Nuclear Reactor Power Systems 10 05
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Transcript of Nuclear Reactor Power Systems 10 05
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Nuclear Reactor PowerNuclear Reactor PowerSystemsSystems
Dwight L. Williams, Ph.D., P.E.Dwight L. Williams, Ph.D., P.E.
Potomac ChapterPotomac Chapter
Maryland Society of Professional EngineersMaryland Society of Professional Engineers
27 October 200527 October 2005
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Ov er view Ov er view
IntroductionsIntroductions
Categories of Nuclear ReactorsCategories of Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear Power AccidentsNuclear Power Accidents Summary and Nuclear Power Systems Q/ASummary and Nuclear Power Systems Q/A
General Q/AGeneral Q/A
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D w ight Williams at a GlanceD w ight Williams at a Glance
Education and Registration: Nuclear Engineering Education and Registration: Nuclear Engineering
Ph.D.Ph.D. ---- University of MarylandUniversity of Maryland
B.S., M.S.B.S., M.S. ---- North Carolina State University North Carolina State University
Licensed Professional Engineer, Commonwealth of Licensed Professional Engineer, Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia
Professional Experience: Department of DefenseProfessional Experience: Department of Defense
Awards and Activities Awards and Activities 20052005 -- 2006 Young Engineer of the Year, NSPE2006 Young Engineer of the Year, NSPE
20042004 -- 2005 Young Engineer of the Year, DCCEAS2005 Young Engineer of the Year, DCCEAS
20032003 -- 2004 Young Engineer of the Year, MDSPE2004 Young Engineer of the Year, MDSPE
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Power SystemsPower Systems
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Nuclear PrimerNuclear Primer
Subatomic ParticlesSubatomic Particles
Concept of IsotopesConcept of Isotopes
Concept of Half Concept of Half--LifeLife Types of Radiation Types of Radiation
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Subatomic ParticlesSubatomic Particles
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Concept of IsotopesConcept of Isotopes
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Concept of Half Concept of Half--LifeLife
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T ypes of Radiation T ypes of Radiation
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Categories of Nuclear ReactorsCategories of Nuclear Reactors
Light Water ReactorsLight Water Reactors
Use HUse H22OO
Most PrevalentMost Prevalent Heavy Water ReactorsHeavy Water Reactors
Use DUse D22OO
Prevalent in Canada and RussiaPrevalent in Canada and Russia
Other Reactor CategoriesOther Reactor Categories
Liquid Metal CooledLiquid Metal Cooled
Gas CooledGas Cooled
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Light Water ReactorsLight Water Reactors
Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs)Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs)
Located throughout U.S., Europe, and AsiaLocated throughout U.S., Europe, and Asia
Power: 570Power: 570 ---- 1300 MWe; Efficiency: ~30%1300 MWe; Efficiency: ~30% T Tmaxmax: 570: 570ooF; PF; PRxr CoolantRxr Coolant: 1000 psi: 1000 psi
Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs)Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs)
Manufactured by U.S., European, and AsianManufactured by U.S., European, and Asiancompaniescompanies
T Tmaxmax: 590: 590ooF; PF; PRxr CoolantRxr Coolant: 2250 psi: 2250 psi
VVER Reactors (VVERs) VVER Reactors (VVERs) ---- Russian PWR Russian PWR
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B WR B WR
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PWR PWR
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Hea v y Water ReactorsHea v y Water Reactors
Canadian DeuteriumCanadian Deuterium--Uranium (CANDU) ReactorsUranium (CANDU) Reactors
Use natural (nonUse natural (non--isotopically concentrated) uraniumisotopically concentrated) uranium
T Tmaxmax: 590: 590oo
F; PF; PRxr CoolantRxr Coolant: 1500 psi: 1500 psi Can run 2 ½ years without refueling/downtimeCan run 2 ½ years without refueling/downtime
RBMK ReactorsRBMK Reactors
ChernobylChernobyl--style reactorstyle reactor
Graphite and DGraphite and D22O in reactor coreO in reactor core
Much improved designs today Much improved designs today
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CA NDU ReactorCA NDU Reactor
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R BMK ReactorR BMK Reactor
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Other Reactor CategoriesOther Reactor Categories
Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBRs)Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBRs)
Use liquid sodium as coolantUse liquid sodium as coolant
33--loop cycleloop cycle None operating commercially None operating commercially
Advanced Gas Advanced Gas--cooled Reactors (AGRs)cooled Reactors (AGRs)
Use natural uraniumUse natural uranium
He or COHe or CO22 gas coolant at 1430gas coolant at 1430ooF and 600 psiF and 600 psi
Primarily operated in United KingdomPrimarily operated in United Kingdom
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LMFBR LMFBR
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Nuclear Power Gone A wry (Cont.)Nuclear Power Gone A wry (Cont.)
Chernobyl (1986)Chernobyl (1986) ---- RBMK (no containment vessel)RBMK (no containment vessel) Experiment to take place during scheduled shutdownExperiment to take place during scheduled shutdown
Primary and secondary emergency systems known toPrimary and secondary emergency systems known to work effectively; even so, ternary emergency system work effectively; even so, ternary emergency system
sought and investigatedsought and investigated In order to isolate role/effect of ternary system, primary In order to isolate role/effect of ternary system, primary
and secondary systems manually shut off and secondary systems manually shut off
HOWEVER, ternary system did not work properly HOWEVER, ternary system did not work properly Result: Core meltdown, explosion, major radiation releaseResult: Core meltdown, explosion, major radiation release
Chernobyl Lesson:Chernobyl Lesson: Minimize operator·s ability toMinimize operator·s ability toimpede automated emergency systemsimpede automated emergency systems
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SummarySummary
Nuclear Power Reactors Serve Same Role asNuclear Power Reactors Serve Same Role as
Other Power Cycle Heat SourcesOther Power Cycle Heat Sources
Several Types of Nuclear Power Reactors ExistSeveral Types of Nuclear Power Reactors Exist Most Recent Nuclear Accidents were Likely Most Recent Nuclear Accidents were Likely
PreventablePreventable
Operator errors crippled automated systemsOperator errors crippled automated systems
Another TMI is nearly impossible Another TMI is nearly impossible
Another Chernobyl is unlikely Another Chernobyl is unlikely
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ForMore InformationForMore Information
Visit ´The Virtual Nuclear Touristµ website at Visit ´The Virtual Nuclear Touristµ website at
http://www.nucleartourist.comhttp://www.nucleartourist.com
EE--mail Dwight Williams atmail Dwight Williams [email protected] [email protected]
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NeutronModeration (Backup)NeutronModeration (Backup)
For most nuclear reactors, fission is initiated by For most nuclear reactors, fission is initiated by slow neutrons (even though the fission neutronsslow neutrons (even though the fission neutrons
generated are fast)generated are fast)
Liquid Metal FAST Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) isLiquid Metal FAST Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) isone of few reactors that does not initiate fission withone of few reactors that does not initiate fission withSLOW neutronsSLOW neutrons
Goal: Slow down neutrons to make them availableGoal: Slow down neutrons to make them available
for fission, but keep neutrons from being absorbedfor fission, but keep neutrons from being absorbedinto a nucleus while slowing them downinto a nucleus while slowing them down
Best Substances: 1. DBest Substances: 1. D22O 2. Carbon 3. HO 2. Carbon 3. H22OO
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VVER (Older Designs) VVER (Older Designs)