Nuclear policy in the UKCATA L IN S I N DILE | GEOFFR EY BON A M Y | K R Z YSZ TOF KOBYŁK A

Table of contents

Actual Nuclear Park and Policy

Decomissioning Policy

Developing Projects

Actual UK’s energy mix In 2015, 338 TWh of electricity was produced in the UK (DECC data).

Renewables , 26,90%

Nuclear, 21,20%

Oil and Other, 2,30%

Coal, 19,90%

Gas, 29,70%

Q4 2015

Renewables , 21,80%

Nuclear, 15,60%

Oil and Other, 2,50%

Coal, 30,90%

Gas, 29,10%

Q4 2014

70 TWh nuclear

100 TWh from gas

76 TWh from coal

2 TWh from oil

40 TWh from wind

7.5 TWh from solar

9 TWh hydro

29 TWh from biofuels

4 TWh from wastes.

Net electricity imports - 0.9 TWh to Ireland

Net electricity imports were 21 TWh - 13.8 TWh from France, 8.0 TWh from the Netherlands

OperationalNuclearReactorsThe UK has 15 reactors generating about 21% of its electricity but almost half of this capacity is to be retired by 2025.

Plant TypePresent capacity

(MWe net)First power

Expected

shutdown

Dungeness B 1&2 AGR 2 x 520 1983 & 1985 2028

Hartlepool 1&2 AGR 595, 585 1983 & 1984 2024

Heysham I 1&2 AGR 580, 575 1983 & 1984 2024

Heysham II 1&2 AGR 2 x 610 1988 2030

Hinkley Point B 1&2 AGR 475, 470 1976 2023

Hunterston B 1&2 AGR 475, 485 1976 & 1977 2023

Torness 1&2 AGR 590, 595 1988 & 1989 2030

Sizewell B PWR 1198 1995 2035

Total: 15 units 8883 MWe

A change in policy since 2006…Between 1990 and 2006 Nuclear Energy development and finances were almost totally stopped but then there was a change…

Why?Domestic gas reserves

are almost depleted - in 2012, 63% of British gas was supplied from

imports

Need to increase the generated electricity capacity inside the

Kingdom

The need for the reduction of CO2

emissions, linked to the general policy adopted

by EU

UK has full nuclear fuel cycle facilities including

major reprocessing plants.

Legacy in the nuclear domain, being the first country who opened a

civil nuclear reactor.

Strategy

The UK has implemented a very thorough assessment process for new reactor designs and their siting.

The government aims to have 19 GWe of new-generation plants with the first expected to be on line by 2025.

EDF Energy, the actual operator in nuclear energy in UK, are working to extend the lifetime of all the operating reactors today.

In November 2015 The Government decided to allow a £250 million to the nuclear R&D programme to "revive the UK's nuclear expertise" especially through developing small modular reactors (SMRs) and position the country as "a global leader in innovative nuclear technologies."

PublicReactionEffects on public opinion on this new policy,especially after Fukushima’s accident

Public opinion in UK has remained positive - In July 2013 a YouGov survey found that 61% of

Britains supported the use of nuclear power, and only 39% opposed building new plants.

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Good thing Bad thing Don't know

Generally speaking, and taking everything into account, do you think a significant

increase in Britain’s use of nuclear power would be a good thing or a bad thing?

yougov.co.uk

Decomissioning policy

UK’s nuclear legacy

MAGNOX reactors

from 1956 to 1971

First world’s commercial-scale nuclear power reactor in 1956 at Calder Hall 50MWe

26 MAGNOXpower reactors.

all shutdown,last one indecember 2015

AGR reactors

from 1983 to 1995

14 advanced gas-cooled reactors

Expected shutdowns in 15-25 years

PWR

1995

Single PWR at Sizewell B in 1995 (1188 MWe)

expected shutdown in 2035

Nuclear Decomissioning AuthorityCreated by the energy act in 2004

Took over the liabilities held by the UKAEA and BNFL (British Nuclear Fuels Ltd)

Non-departmental public body of the British Department of Energy and Climate Change

www.gov.uk

NDA’s responsabilities

Decommissioning and cleaning nuclear facilities,

Implementing of long-term management of nuclear waste,

Developing UK-wide strategy for Low Level Waste,

Establishing the overall approach, allocating budgets, setting targets and monitoring progress,

Research and developement,

Controlling of decommissioning plans of AGRs nuclear power stations.

BudgetSellafield Limited

Magnox Limited

Dounreay Site Restoration Limited

Low Level Waste Repository Limited

Capenhurst Nuclear

Springfields Fuels Limited

Less than 300 employees

The total planned expenditure for 2015/16 is £3.31 billion of which:

£2.09 billion is Government grant-in-aid

£1.22 billionis income from commercial operations

2 billion

550 million

177 million

68 million

49 million

33 million

Sellafield spent fuel management

including reprocessing

waste treatment and packaging

storage of radioactive wastes

decommissioning

Calder Hall

Windscale

www.nuclearmanagementpartners.com

Objectives

In ten years... In twenty years...

all Magnox stations defueled spent fuel reprocessed 4 Magnox sites to have entered

Care and Maintenance progress on high hazard

reduction management of all NDA sites

to have been competed all NDA’s non-core assets to

have been disposed of

Care and Maintenance of all Magnox

at LLWR, the Plutonium Contaminated Material facilities to have been removed,

confirmation of a site’s suitability to host a Geological Disposal Facility (GDF),

All residues removed from the Dounreay Fast Reactor (DFR)

Completed decomissioning at Harwell and Winfrith

«The discounted total of the nuclear liabilities estimate has increased therefore from £37.0 billion ($73.9 billion) in 2006/07 to £44.1 billion ($88.0 billion)»

world-nuclear-news.org 18 july 2008

«As of February 2015, the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority's estimate of the discounted nuclear provision for the authority's estate was around £70 billion

($107 billion), of which £53 billion ($81 billion) relates to Sellafield - an increase of £5 billion ($7.6 billion) from 2013-14.»

world-nuclear-news.org 5 march 2015

Hinkley point C contract

In a few words...

Main actors

EDF CEO : Jean –Bernard Lévy

French government– Emanuel Macron

China General Nuclear (CGN)

China National NuclearCorportation (CNNC)

British Government– James Cameron

Key numbers

October, 21st 2013agreement on the contract

25 billion € total cost for 2 HinkleyPoint central EPR1

33.5% Chinese part of investment for the 2 Hinkley Point EPR

Stakes

Fit the Englishgovernment policyon energy

Strengthening of the franco-chinesenuclear partnership

Opportunity for China to penetratethe europeannuclear market

EDF in England, how does it work?

Between 2005 and 2009, EDF bought electricity companies and created EDF Energy plc.

EDF Energy plc produces almost 20% of the electricity in UK mostly thanks to nuclear energy1

EDF Energy plc owns land in England to produce energy

EDF Energy is owned at 100% by EDF -which recently purchases the Areva nuclear area

1. MIX OF ENERGY BETWEEN : NUCLEAR POWER STATION (74% OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCED), COAL PROWER STATION (17%), WIND FARM (8%), OTHERS (1%)

2 reactors: 1600 MW

Reduction of 9 millions tonnes of

carbon dioxyde emission/year

Electricityfor 5

millions homes

About 5.000 employment

created

7% of British

electrictyin 2025

Constant price for the

next 30 years

Ben

efit

sfo

r th

e en

viro

nm

ent

Benefits for the economy / society

Those effects will be reinforced by the

construction of three others nuclear

reactors

Hinkley Point C – expected benefitsB

enef

its

for

the

envi

ron

men

t

Construction of twoEPR’s centrals in Hinkley Point C

Construction of twonuclear centrals on Sizewell

66.5 %

33.5 %

66.5 %

33.5 %

France

France

Construction of a third generationnuclear central on Bradwell

66.5 %

33.5 %

China

Total: 5 new nuclear plants in the UK

A multi sides contract

Main point of the

contract

Other agreements

Construction Localisation Holdings Country

technology

Drawbacks EDF takes an important financial risk

A more expensive electricity

Operators may do saving on the securities measures

A controversial sell regarding to the European law on competitiveness1

Consequences for France and Great

Britain

China strategy « go abroad » is progressing

It will run an EPR in Europe

In 2020 China expects to control the all nuclearchain

1.THIS PROJECT IF HIGHLY SUBDIDISED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT – THE AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT PRESS CHARGES

China is going to take more important place in the nuclear landscape

China’s aggressivepolicy on nuclear

Advantages Great Britain

Stable cost of the electricty for next 20 years

Fit the govermentpolicy on reducingCO2 emission

Solution to the reduction of hydrocarbure electricityproduction

France

Areva and EDF have huge financial issues → revive the production

Reinforce the economic link withChina

China

China will becomeone of the few country able to export nuclear 1

It gives China an important strategicadvantage for penetrate the worldwide nuclearmarket

Some people considered this contract as « dangerous » 2 : it is not justtechnologies in exchange of market, it is also the occasion for China to penetrate

the European market

1. WITH UNITED STATES, JAPAN, FRANCE, SOUTH KOREA, CANADA2. ACCORDING TO THE TIMES

This contract in UK

1. ACCORDING TO " THE WEBSITE THE ENGINEER"

The need for nuclear power was so great the UK had no

choice but to strike unfavourable deal…

The deal represents a starting point for

the UK to redevelop its own nuclear

expertise22%

The deal represents good value for the UK

13%

The strike price of 89.50-92.50

MWhr is too high17%

The agreement supports …

The agreement

does nothing to support

development of nuclear

skills 12%

Which of the following statements most closely matches your feelings on the deal to build the first

of the UK's new fleet of nuclear power stations?

• Cut down the subsidy to renewable energy to allocate all government subsidies to nuclear

• Increase dependancy on China

• Create new job for the people

• Good public opinion on nuclear

British opinion is stronglydivided on this nuclear

subject

Thank you for your attention