Pitfalls in Classical Nuclear Medicine: Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Nuclear Medicine imaging of cv system
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Transcript of Nuclear Medicine imaging of cv system
IMAGING OF CV SYSTEM
DR.C.UDUGAMA
MBBS, PH,D
THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
Goals
1. Discuss the organization of the lymphatic system, including the vessels, principal lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
2. Explain the relationship between the lymphatic and circulatory systems, and the role of lymphoid tissue structures and lymphocytes in the body’s defense
OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
Includes, vessels, fluid, and nodes or non secreting "glands".
Lymphatic vessels convey fluid from the periphery to the veins.
The fluid, lymph (=clear spring water), is what seeps out of the blood at the peripheral capillaries. Composition is similar to plasma without the proteins
Lymphatic organs or tissues ("glands") are filtering areas and arenas of lymphocyte maturation and competency.
Accessory to cardiovascular system there are two
drainage systems
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
Filtration of lymph
Return of seeped fluid to c.v. system
“Education” and production of immune system lymphocytes
Transport of digested lipids from small intestinal lacteals
LYMPH CAPILLARIES
Thin walled endothelium (no BM) with periodic one way valves. In general they parallel veins.
Closed ends allow fluid flow inward only
Pick up and recycle extra tissue fluid
Lymph circulation due to ?
Compare to Fig. 23.2
LOCATION OF LYMPH CAPILLARIES
Everywhere, except for CNS
and bone marrow, as well as
cornea and cartilage.
Special set of lymph capillaries
in villi of small intestine =
Lacteals
Damaged valves or blocked
lymph vessels ???
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
comparable in structure
to veins
Lymph capillaries
converge to become
collecting vessels and
end up as either
Thoracic duct or right
lymphatic duct
Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct
Left subclavian vein
Right
lymphatic
duct
Right
subclavian
vein
Cysterna Chyli
Fig 23.4
largest
LYMPH NODES
~ 500 ( 1mm to 25 mm)
Bean-shaped with hilus
several afferent vessels, one efferent vessel
Function?
Popular term “lymph gland” is misnomer. Why?
Contain lots of lymphocytes & Macrophages
Clinical application: Swollen lymph nodes
DISTRIBUTION OF LNS
Cervical lymph nodes - drain head and neck
Axillary lymph nodes - drain arms and breasts
Popliteal lymph nodes - drain legs, drain into
Inguinal lymph nodes - drain lower limb
Thoracic lymph nodes - drain thoracic viscera
Abdominal lymph nodes - drain pelvic region
Intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes - drain abdominal
viscera
LEVEL OF CLINICAL
LYMPHOEDEMA
Is the final outcome of the dynamics of lymph formation and
flow.
• Transcapillary filtration rates
• Lymphatic transport capacity
• The overall collateral lymphatic reserve
• Level of lymphatic obstruction
CHRONIC LYMPHOEDEMA
Below Ankle Below Knee Above Knee
LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHIC PROCEDURE
Injection of sub.
cute.Tc99SC
Imaging of the ankle and
calf
Imaging of the
pelvis
Normal Lymphoscintigram in relation to
anatomical location of lymph nodes
Below
ankle
Below
knee
Above
knee
LEVEL OF LYMPHOEDEMA
SEX DISTRIBUTION OF
PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC
LYMPHOEDEMA
S E X N o . o f a f f e c t e d l i m b s . ( 1 0 5 )
B e l o w A n k l e B e l o w
K n e e
A b o v e K n e e
F e m a l e 9 5 2 1 0
M a l e 7 2 0 7
T o t a l 1 6 7 2 1 7
LEVEL OF SCINTIGRAPHIC
OBSTRUCTION – BELOW ANKLE
Medial knee Femoral
Inguinal
LEVEL OF SCINTIGRAPHIC
OBSTRUCTION – BELOW KNEE
Mid
knee
Femora
l
Inguina
l
LEVEL OF SCINTIGRAPHIC
OBSTRUCTION – ABOVE
KNEE
I
U
Femoral Inguinal (U)
Ext Iliac (I)