aspect of human dignity
EFFICIENT
Relevant to the needs of the client
Promotes client satisfaction and progress
EFFECTIVE
Utilizes resources wisely in terms of human, time, cost resources
THE HEART OF THE NURSING PROCESS
Knowledge – broad, varied
Skills
K – knowledge; S – skills; C - caring A. MANUAL B. INTELLECTUAL C. INTERPERSONAL TECHNICAL SKILLS
CRITICAL THINKING
careful deliberate, goal-directed – to solve problems/make decisions
check for evidence
Keeping an open mind
Avoid jumping into conclusions
TO ESTABLISH POSITIVE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, WITH CLIENT, CO-WORKERS (REQUIRES COMMUNICATION SKILLS)
CARING – WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY TO CARE
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES
To be able to understand others
To be more objective / non-judgmental
Requires ability to listen empathetically
Listen with intent
Enter into another’s way of thinking and viewing the world
Connecting with another’s feelings and perception
Identify with another’s struggles, frustrations and desires
Being able to detach from feelings and returning to our own frame of reference
WILLINGNESS TO CARE
Keep the focus on what is best for the patient
Respect beliefs / values of others
Stay involved
Maintain a healthy lifestyle
CARING BEHAVIORS
Inspiring someone / instilling hope and faith
Demonstrating patience, compassion and willingness to persevere
Offering companionship
Helping someone stay in touch with positive aspect of the life
Demonstrating thoughtfulness
Bending the rules when it really counts
Doing the little things
Keeping someone informed
Showing your human side by sharing “stories”
ASSESSMENT
Collecting, validating, organizing and recording data about the client’s health status (individual, family, community)
PURPOSE: To establish a data base
ACTIVITIES:
COLLECTING DATA:
Gathering information.
Include the physical, psychological, emotional, socio-cultural, and spiritual factors
TYPES OF DATA:
SUBJECTIVE DATA (SYMPTOMS)
- experienced by the client
- EX. Pain, dizziness,
OBJECTIVE DATA (SIGNS)
- those that can be observed and measured
- EX. Pallor, diaphoresis, blood pressure, reddish urine, body temp.
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA:
INTERVIEW. Planned purposeful conversation
OBSERVATION. (use of senses, lab results interpretation, physical examination)
SOURCE OF DATA:
PRIMARY: Patient/ Client
SECONDARY: Family members, S.O., patient’s chart/record, health team members, related literature
VERIFYING / VALIDATING DATA. Make sure your information is accurate.
ORGANIZING DATA. Cluster facts into groups of information (subjective and objective information)
Let’s review!
SUBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVE???
Headache
Temp 37.9 C
RR: 20 bpm
Toothache
Client states, “ I haven’t moved my bowel since Friday (3 days).”
Cyanosis
Urine output: 60ml
Ate only half of the food served
DIAGNOSING
Is a process which results to a diagnostic statement or nursing diagnosis
The clinical act of identifying problems
It means to analyze assessment and derive meaning from this analysis.
PURPOSE: To identify the client’s health care needs and to prepare diagnostic statements
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Is a statement of client’s potential or actual alteration of health status.
Uses critical thinking and skills analysis
Uses PRS/PES format
P- PROBLEM
R-RELATED TO FACTORS
S- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
P-PROBLEM
E-ETIOLOGY
S-SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
ACTIVITIES DURING DIAGNOSING:
Organize cluster or group data. Ex. Pallor, dyspnea, weakness, fatigue – pertain to problems with oxygenation
Compare data against standards (accepted norms). Ex. Amber, clear urine VS cloudy urine or tea colored urine.
Analyze data after comparing with standards
Identify gaps and inconsistencies in data
Determine the client’s health problems, health risks, strengths
Formulate Nursing Diagnosis statements
Examples of Nursing Diagnoses:
Anxiety related to insufficient knowledge regarding surgical experience
Ineffective airway clearance related to tracheobronchial infection as manifested by weak cough, adventitious breath sounds, and copious green sputum production.
Types of Nsg. Diagnoses:
ACTUAL NURSING DIAGNOSIS
A judgment about the client’s response to a health problem that is present at the time of nursing assessment
Based on the presence of signs and symptoms
Ex. - ALTERED COMFORT: PAIN
- PAIN: SEVERE HEADACHE RELATED TO FEAR OF ADDICTION TO NARCOTICS
RISK NURSING DIAGNOSIS
A clinical judgment that a problem does not exist, but the presence of risk factors indicates that a problem is likely to develop
Ex. RISK FOR INFECTION
RISK FOR CONSTIPATION
POSSIBLE NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Is one in which evidence about a health problem is unclear or the causative factors are unknown.
Requires more data either to support or to refute it.
Ex. Possible Social Isolation related to unknown etiology
COMPONENTS of a NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSIS
PROBLEM (diagnostic label) and DEFINITION
Describes the client’s health status clearly and concisely in a few words
Qualifiers:
Deficient – inadequate in amount, quality, or degree; not sufficient
Impaired – made worse, weakened, damaged
Ineffective – not producing the desired effect
ETIOLOGY (related factors & risk factors)
Identifies one or more probable causes of health problem
Gives direction to what health needs to attend to.
DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS
A cluster of signs and symptoms that indicate the presence of a particular diagnostic label
ACTUAL DX: signs and symptoms
HIGH RISK/ RISK: factors that cause the client to be more vulnerable to the problem
Ex. ACTIVITY INTOLERANCE RELATED TO IMMOBILITY as manifested by verbal reports of fatigue or weakness during leg exercises
Formulating statements:
Problem – Etiology format
Problem – etiology – signs and symptoms format
OUTCOME IDENTIFICATION
Refers to formulating and documenting measurable, realistic, client – focused goals.
Provides the basis for evaluating nursing diagnosis and interventions.
ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
ESTABLISH PRIORITIES.
Life-threatening should be given highest priority
ABC’s (airway, breathing, circulation)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (physiologic needs over psychosocial)
Unstable clients vs. clients with stable conditions
Actual problems vs. potential concerns
ESTABLISH GOALS & OUTCOME CRITERIA
GOALS: broad statements
SHORT-TERM GOAL (STG)
LONG-TERM GOAL (LTG)
OUTCOME CRITERIA: specific, measurable, realistic statements of goal attainment
S – M – A – R – T
Specific, measurable, attainable, time-framed
Ex.
GOAL: The client will be able to improve mobility and the ability to bear weight on left leg
DESIRED OUTCOMES:
By the end of the week, client will be able to ambulate with crutches
By end of the month, client will be able to stand without assistance
PLANNING
Involves determining beforehand the strategies or course of actions to be taken before implementation of nursing care.
Involve the client and his family
Begins with the first client contact until client is discharged from the facility
Activities:
Plan nursing interventions (also called nursing orders); may be dependent, independent, interdependent.
Write nursing care plan
a written summary of the care that a client is to receive.
the “blueprint” of the nursing process
the plan of care is a step-by-step process evidenced by the following:
Sufficient data are collected to support nsg. Diagnoses
At least one goal must be stated for each nsg. dx
Outcome criteria must be identified for each goal
Each intervention should be supported by scientific rationale
Evaluation. To assess whether goals are met or unmet.
TYPES OF PLANNING
Initial planning
Starts upon initial assessment/admission
Ongoing planning
Done by all nurses who work with the client to:
Determine change in the health status.
Set priorities for the client’s care during the shift.
Decide which problems to focus on during the shift.
Plan nursing activities during the shift.
Discharge planning
The process of anticipating and planning for needs after discharge.
Includes: ff. up care, referrals, medications, diet modifications, significant other/care provider, health teachings, which signs and symptoms to watch for.
IMPLEMENTATION
Putting the nursing care plan into action
Purpose: to carry out planned nursing interventions to help the client attain goals and achieve optimal level of health
Activities:
Set priorities. To determine the order in which nsg interventions are carried out.
Perform nsg. Interventions
Record actions. SOMETHING THAT IS NOT WRITTEN IS CONSIDERED NOT DONE!!!
EVALUATION
Is assessing the client’s response to nsg intervention and then comparing the response to predetermined standards or outcome criteria.
Purpose:
To appraise the extent to which goals and outcome criteria of nsg care have been achieved
Activities:
Collect data about the client’s response
Compare response to goals and outcome criteria
Assess whether goals are met (partially/completely) or unmet
Analyze reasons for outcomes
Modify care plan as needed
BENEFITS OF THE NURSING PROCESS FOR THE CLIENT
Quality client care. It meets standards of care.
Continuity of care.
Participation by the clients in their health care.
BENEFITS OF THE NURSING PROCESS FOR THE NURSE
Consistent and systematic nursing education
Job satisfaction
Professional growth
Avoidance of legal action
Meeting professional nsg standards
Meeting standards of accredited hospitals
NURSING PROCESS - Presentation Transcript
NURSING PROCESS
Ms.JEENA AEJY
THE NURSING PROCESS
A systematic problem-solving approach used to identify, prevent and treat actual or potential health problems and promote wellness.
Nursing process
A systematic way to plan, implement and evaluate care for individuals, families, groups and communities.
Characteristics of the Nursing Process
Dynamic
Client-centered
Planned
Interpersonal and collaborative
Universally applicable
Can focus on problems or strengths
Open, flexible
Humanistic and individualized
Cyclical
Outcome focused ( results oriented)
Emphasizes feedback and validation
STEPS IN NURSING PROCESS
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Nursing Process Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation
Benefits of using the nursing process
Continuity of care
Prevention of duplication
Individualized care
Standards of care
Increased client participation
Collaboration of care
EVALUATION IMPLIMENTATION PLANNING ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS INTER RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STEPS OF NURSING PROCESS
Assessment
Assessing is a continuous process carried out during all phases of nursing process. All phases of the nursing process depend on the accurate and complete collection of data.
Assessing is the systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation and documentation of data.
- Potter and Perry( 2006)
Assessment is the deliberate and systematic collection of data to determine a clients current and past health status and to determine the clients present and past coping patterns
- Carpenito 2000
Assessment is the systematic and continuous collection, validation and communication of patient data.
- Carol Taylor
Types of Assessment
1. Initial Assessment : Performed within specified time after admission to a health care agency
Eg. Nursing Admission Assessment
2. Problem Focused Assessment : Ongoing process integrated with nursing care to determine specific problem identified in an earlier assessment and to identify new or overlooked problems.
E.g.. Assessment of clients ability to perform self-care while assisting client to bathe.
3. Emergency Assessment : Done during psychiatric or physiological crisis of the client to identify life threatening problems
Eg. Rapid assessment of airway, breathing and circulation during cardiac arrest
4. Time lapsed-Reassessment : Done several months after initial assessment to compare the clients status to baseline data previously obtained.
Assessment ASESSMENT Collect data Organize data Validates Data Document data DIAGNOSIS PLANNING IMPLIMENTATION EVALUATION
1.COLLECTION OF DATA Data Collection is the process of gathering information about a clients health status .
Collection of Data:
Data base : A data base is all information about a client. It includes the nursing health history, physical assessment, the physician’s history, physical examination, results of laboratory and diagnostic tests and material contributed by other health personnel.
Medical vs. Nursing Assessments
Medical assessments
Target data pointing to pathologic conditions
Nursing assessments
Focus on the patient’s response to health problems
Types of Data:
SUBJECTIVE DATA : Also referred to as symptoms or covert data are apparent only to the person affected and can be described or verified only by that person
Eg. Itching, Pain, Feelings of worry
OBJECTIVE DATA : Also referred to as signs or overt data. These are detectable by an observer or can be measured or tested against an accepted standard.
They can be seen, heard, felt or smelled and they are obtained by observation or physical examination
Eg. A Blood Pressure Data
Discolouration of the Skin
Objective Data vs. Subjective Data
Objective data
Observable and measurable data that can be seen, heard, or felt by someone other than the person experiencing them
E.g., elevated temperature, skin moisture, vomiting
Subjective data
Information perceived only by the affected person
E.g., pain experience, feeling dizzy, feeling anxious
Sources of Data:
Primary Source (Direct Source
client: Usually BEST source
Secondary Source (Indirect Source)
Family Members
Client’s records
1. Medical Records
Eg. Medical History, Physical Examination,
Operation notes, Progress notes,
Consultation done by Physicians
2. Records of therapies done by other health professionals
Eg. Social Workers, Dieticians, Physical Therapist
3. Laboratory Records
Other health care professionals Verbal reports
Literature
Data Collection
Consider
time
needs of patient
developmental stage
physical surroundings
past and present coping patterns
Data Characteristics
Complete
Factual
Accurate
Relevant
Data collection methods
OBSERVATION
INTERVIEWING
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
Observation
To gather data using senses
Eg: laboured breathing, pallor or flushing,pain
a lowered side rail ,functioning of an equipment , pt environment and people in it etc…
Interviewing
An interview is a planned communication or a conversation with a purpose
Types of questions and
Setting
Rapport are important
Collection of Health History
Four Phases of a Nursing Interview
Preparatory phase
Introduction
Working phase
Termination
Interview Phases
Preparatory
Nurse collects background info from previous charts
Ensure environment is conducive
Arrange seating
3 – 4 ft apart
Interviewer at 45° angle to patient
Allow adequate time
Phases cont’d.
Introduction
Nurse introduces self
Identifies purpose of interview
Ensure confidentiality of information
Provide for patient needs before starting
Phases cont’d.
Working
Nurse gathers info for sub jective data
Excellent communication skills are needed
Active listening
Eye contact
Open-ended questions
Phases cont’d.
Termination
Inform patient when nearing end of interview
Ensure patient knows what will happen with info
Offer patient chance to add anything
Physical assessment
Appraisal of health status
Usually by Review of Systems
Overview of symptoms
Observable, measurable data
Objective data
Possible approaches—body systems, head to toe, or functional health patterns
Methods of physical asessment
Inspection
Percussion
Palpation
Auscultation
Problems Related to Data Collection
Inappropriate organization of the database
Omission of pertinent data
Inclusion of irrelevant or duplicate data, erroneous or misinterpreted data
Failure to establish rapport and partnership
Recording an interpretation of data rather than observed behavior
Failure to update the database
2.ORGANISING DATA
Nurses uses a written or computerized format for arranging he data systematically
3.VALIDATING DATA
VALIDATING -THE ACT OF DOUBLE CHECKING
Verifies understanding of information
Comparison with another source
-patient or family member
-record
-health team member
4. DOCUMENTING DATA
Record in permanent record ASAP
Use patient’s own words in subjective data – enclose in “ ___” (quotation marks)
Avoid generalizations – be specific
Don’t make summative statements
Thank you