Multiphase Nuclear Fusion Reactor - Clean and Safe Atomic Energy
Nuclear Fusion Reactor
description
Transcript of Nuclear Fusion Reactor
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.1
Impact of Fusion Reactor on ElectriciImpact of Fusion Reactor on Electricity Gridsty Grids
Yasushi Yamamoto, Satoshi KonishiYasushi Yamamoto, Satoshi Konishi
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto UniversityInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Japan-US Workshop on Fusion Power Plants and Related Advanced technologies with Participation of EU Jan. 11-13, 2005
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.2
Nuclear Fusion ReactorNuclear Fusion Reactor
Nuclear fusion reactor is one of candidates for sustainable energy source Nuclear fusion reactor is one of candidates for sustainable energy source in the future without carbon dioxide emission. in the future without carbon dioxide emission.
In conceptual studies,In conceptual studies,fusion reactor is assumed to be used as a base load machine in indusfusion reactor is assumed to be used as a base load machine in indus
trial countries with unit capacity of > 1GWe, trial countries with unit capacity of > 1GWe, continuous operation with maximum powercontinuous operation with maximum power > 200MWe startup/operation power > 200MWe startup/operation power
Startup scenario with inductive current drive requires very large dP/dt valuStartup scenario with inductive current drive requires very large dP/dt value and large Qe and large Q
Our question isOur question is can the fusion reactor be installed in the small electric grid ?can the fusion reactor be installed in the small electric grid ?
→ → calculate the influence of startup power in the small electric gridcalculate the influence of startup power in the small electric grid
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.3
Energy flows in fusion reactorEnergy flows in fusion reactor
Q=50, Pi=60MW → auxiliary power ratio = ~13%Q=50, Pi=60MW → auxiliary power ratio = ~13%
Pc = Pi+P
PlasmaQ
BlanketM
Generatore
Driving Systemd
Auxiliary System
anc
P= Pf / 5
Pi = d Pd
Pf + Pi
Pn
MPn
Pnet=(1-)Pe
Pe=ePth
Pth=Pc+MPn
Pd
Paux
Pcir=Pee
60MW0.5
1.13
120MW
3060MW
3372MW
0.41450MW
~5% 80MW
200MW
1250MW
Grid
Grid
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.4
Auxiliary power in power plantsAuxiliary power in power plants
Coal Oil Nuclear Fusion
Control system
Condensate water pump
Cooling water pump
Coal feeder Oil feeding pump
Coal crusher
Exhaust gas treatment system
Current drive / Auxiliary heating
Recirculation pumpMagnet cooling
Tritium handing
Others
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.5
Auxiliary power ratio of various systemAuxiliary power ratio of various system
SystemSystem Capacity Capacity [MW][MW]
utilization utilization of facilities of facilities
[%][%]
Auxiliary Auxiliary power ratio power ratio
[%][%]
FusionFusion 1,0001,000 7575 ~13.0~13.0
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission 1,0001,000 7575 3.43.4
Oil thermalOil thermal 1,0001,000 7575 6.16.1
LNG thermalLNG thermal 1,0001,000 7575 3.53.5
Coal thermalCoal thermal 1,0001,000 7575 7.47.4
HydroHydro 1010 4545 0.250.25
geothermalgeothermal 5555 6060 7.07.0
wind powerwind power 0.10.1 2020 1010
PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaic
utilityutility
homehome
1.01.0
0.0030.003
1515
1515
55
00
Source : 内山洋司;発電システムのライフサイクル分析,研究報告,(財)電力中央研究所 (1995)
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.6
Influence to the electric gridInfluence to the electric grid
Power demand in ITER standard operation scenario
Active power
P = ~300MW
dP/dt = ~230MW/s
Reactive power
Q > 600MVA
by on-site compensation
Qgrid = ~ 400MVA
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.7
Influence to the electric gridInfluence to the electric grid
Power generation is controlled byPower generation is controlled by
Time scale method Time scale method > ~10min ELD or manual > ~10min ELD or manual 3min< t < 10min AFC3min< t < 10min AFC < ~3min governor of each UNIT< ~3min governor of each UNIT (spinning reserve)(spinning reserve)
In Japan, usual value of spinning reserve is 3% of total generationIn Japan, usual value of spinning reserve is 3% of total generation
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.8
Influence to the power gridInfluence to the power grid
Calculation modelCalculation model
Thermal Generator
Demand
100km Transmission Line
Fusion Reactor
Hydroelectric Generator
10km
10km
Reference Capacity : 1000MVATransmission Voltage : 115kVSystem capacity : 7-15GWeImpedance per 100km : 0.0023+j0.0534[p.u.]Capacitance : jY/2 = j0.1076[p.u.]
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.9
Influence to the power gridInfluence to the power grid
Frequency fluctuationFrequency fluctuation
- 0.35
- 0.3
- 0.25
- 0.2
- 0.15
- 0.1
- 0.05
00 5 10 15 20 25 30
time(sec)frequency(Hz)
23MW/ sec77MW/ sec230MW/ sec
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.10
Influence to the power gridInfluence to the power grid Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW grid
Load change rate [MW/s] Load change rate [MW/s]
2323 7777 230230
Pe
ak Loa
d P
eak Lo
ad
[MW
][M
W]
130130 0.050.05 0.070.07 0.080.08
230230 0.080.08 0.150.15 0.160.16
330330 0.110.11 0.300.30 0.330.33
Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW grid
Load change rate [MW/s] Load change rate [MW/s]
2323 7777 230230
330330 0.030.03 0.050.05 0.060.06
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.11
Influence to the power gridInfluence to the power grid
The grid capacity of 10-20GW is required to supply startup power of The grid capacity of 10-20GW is required to supply startup power of ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more than the usual value ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more than the usual value (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is required (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is required
The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as response time The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as response time of each power unit is different.of each power unit is different.
Response speedResponse speed
HydroHydro fast 10~50%/minfast 10~50%/min
OilOil 5%/min 5%/min
CoalCoal slow 1%/min slow 1%/min
NuclearNuclear not allowed now in Japannot allowed now in Japan
Solar/WindSolar/Wind No responseNo response
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.12
Influence to the power gridInfluence to the power grid
8GW Grid with plant capacity ratio8GW Grid with plant capacity ratio
Nuclear:Thermal:Hydro = 28:58:14Nuclear:Thermal:Hydro = 28:58:14
- 1.2
- 1
- 0.8
- 0.6
- 0.4
- 0.2
00 20 40 60 80
time(sec)frequency(Hz)
230MW/ s77MW/ s23MW/ s
- 1.2
- 1
- 0.8
- 0.6
- 0.4
- 0.2
00 20 40 60 80
time(sec)
frequency(Hz)
230MW/ s77MW/ s23MW/ s
230MW230MW 330MW330MW
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.13
Electric Grid in JapanElectric Grid in Japan
Hokkaido5,345MW
579MW
Tokyo64,300MW
1,356MW
Chubu27,500MW
1,380MW
Hokuriku5,508MW
540MW
Kansai33,060MW
1,180MW
Chugoku12,002MW
820MW
Shikoku5,925MW
890MW
Kyushu17,061MW
1,180MW
Tohoku14,489MW
825MW
600MW
600MW
300MW
West Japan Grid60Hz, ~100GW
Utility NameUtility NameMax. demand (~2003)Max. demand (~2003)Largest Unit (Nuclear)Largest Unit (Nuclear)
DC connectionDC connection
East Japan Grid50Hz, ~80GW
Comb structure due to geographical reasonComb structure due to geographical reason
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.14
Demand change within the day Demand change within the day in the summer in the summer
De
ma
nd
(GW
)
HourHour
Grid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morningGrid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morning
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.15
Frequency deviation and grid capacityFrequency deviation and grid capacity
Fre
que
ncy
de
via
tion
fro
m r
efe
renc
e (
mH
z)
(min)Variation period
West Japan (~100GW)
UCPTE(~270GW)
ERCOT (~50GW) Texas
Western Interconnection (~140GW)
Eastern Interconnection (~500GW)
Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.16
ConclusionConclusion
The rate of change of active power requirement for additional heating The rate of change of active power requirement for additional heating is faster than the response time of electric grid. is faster than the response time of electric grid.
For a Fusion rector with 1GWe output, the grid capacity of 10~20GWe For a Fusion rector with 1GWe output, the grid capacity of 10~20GWe is required for safely supplying startup power. is required for safely supplying startup power.
By develop the slower increase of additional heating power (NBI, ECH, By develop the slower increase of additional heating power (NBI, ECH, ICRF …) and L-H transition scenario, which matches the response ICRF …) and L-H transition scenario, which matches the response time of electric grids, fusion reactor can be installed into more smaller time of electric grids, fusion reactor can be installed into more smaller grids.grids.
Developing above scenario also help the fusion reactor can be used Developing above scenario also help the fusion reactor can be used as middle load plants in the countries where there are many nuclear as middle load plants in the countries where there are many nuclear fission reactors for base-load plants.fission reactors for base-load plants.
In current calculation, reactive power is assumed to be supplied In current calculation, reactive power is assumed to be supplied locally. We will estimate the influence of it.locally. We will estimate the influence of it.