Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3...

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Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6

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Transcript of Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3...

Page 1: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Nucleic Acids & Proteins

Units 5 & 6

Page 2: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides

3 Parts:

a)Phosphate groupb)5-Carbon Sugarc)Nitrogen base

2 Types: DNA & RNA

b) 5-Carbon Sugar

a) Phosphate Group

c) Nitrogen Base

Page 3: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

THYMINE URACIL

Page 4: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Nitrogen Bases Pyrimidines = C, T, & U

Purines = A & G

Pyrimidines ALWAYS bond to Purines

 

G bonds to CA bonds to T or U

Single ring

Double ring

Pyrimidines

Purines

Page 5: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

RNA Sugar = Ribose

RNA is Single Stranded

RNA has Uracil

Sugar & phosphate backbone

Nitrogen Bases

Page 6: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

DNA Sugar = Deoxyribose

DNA is Double Stranded

DNA has Thymine

Sugar & phosphate backbone

Nitrogen Bases

Hydrogen Bonds

Page 7: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

A bonds to T; G bonds to C

Hydrogen bonds hold Nitrogen bases together to form the Double helix

DNA

Page 8: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

DNA is found in the Nucleus of eukaryotic cells in the form of

Chromosomes 

Page 9: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Sections of DNA that code for a protein are

called Genes Chromosomes are made of DNA wound around proteins called

Histones 

Homologous chromosomes have

the same Genes (possibly different

alleles) 

Page 10: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

DNA ReplicationOriginal strands are used as a

Pattern/Template to build new Complimentary DNA strands

Enzymes help with this process:

Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary strands

DNA Polymerases build the new strands and then proofread the nucleotide sequence

Page 11: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

2 Identical DNA molecules are

produced.

Each molecule is made of one

ORIGINAL strand and one NEW strand.

 

Semi-conservative DNA Replication

Page 12: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

ENZYMES of DNA Replication

UNZIPS STRANDS

ADDS NEW NUCLEOTIDES

Page 13: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Leading strand (3’ end)

 

Lagging strand (5’ end)

 

Page 14: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

DNA polymerase can only move towards the 5’ end of the

original DNA molecule

(New DNA is built 5’ to 3’)

This means the Lagging strand is built in small sections

called Okazaki fragments. 

Page 15: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Central Dogma

DNA RNA Protein

Page 16: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Protein Synthesis

Transcription Translation

Page 17: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Protein Functions: Transport of substances, Enzymes that control the rate of reactions, provide Support, build Tissues, & fight Infections

3 Central Carbon

4 Amino Group5 Hydrogen

6 Carboxyl Group

7 R Group

Proteins are Polymers made of Amino Acids

4 Parts:

Central Carbon

Amino group

Hydrogen

Carboxyl group

& R group

Page 18: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

3 Types of RNA• mRNA = Copy of gene/DNA (instructions for making the

protein)• tRNA = Translates/Decodes mRNA and Transfers/Delivers

amino acids to the ribosome in the correct sequence• rRNA = Ribosomes are made of rRNA which Bond amino

acids together to build the Polypeptide (protein)

a) Messenger RNA b) Ribosomal RNA c) Transfer RNA

Page 19: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Transcriptionthe process of Copying DNA into the complimentary sequence of mRNA

The enzyme that copies the DNA (gene) into mRNA is

RNA polymerase

No T in RNA so A bonds to U

 

Page 20: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

RNA Polymerase

Works just like DNA polymerase EXCEPT it adds RNA nucleotides

Page 21: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Transcription

occurs in the Nucleus

Page 22: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

TranslationBegins when the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the

Ribosome

tRNA decodes the mRNA 3 bases at a time

Codon = 3 base sequence on mRNA

Codons are complimentary to the Anticodons on the tRNA

rRNA forms Peptide bonds between Amino Acids to form the

Polypeptide (protein)

Page 23: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Translation

 Anticodon

 Amino Acid

 Codon

Page 24: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

Transcribe the following DNA into mRNA

DNA: TAC – CCG – GAT – TAG – ATC

mRNA: ____ - ____ - ____ - ____ - ___

Translate the above mRNA into the correct sequence of Amino Acids using

the Codon Chart

Protein: ____ - ____ - ____ - ____ - ____ 

AUG GGC CUA AUC UAG

Met Gly Leu Ile STOP

Page 25: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Units 5 & 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen.

1 DNA = Template

2 mRNA built by RNA polymerase

3 Codons on mRNA

4 mRNA goes to ribosome

5 tRNA carries amino acids

6 tRNA Anticodon decodes mRNA codons

7 Amino acid bonded to Polypeptide

8 tRNA goes to pick up another Amino Acid


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