NuclearNuclear

Powering the Future

Mark Salisbury

Energising the Nation

Magnox Power StationsMagnox Power Stations

Hunterston AChapelcrossCalder HallWylfaTrawsfynnyddOldburyHinkley Point ADungeness ABradwellSizewell A

Magnox Power StationsMagnox Power Stations

Natural Uranium fuelledNatural Uranium fuelled Graphite moderatedGraphite moderated Carbon dioxide cooledCarbon dioxide cooled

Reactor output from 50 to 450 MWReactor output from 50 to 450 MWee

Commenced operation with Berkeley Power Station Commenced operation with Berkeley Power Station in 1962in 1962

Last reactors at Wylfa due for closure in 2016Last reactors at Wylfa due for closure in 2016

TornessHunterston BHeysham 1Heysham 2HartlepoolHinkley Point BDungeness B

Advanced Gas Cooled ReactorsAdvanced Gas Cooled Reactors

Advanced Gas Cooled Advanced Gas Cooled ReactorsReactors

Enriched Uranium fuelledEnriched Uranium fuelled Graphite moderatorGraphite moderator Carbon dioxide cooledCarbon dioxide cooled

First AGR, Dungeness BFirst AGR, Dungeness B Each reactor has an output of approximately Each reactor has an output of approximately

600 MW600 MWee

Pressurized Water ReactorsPressurized Water Reactors

Enriched Uranium fuelledEnriched Uranium fuelled Pressurised water moderatorPressurised water moderator Pressurised water coolantPressurised water coolant

Sizewell B is the UK’s only PWR. Commenced Sizewell B is the UK’s only PWR. Commenced commercial operation in 1995.commercial operation in 1995.

Westinghouse design, latest generation SNUPPS plant.Westinghouse design, latest generation SNUPPS plant. Single reactor with a capacity of 1200 MWSingle reactor with a capacity of 1200 MWee..

Sizewell B

Current Power GenerationCurrent Power Generation

DTI Website 06/10/05DTI Website 06/10/05

Hydro

Coal

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Imports

Other

00

2020

4040

6060

8080

100100

120120

140140

Gen

era

tin

g C

ost

£ /

MW

hG

en

era

tin

g C

ost

£ /

MW

h

Coal

Coal

GasGas

Nuclear

Nuclear

W

ind

Win

d

Micro-

hydro

Micro-

hydro

Solar

Solar

CHPCHP

5% Rate of Return Lower Limit Range10% Rate of Return Lower Limit Range

Summary of the OECD Study on “Projected Costs of Summary of the OECD Study on “Projected Costs of Generating Electricity”, March 2005Generating Electricity”, March 2005

Recently Published Cost StudiesRecently Published Cost Studies

(1) MIT Study, the Future of Nuclear Power

(2) Performance and Innovation Unit (PIU) Energy Review Working Paper, The Economics of Nuclear Power

(3) University of Chicago Study, The Economic Future of Nuclear Power

(4) Royal Academy of Engineering, The Cost of Generating Electricity,

(5) General Directorate for Energy and Raw Materials (DGEMP) of the French Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry,

(6) Tarjanne, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland

(7) OECD Projected Costs of Generating Electricity (2005 Update), conversions from report based on 1 GBP = 1.6503 USD.

(8) Based on 1 GBP = 1.734 USD (exchange rate used in RAE study)

(9) Based on 1EUR ~ 0.7 GBP (Bloomberg, 10 March 2005)

(10) Based on Weighted Average Capital Cost

(11) Depreciation period / amortisation

MIT(1)

(2003)PIU(2)

(2002)Chicago(3)

(2004)RAE (4)

(2004)DGEMP(5)

(2003)Tarjanne(6)

(2003)OECD(7)

(2005)

Generatingcost (p/ kWh)

3.9 – 4.0(7) 3.0 – 4.0 3.1 – 3.6 (8) 2.26 – 2.44 2.0 (9) 1.7(9) 1.3 – 1.9 1.8 – 3.0

Rates ofreturn

11.5% (10) 8% & 15% 12.5%(10) 7.5% 8% 5% 5% 10%

Capital cost$2000/ kW(£1150/ kW)

$2000/ kW(£1150/ kW)

$1500/ kW(£865/ kW(7))

$2000/ kW(£1150/ kW)

€1413/ kW(£990/ kW(9))

€1900/ kW(£1330/ kW(9))

$1000-$2000/ kW(£610-1210/ kW)

Load factor 85% 75 – 80% 85% >90% > 90% >90% 85%

Economic life(11)

15 yrs 20 yrs 15 yrs 25 & 40 yrs 35 - 50 yrs 40 yrs40 yrs

Constructionperiod

5 yrs Not identified 5 – 7 yrs 5 yrs 5 5 yrs4-6 yrs

SafetySafety

One of the most heavily regulated industries.One of the most heavily regulated industries. Never been a nuclear incident at a UK Never been a nuclear incident at a UK

commercial power station that has caused a commercial power station that has caused a hazard to the public.hazard to the public.

UK Plants are regularly monitored and UK Plants are regularly monitored and evaluatedevaluated

UK Commercial Nuclear plants have safely UK Commercial Nuclear plants have safely generated electricity for over 40 years.generated electricity for over 40 years.

Less than 0.1 % of the entire radiation you Less than 0.1 % of the entire radiation you receive is due to nuclear power plants.receive is due to nuclear power plants.

Your typical radiation doseYour typical radiation dose

Source: UK National Radiation Protection Board 1994Source: UK National Radiation Protection Board 1994

Radon

Medical

ConsumerProductsNuclear PowerStationsFallout

Occupational

I nternal

From Ground &BuildingsCosmic

WANO & INPOWANO & INPO

World Association of Nuclear OperatorsWorld Association of Nuclear Operators Institute of Nuclear Power OperationsInstitute of Nuclear Power Operations Voluntary organisations setup to promote Voluntary organisations setup to promote

nuclear safetynuclear safety Assist member plants in achieving Assist member plants in achieving

excellenceexcellence Peer ReviewsPeer Reviews Provision of technical support and feedback Provision of technical support and feedback

on operational experience.on operational experience. www.wano.orgwww.wano.org

SecuritySecurity

““For some, particularly British Nuclear For some, particularly British Nuclear Fuels Ltd, British Energy Group Plc, the Fuels Ltd, British Energy Group Plc, the

United Kingdom Atomic Energy United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority and the Urenco Group, my Authority and the Urenco Group, my requirements impose a significant requirements impose a significant

regulatory burden on their activities regulatory burden on their activities which they shoulder willingly, promptly which they shoulder willingly, promptly

and responsibly”and responsibly”

Director of Civil Nuclear Security. DTI OCNS Report April 2004 – March 2005

SkillsSkills

Numerous nuclear courses taught Numerous nuclear courses taught across the UK: across the UK: Birmingham, Imperial, City University, Birmingham, Imperial, City University, Lancaster, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, HM Naval Base Lancaster, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, HM Naval Base SultanSultan

Nuclear Technology Education Nuclear Technology Education ConsortiumConsortium

Imperial College’s CONSORT reactorImperial College’s CONSORT reactor University of Manchester, Dalton University of Manchester, Dalton

InstituteInstitute

British Nuclear Energy British Nuclear Energy SocietySociety

A Learned society to help promote A Learned society to help promote nuclear science and technology.nuclear science and technology.

Strategic partnership with Institute of Strategic partnership with Institute of Nuclear Engineers (INucE).Nuclear Engineers (INucE).

Over 1200 members nationwide.Over 1200 members nationwide. YGN Network has over 350 members YGN Network has over 350 members

nationwide.nationwide. www.bnes.comwww.bnes.com

Waste & DecommissioningWaste & Decommissioning

Three main types of waste – LLW, ILW, Three main types of waste – LLW, ILW, HLWHLW

UK HLW = 4 double decker busesUK HLW = 4 double decker buses Over 90 % of waste is LLWOver 90 % of waste is LLW Finland & USA researhing/building Finland & USA researhing/building

repositoriesrepositories Decommissioning costs are “built” into Decommissioning costs are “built” into

the cost of electricitythe cost of electricity

PracticalitiesPracticalities

Nuclear technology ready Nuclear technology ready NOWNOW Only a small number of IGCC operational, no Only a small number of IGCC operational, no

full scale carbon capture on power plant.full scale carbon capture on power plant. Nuclear has supplied reliable baseload Nuclear has supplied reliable baseload

power for over 40 years.power for over 40 years. Renewables are unreliable baseload Renewables are unreliable baseload

technologies, and expensive at presenttechnologies, and expensive at present Energywise, one 7 g uranium fuel pellet = Energywise, one 7 g uranium fuel pellet =

149 gallons of oil = 1780 pounds of coal = 149 gallons of oil = 1780 pounds of coal = 17000 cubic feet of natural gas. 17000 cubic feet of natural gas.

OlkiluotoOlkiluoto

Home to a new EPRHome to a new EPR To be operated by TVO, a Finnish To be operated by TVO, a Finnish

consortiumconsortium Finland has repository for spent wasteFinland has repository for spent waste Seen as the “best” solutionSeen as the “best” solution Adding 1600 MW of capacity to the Adding 1600 MW of capacity to the

Finnish electric systemFinnish electric system

Proposed Reactor DesignsProposed Reactor Designs

AP1000 - Westinghouse Electric AP1000 - Westinghouse Electric CompanyCompany

EPR – FramatomeEPR – Framatome ESBWR – General ElectricESBWR – General Electric CANDU ACR – Atomic Energy of CANDU ACR – Atomic Energy of

CanadaCanada PBMR – BNFL/EskomPBMR – BNFL/Eskom VVER - AtomstroyexportVVER - Atomstroyexport

AP1000AP1000

Designed by Westinghouse Electric Designed by Westinghouse Electric CompanyCompany

Full certification from NRC expected end Full certification from NRC expected end 20052005

Advanced Passive Safety SystemsAdvanced Passive Safety Systems Simple 2 loop PWR with 1000 MWSimple 2 loop PWR with 1000 MWee output output Smaller footprint than equivalent plantsSmaller footprint than equivalent plants 36 month construction schedule36 month construction schedule

EPREPR

European Pressurised Water ReactorEuropean Pressurised Water Reactor Evolution of a 4 loop PWREvolution of a 4 loop PWR 1600 MW1600 MWee capacity capacity Can run on a complete core of MOX fuelCan run on a complete core of MOX fuel Designed for capacity factors > 92 %Designed for capacity factors > 92 % First EPR under construction at OlkiluotoFirst EPR under construction at Olkiluoto Under consideration for construction at Under consideration for construction at

Flamanville, France, and by Constellation Flamanville, France, and by Constellation Energy, USAEnergy, USA

ESBWRESBWR GE designed 1550 MWGE designed 1550 MWee 60 year design life60 year design life Overnight cost $1200/kWOvernight cost $1200/kWee Utilises natural circulation and passive Utilises natural circulation and passive

safety systemssafety systems 45 month construction schedule45 month construction schedule Preferred technology of the NuStart Preferred technology of the NuStart

ConsortiumConsortium Application for COLs at two locations in Application for COLs at two locations in

Missouri and LouisianaMissouri and Louisiana

ACR CANDUACR CANDU

Designed by Atomic Energy Canada Designed by Atomic Energy Canada LimitedLimited

Builds on the success of early CANDU Builds on the success of early CANDU reactorsreactors

Proven technology & new innovations Proven technology & new innovations could decrease capital cost by up to 40 %could decrease capital cost by up to 40 %

Expected construction time of 48 monthsExpected construction time of 48 months 700 MW700 MWee to 1000 MW to 1000 MWee output. output.

PBMRPBMR

Grafite moderated, helium cooledGrafite moderated, helium cooled Utilises grafite/silicon carbide encased Utilises grafite/silicon carbide encased

enriched uranium fuelenriched uranium fuel Inherently safe designInherently safe design Can be built in modular units from 100 Can be built in modular units from 100

to 400 MWto 400 MWee

Utilises Brayton Cycle to achieve Utilises Brayton Cycle to achieve higher thermal efficiencyhigher thermal efficiency

Megatons to Megawatts – The Megatons to Megawatts – The FutureFuture

Use of MOX fuelUse of MOX fuel Research into waste handlingResearch into waste handling Use of reprocessing technologyUse of reprocessing technology Use of fast breeder reactorsUse of fast breeder reactors Use of thorium sands in reactorsUse of thorium sands in reactors Uranium extraction from seawaterUranium extraction from seawater

In SummaryIn Summary

Fuel available from politically stable Fuel available from politically stable countriescountries

Fuel not subject to price volatility like Fuel not subject to price volatility like fossil fuelsfossil fuels

Good safety recordGood safety record Economically viableEconomically viable Many reactor designs ready for Many reactor designs ready for

deploymentdeployment Issue of waste requires addressingIssue of waste requires addressing

The Future’s NuclearThe Future’s NuclearDTI Energy Website – www.dti.gov.uk/energyDTI Energy Website – www.dti.gov.uk/energyDTI Office of Civil Nuclear Security Reports - DTI Office of Civil Nuclear Security Reports -

www.dti.gov.uk/energy/nuclear/safety/security.shtmlwww.dti.gov.uk/energy/nuclear/safety/security.shtmlNational Radiological Protection Board – www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/National Radiological Protection Board – www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/Supporters of Nuclear Energy - www.sone.org.uk/Supporters of Nuclear Energy - www.sone.org.uk/World Association of Nuclear Operators – World Association of Nuclear Operators – www.wano.orgwww.wano.orgBritish Nuclear Energy Society – www.bnes.comBritish Nuclear Energy Society – www.bnes.comBNES Young Generation Network – www.bnes.com/ygnBNES Young Generation Network – www.bnes.com/ygnNuclear Energy Institute – www.nei.orgNuclear Energy Institute – www.nei.orgNuclear Technology Education Consortium – www.ntec.ac.ukNuclear Technology Education Consortium – www.ntec.ac.ukGeneral Electric (ESBWR)– www.gepower.comGeneral Electric (ESBWR)– www.gepower.comAtomic Energy of Canada (CANDU) – www.aecltechnologies.comAtomic Energy of Canada (CANDU) – www.aecltechnologies.comWestinghouse Electric (AP1000) – www.westinghousenuclear.comWestinghouse Electric (AP1000) – www.westinghousenuclear.comFramatome (EPR) – www.framatome.comFramatome (EPR) – www.framatome.comPebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) – www.pbmr.co.zaPebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) – www.pbmr.co.zaOlkiluoto – www.framatome.comOlkiluoto – www.framatome.comJoseph Gonyeau’s Nuclear Tourist – www.nucleartourist.comJoseph Gonyeau’s Nuclear Tourist – www.nucleartourist.com