Numl demo

Morphology By

Fromkin, Rodney,Nina ,Yule and Finnegan Adopted By

Syeedah Sajidah Tabassum

In the name of ‘Allah’ who is Omniscient

Key point: Morphology Morpheme Bound Morphemes Derivational Morphemes Inflectional Morphemes Free Morphemes Content word and Function words Affixes

Morphology

Morph from ancient Greek word ‘Morphos’ ,means shape or change and ‘ology’ from Logos ,referes to knowledge or the study of something

Morphology is the study of shape of the word OR Morphology is the study of the internal structure of

word.(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 98-99)) Morphology is the study of Morphemes

What is morphology?

Morpheme is a smallest unit of meaning that can not be divided further into smaller units ,for example ‘girl’ and orange can not be divided into more unit so each one is single morpheme (Finnegan [2011] )

Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of the word which makes a sense ,e.g. boys (sense of number),walked, (sense of grammar or tense),taller(sense of comparative degree), goodness , uncontrolably.

Being the unit of meaning morpheme is abstract as meanings are abstract.

What is morpheme?

Recap

We learn that morpheme is a unit of meaning ,e.g. important by attaching with a morpheme unimportant (means not important ). We learn morpheme is not divisible, e.g. Un is a morpheme by

dividing it further as u n we get two sounds /u/ , /n/ We learn morpheme is abstract ,only mental representation as

meaning of meaning is abstract.

What is morpheme?

Morpheme

Bound Roots Free

Derivational Inflectional Lexical Functional

Affixes Suffixes

Classification of morphemes

Root is a morpheme around which affixes are attached to

form new wordsRoot is a morpheme that may or may not stand as a word for example paint and ceive in Painter and ReceiveBase linguists sometimes use the word base to mean

any root to which an affix is attachedStem is a point when further affixation is not possible e.g. receiver ( re ceive r)

Roots

Characteristics of Bound Morphemes Bound morphemes can not stand by themselves. Bound morphemes are not words by themselves and

must combine with other morphemes to be a word Can not stand alone to convey meaning Bound morpheme can have one or more syllablesFor example: ,lect,dis, rupt , ceive,peat,pre,un,s,es,ing,ed,er,est,ly.

Bound Morpheme

Bound Morpheme

Characteristics of Bound Morphemes Bound morphemes can not stand by themselves. Bound morphemes are not words by themselves and

must combine with other morphemes to be a word Can not stand alone to convey meaning Bound morpheme can have one or more syllablesFor example: lect,dis, rupt , ceive,peat,pre,un,s,es,ing,ed,er,est,ly.

Bound Morphemes

Derivational Inflectional

Affixes only suffixes

Prefixe /Suffixes/ infixes/circomfixes

Classification of Bound Morphemes

Derivational morphemes all affixes are derivational morphemes s. These are added to the base to makenew words. Derivational morphemes may or may not change the grammatical category for example ‘good’ is an adjective and by attaching with a derivational suffix ness it makes a noun goodness but friend is a noun and by attaching with a derivational suffix ship it becomes a noun friendship .

Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….

Class maintaining bound morphemes1. Noun to noun: friendship ,kingdom ,American2. Verb to verb : undo , recover ,believes 3. Adjective to adjective :pinkish, illegal ,unhappyClass changing bound morphemes4. Noun to verb: moralize ,Vaccinate , hasten5. Verb to noun: acquittal, clearance,singer6. Adjective to noun: tallness, goodness, freedom7. Verb to adjective: readable , creative


Derivational morphemes may cause a change in the pronunciation of consonant sounds. For example when we add –ity to specific(pronounce /specifik / a / k/ sound) we get specificity(pronounced specifisity with /s/ soundSpecific ..adjectiveSpecifically …adverbSpecificity …. noun


Derivational morphemes may cause a change in the pronunciation of vowel sounds, For example, sane

/sein/ to Sanity /saenty/ by attaching ity

Derivational morphemes are added both at the beginning or at the end of the base for example desire is a base we can add suffix desirable or we can add a prefix undesirable .


Derivational morphemes have clear semantic content –means when a derivational morpheme is added to a base it adds meanings for example addition of ify to pure,purify means “to make pure” and the addition of cation Purification means “the process of making pure”


Recape Derivational morphemes are bound to attach with other

morpheme for the clarity of their meanings , e.g. s , es , ly ,ed un , im ,er , est , dis , re and so on , have no meanings ;

Derivational morphemes are class maintaining , e.g. teach is a verb and teaches is a verb too;

Derivational morphemes are class changing , e.g. teach is a verb and teacher is a noun ;


Recape Derivational morphemes may cause a change in the

sound of the word , e.g. specific(pronounce /specifik / a / k/ sound) and specificity(pronounced specifisity with /s/ sound and sane /sein/ to Sanity /saenty/ by attaching ity

Derivational morphemes add to the meanings , e.g. addition of ify to pure, purify means “to make pure”

Classification of bound morpheme cony….

Affixes

Prefixes Suffixes Infixes Cicumfixes


Prefixes are morphemes added at the beginning of root and add to the meaning of the base word.e.g. re, pre un, im ,de, in the following words

Repeate PrepositionUneducated Impossible DegradeInsufficient Injustice and so on.


Suffixes are added at the end of root to indicate the number, tense or part of speech (grammatical category of speech)Noun + s (Plural as sisters)Noun + ’s ( possessive as jim’s)Verb +s (3rd person present singular as likes)Verb + ing (present participle as laughing)Verb +ed (past tense liked)Verb +en (Past participle as taken)Adjective +est (superlative as loudest )Adjective +er (comparative as quieter)


Circumfixes :Morphemes that are attached to a base morpheme , both initially and finally are called circumfixes. For example in Chickasaw , the negative is formed with both a prefix ik and suffix o Chokma means “ he is good” and ikchokmo means “he is not good”


Infixes : Morphemes that are inserted into root morphemes are called Infixes for example in Bontoc, spoken in Philipines , the noun fusul is a noun means enemy becomes verb by inserting an infix mu as fumusul means “to be an enemy” Note: Word affix is used to refer prefixes, suffixes infixes

and circumfixes


Inflectional morphemes Class maintaining Add to the meaning of the word ,e.g. possession ,

number ,time , degree . Only eight in numbers in English These are only suffixes


Inflectional morphemes examples Let me tell you about Jim's two sisters One likes to have fun and is always laughingThe other liked to study and has always taken things

seriously One is the loudest person in the house and the other is

quieter than a mouseNote: All inflectional morphemes are Suffixes


Inflectional Grammatical function No word class change Small or no meaning change Often required by rules of

grammar Follow derivational

morphemes in a word productive

Derivational Lexical function May cause word class

change Some meaning change Never required by the rules

of grammar Precede inflectional

morphemes in a word Some productive many

nonproductive

Characteristics Free Morphemes: • can be used alone as word;• do not depend on any other segment to be a word.e.g

nouns, adjectives ,verbs, adverbs;• can stand all alone to convey meanings. Can have one or more syllables Compound words, which are made of two free

morphemes that keep their meanings .e.g. sailboat, whiteboard ,armchair,

Free morpheme

Open class words: content or lexical words which are most meaningful in the sentence for example• Noun –person ,place, thing or idea• Adjectives-attribute of the noun• Verbs –action or state of being• Adverbs—add description to the verb

Free Morpheme cont…….

Close class words: functions words serve as a grammatical function :

Conjunctions: or, and ,but ,so Prepositions : in ,on ,at ,to Pronouns : his, her ,them Expletives : there , it


Open class wirdsThe Content Words carry real-world meaning.

Close class wordThe Function words carry only grammatical

meaning.(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 78-80)

Auxiliaries : has , have definite articles : the a an Compound words: made up of two free morpheems .e.g.

sailboat, whiteboard ,armchair,Practice:Underline the free morpheme in the following words: Refill,

misunderstand hopefulness , masterful , unhappy , childhood , adventurous ,Antidisestablishmentarianism,


Morphological awareness complements and extends phonological awareness. How:

Students learn the grammatical category of words; Students learn that some syllables are meaningful word

units; Students learn that common prefixes and suffixes have

meanings; Students are able to use morphemes to spell and read

words.

Advantages of Morphological Analysis

Morphological awareness is the understanding that words are made up of meaningful units /bits/segments/elements such as : prefix-- root/stem ---infix—suffix

Segmenting words into morphemes for example: Projector : • pro ject tor Undivided : • un divide ed Autobiography: • auto bio graphy Misplaced :• mis place ed


Best strategy for teaching vocabulary Segmenting word into morphemes to teach

grammatical category of speech


Antidisestablishmentarianism

STEM: stable or establish

Suffixes: -ment, -arian, -ism

Prefixes: dis-, anti-

Analyze the following word

Thankyou

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