Nuclear Power -Greenhouse Gas Emissions & Risks A ...US Nuclear Fuel Cycle a: Separative Work Unit...
Transcript of Nuclear Power -Greenhouse Gas Emissions & Risks A ...US Nuclear Fuel Cycle a: Separative Work Unit...
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Vasilis Fthenakis Brookhaven National Laboratory
www.pv.bnl.govColumbia University
www.clca.columbia.edu
Presentation at the California Energy Commission Nuclear Issues Workshop,Panel 4 “Environmental, Safety, and Economic Implications of Nuclear Power”
Sacramento, CA, June 28, 2007
Nuclear Power -Greenhouse Gas Emissions & RisksA Comparative Life Cycle Analysis
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The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Mining/millingMining/milling ConversionConversion EnrichmentEnrichment
Construction /decommission
Construction /decommission
OperationOperationFuel fabrication
Fuel fabrication Waste
Disposal
Waste Disposal
M, Q
E
M, Q M, Q M, Q M, Q M, Q
E E E E
M, Q: material and energy inputs
E: effluents (air, water, solid)
M, Q
E
ReconversionReconversion
E
EM, Q
ReprocessingReprocessing
M, Q
E
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Review of GHG Emissions from Nuclear Fuel Cycle
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
United States,DeLucchi 1991
Australia(hypothetical),
ACA 2001
Sw eden,Vattenfall 2004
Sw itzerland(case 1),
Dones 2003
Sw itzerland(case 2),
Dones 2003
Japan, Hondo2005
World, Stormand Smith 2005
GH
G e
mis
sion
s (g
CO
2-eq
./kW
h)
Except enrichmentWaste ManagementOperationDecommissioningConstructionEnrichmentConversion/FabricationMinning/milling
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Breakdown of GHG Emissions from Nuclear Fuel Cycle
0
5
10
15
20
25
Vattenfall 2002,Sweden
Hondo 2005, Japan Dones et al, 2005,Switzerland PWR
Dones et al, 2005,Switzerland BWR
GHG
(g C
O 2-e
q./kW
h)
Waste Disp.OperationConst./Decomm.EnrichmentConv./Fab.Minning/milling
D (France): 20% C: 80%
D (US): 67% D (France): 22%C: 11%
D (France): 60% C: 40%
D (US):13%D (France): 55%C: 32%
D: Diffusion enrichment C: Gas centrifuge enrichment
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20% coal 80% Tennessee Valley Authority grid
Upstream Electricity Mixfor enrichment
3.8/ 0.25
35
85
0.2
- Diffusion (US)-34%(France)-11%
- Centrifuge (mix)-19%- dilution highly enriched uranium (Russia)-36%
4240
Product/tail assay (% U235)
Thermal efficiency (%)
Ore grade (% U3O8)
Capacity factor (%)
Enrichment mix (%)EIA -1998-2002
Burn-up (MWdth/kgU)Reactor lifetime (yrs)
BNL Reference Case -Conditions for US Nuclear Fuel Cycle
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BNL Study -Scenarios for GHG Estimation of US Nuclear Fuel Cycle
a: Separative Work Unit b: Tennessee Valley Authority
3000 kWh/SWU2600 kWh/SWU2400 kWh/SWUaEnergy for diffusion enrichment
Economic Input/Output
Process-basedProcess-basedLCA method:Construction stage
0.05 (Australia)0.212.7 (Canada)Ore concentration (% U)
100% from coal80% from TVAb, 20% from coal
100% from US avg.
Electricity source for enrichment
Max.ReferenceMin.Parameters
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BNL Study -US Nuclear Fuel Cycle: GHG Emissions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Min Reference Max
g CO
2-eq.
/kWh
Deconversion
HLW waste disposal
LLW waste disposal
Operation
Construction /DecommissionFabrication
Enrichment
Conversion
Mining/milling
MRS LCA Symposium, Nov. 2005
Energy Policy 35 (2007) 2549-2557
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GHG Emissions from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Comparisons of different studies
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Mining/milling
Conversion
Enrichment
Fuel Fabrication
Construction/DecommissionOperation
Reprocessing
Waste disposalTotal
Germany (ExternE, 2003)US (BNL, 2005)Japan (Hondo, 2005)Switzerland (Dones, 2005)Australia (ACA, 2001)World (Storm and Smith, 2005)
99
Australia (ISA, 2006)
MRS LCA Symposium, Nov. 2005Energy Policy 35 (2007) 2549-2557
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Process Based vs. Economic Input/Output LCAExample: Construction –1 GW NPP-
177.5 billionEI/OStorm 2005, baseline
51.3 billionEI/OISA 2006 baseline
114.5 billionEI/OBNL worst case
1Process-Based (Steel, concrete, copper)
BNL ref case
CO2 emission(g/ kWh)
ConstructionCost ($2000)
EI/O LCA may overestimate GHG emissions Process-based LCA may slightly underestimate GHG emissionsDegree of overestimate of underestimate depends on the detail of material and energy inventories
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10
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Coal (Kim andDale 2005)
Natural Gas(Kim and Dale
2005)
Petroleum(Kim and Dale
2005)
Nuclear(Baseline -
Fthenakis andKim, 2005
PV, CdTe(Fthenakisand Kim
2006)
PV, mc-Si,(Fthenakis and Alsema, 2006)
GH
G (g
CO
2-eq
./kW
h)
MaterialsOperationTransportationFuel Production
Life Cycle GHG Emissions -A process-based LCA comparison-
24 24 37
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Framework for Evaluation of Life-Cycle Risksin Electricity Production
Benefits
Energy
Welfare
Direct Economic External
Normal operation
AccidentalRoutine/Severe
Difficult to evaluate risks
Risks
Health impacts
Resource depletion
Environmental impacts
Economic development
Economic impacts
National Security
Fthenakis1, Kim1, Colli2 A., and Kirchsteiger2 C., 1 Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, U.S.2 European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, Petten, The Netherlands
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Accidental Risks in Electricity Production
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
Coal, O
ECDCoa
l, non
-OECD
Oil, OECD
Oil, no
n-OECD
NG, OECD
NG, non
-OECD
LPG, OECD
LPG, non
-OECD
Hydro,
OECD
Hydro,
non-O
ECDNuc
lear, O
ECD
Nuclea
r, non
-OECD
PV
c-Si, B
NLa-S
i, BNL
Even
t/GW
yr
FatalitiesInjuries
GaBE project, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), ENSAD 1969-2000
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Maximum Consequences per Accident
Coal Oil NG LPG
Nuclear
(Chernobyl)
Nuclear
(except
Chernobyl)PV, PSI
Fata
litie
s
434
3000
100
600
125
PV, BNL
2
9000-33000
100
105
104
103
102
101
100
PSI
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Climate Change and Fossil Fuel Depletion Risks-Is there a tenable solution ?
Nuclear Energy• Spent fuel management • Proliferation risks
Coal with C sequestration• Reliability/Cost • Residual pollution
Wind• Resource limits• Intermittency
Solar• Cost• Intermittency
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The President’s Advanced Energy Initiative
Initiated significant new investments and policies in:
Clean Coal technologyNuclear Power• Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) to address spent
nuclear fuel, eliminate proliferation risks, and expand the promise of clean, reliable, and affordable nuclear energy
Renewable Solar and Wind energy• Reduce the cost of solar PV technologies so that they become
cost-effective by 2015 and expand access to wind energy.
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The President’s Advanced Energy Initiative
“To safeguard our future economic health as well as national security, we must move aggressively to diversify our energy sources.”
-DOE Secretary Samuel BodmanGolden, CO, July 7, 2006
“I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait till oil and coal run out before we tackle that.”
-Thomas Edison
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The Solar America Initiative (SAI)
SAI Goal: Achieve Grid Parity Nationwide by 2015
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Solar Solutions to Climate Change and Energy Self-Reliance*
200,000 square miles of desert land in the SW is suitable for constructing solar power plantsThis area receives 3,600 quadrillion Btu of solar irradiation per year. If just 3% of this energy is converted to electricity, we satisfy the total US annual energy consumption.Throughout the rest of the country, sunlight can be used for distributed (rooftop) PV systems.
*From Zweibel, Mason, Fthenakis. “An Imminent Solar Solution to Climate Change and Energy Security for the US”, in press
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Solar Solutions to Climate Change and Energy Self-Reliance*
PV and compressed air energy storage (CAES) for 24-hour electricityConcentrating Solar Power with heat storage, also dispatchablePlug-in hybrids powered by solar electric (80%) and biofuels (20%)Wind as complement and nighttime backup to solarLow-cost solar, an essential, enabling technologyUS SW solar enough to provide US energy self-sufficiency
*From Zweibel, Mason, Fthenakis. “An Imminent Solar Solution to Climate Change and Energy Security for the US”, in press
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Conclusions
• A Life Cycle Framework is necessary for a complete description of the sustainability of energy technologies
• It enables a holistic approach encompassing resource availability and costs, potential risks and benefits to the US economy and the environment for current and future generations
www.pv.bnl.govwww.clca.columbia.edu
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Contributors
Hyung Chul Kim, Brookhaven National LaboratoryJames Mason, Hydrogen Research InstituteKen Zweibel, PrimeStar Solar
www.pv.bnl.govwww.clca.columbia.edu