Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids -...

19
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids RNA structure Single-stranded (ss) RNAs

Transcript of Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids -...

Page 1: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsRNA structure

Single-stranded (ss) RNAs

Page 2: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsRNA structure - rRNA

Page 3: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsRNA structure - tRNA

Page 4: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsChemistry - denaturation

_______________No covalent bonds broken

__________________

SLOW

QUICK

____________________

Page 5: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsChemistry - denaturation

High temp/pHNo covalent bonds broken

Normal temp/neutral pH

SLOW

QUICK

Normal temp/neutral pH

Page 6: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsChemistry - denaturation

Lowest absorption of UV light

Lower absorption of UV lightthan free nucleotides

HYPOCHROMIC EFFECT -decrease in absorption as you go from → →

(can monitor transition from ds to ss)

Page 7: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsChemistry - denaturation

Lowest absorption of UV light

Lower absorption of UV lightthan free nucleotides

HYPOCHROMIC EFFECT -free nt (highest UV absorption)→ ssDNA → dsDNA (lowest UV absorption)(can monitor transition from ds to ss)

Page 8: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsChemistry - heat denaturation

rela

ted

to a

bsor

ptio

n

Page 9: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsChemistry - denaturationElectron microscopy

Page 10: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsSequencing

3’ 2’

Page 11: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsSequencing

Page 12: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsBiosynthesis and Degradation

Biosynthesis:De novo pathways - uses ________________________________(AAs, ribose 5-phosphate, CO2, NH3)

Salvage pathways - ____________________________ releasedfrom nucleic acid breakdown

Page 13: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsBiosynthesis and Degradation

Biosynthesis:De novo pathways - uses metabolic precursors (AAs, ribose 5-phosphate, CO2, NH3)

Salvage pathways - recycle free bases and nucleosides releasedfrom nucleic acid breakdown

Page 14: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsBiosynthesis:De novo pathways

Page 15: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsBiosynthesis:De novo pathways - regulation

Page 16: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsDegradation:

Allopurinol

Page 17: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsDegradation:

Deficiency in adenosine deaminase (causes ADA deficiency)Cannot break down adenosine, so it builds up, also [dATP] builds up

dATP is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, high [dATP] causesgeneral deficiency of other dNTPS in lymphocytes

Poor development of T and B lymphocytes, ineffective immune system

Leads to severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS), alsocalled “bubble boy” disease

First gene therapy for ADA

Elevated uric acid in bloodCaused by deficiency of one of purine metabolic enzymes

Causes gout

Uric acid causes inflammation of joints, problems in kidneys

Treatment = Drug allopurinol, which is an inhibitor of xanthineoxidase (enzyme that catalyzes step that makes uric acid)

Page 18: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsChemotherapeutic drugsCancer cells grow rapidly, so they are in constant need of nucleotidesCancer cells more sensitive than normal cells to inhibitors of nucleotidebiosynthesis

Analogs of glutamine

Used in de novo synthesis

Page 19: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids - Chemistrychemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2STUD.pdfNucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways -

Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsChemotherapeutic drugsTarget enzymes


CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS nucleic acids

CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS nucleic acids

Ch 5 Nucleic Acids excerpt - philipdarrenjones.comphilipdarrenjones.com/web_documents/ch_5_nucleic_acids_excerpt.pdf · Ch 5 (excerpt) Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids •Store ... proteins

Ch 5 Nucleic Acids excerpt - philipdarrenjones.comphilipdarrenjones.com/web_documents/ch_5_nucleic_acids_excerpt.pdf · Ch 5 (excerpt) Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids •Store ... proteins

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids - Weeblymarshallwong.weebly.com/uploads/7/.../nucleic_acids... · Nucleic acids AP Biology 2006-2007 Nucleic Acids Information storage AP Biologyproteins

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids - Weeblymarshallwong.weebly.com/uploads/7/.../nucleic_acids... · Nucleic acids AP Biology 2006-2007 Nucleic Acids Information storage AP Biologyproteins

Lecture 12 - Nucleotide Biosynthesis€¦ · Lecture 12 - Nucleotide Biosynthesis. 2 Text Nucleotides perform a wide variety of functions Building blocks for nucleic acids ... de

Lecture 12 - Nucleotide Biosynthesis€¦ · Lecture 12 - Nucleotide Biosynthesis. 2 Text Nucleotides perform a wide variety of functions Building blocks for nucleic acids ... de

NUCLEIC ACIDS INTRODUCTION - oswego.edukadima/CHE525/NUCLEIC ACIDS_INTRODUCTI… · NUCLEIC ACIDS An INTRODUCTION Two classes of Nucleic Acids • Deoxynucleic Acids (DNA) – Hereditary

NUCLEIC ACIDS INTRODUCTION - oswego.edukadima/CHE525/NUCLEIC ACIDS_INTRODUCTI… · NUCLEIC ACIDS An INTRODUCTION Two classes of Nucleic Acids • Deoxynucleic Acids (DNA) – Hereditary

Biochemistry 3070 – Nucleic Acids 1 Nucleic Acids Biochemistry 3070.

Biochemistry 3070 – Nucleic Acids 1 Nucleic Acids Biochemistry 3070.

21 - 1CH110 – Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids Nucleic acids Nucleic acids: –Maintain genetic information –Determine Protein Synthesis DNAdeoxy DNA= deoxyribonucleic.

21 - 1CH110 – Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids Nucleic acids Nucleic acids: –Maintain genetic information –Determine Protein Synthesis DNAdeoxy DNA= deoxyribonucleic.

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. Definitions Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides In eukaryotic cells nucleic acids are either: Deoxyribose nucleic.

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. Definitions Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides In eukaryotic cells nucleic acids are either: Deoxyribose nucleic.

Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids.

Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids.

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. What are nucleic acids?

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. What are nucleic acids?

Chapter Ten Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication

Chapter Ten Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication

nucleic acids

nucleic acids

Nucleic acids 2006-2007 Nucleic Acids Information storage.

Nucleic acids 2006-2007 Nucleic Acids Information storage.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides & Nucleic Acidschemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2.pdf · Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways - uses metabolic

Nucleotides & Nucleic Acidschemistry.creighton.edu/~jksoukup/lec24part2.pdf · Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids Biosynthesis and Degradation Biosynthesis: De novo pathways - uses metabolic

Nucleic Acids:

Nucleic Acids: