Nuclear Data in a Nutshell - Wright Laboratory · 2019-12-20 · Nuclear Science References (NSR):...
Transcript of Nuclear Data in a Nutshell - Wright Laboratory · 2019-12-20 · Nuclear Science References (NSR):...
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NuclearDatainaNutshell
LibbyMcCutchan
NationalNuclearDataCenterBrookhavenNationalLaboratory,NYUSA
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Takeawaymessage
Mainthingtotakeawayfromthistalk• WeworkforYOU!!
• Comments/suggestions/criticismsarewelcome• Ifyounoticeanerror,tellus
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courtesy of E. Browne (LBNL)
We’vecomealongway
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DoyouuseNuclearData?
• Ifyoueversimulatedadetectorresponse• Ifyoueversimulatedthenucleardecaysofmaterials• Ifyoueversimulatednucleosynthesis
Then you have used nuclear data• Ifyouworkwithanaccelerator• Ifyouuseelectricityfromanuclearpowerplant• Ifyouorsomeoneyouknoweverneededamedical
treatmentthatusedmedicalisotopes
Then someone else used nuclear data on your behalf
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Whatcomestomindwhenyouhear…
DatabaseEvaluator
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Adataevaluationis?
Takingaverages
Makingtables
Readingtheliterature
thus…BORING
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NuclearDataProgramLinkbetweenbasicscienceandapplications
needsdata:✦ complete✦ organized✦ traceable✦ readable
ApplicationCommunity
NuclearDataCommunity✦ compilation✦ evaluation✦ dissemination✦ archival
NuclearScienceCommunity• experiments• theory
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UsersofNuclearData?Applications,ApplicationsandMoreApplications
NuclearMedicineNuclearPower
DetectorSimulations
StockpileStewardship
HomelandSecurity
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USNuclearDataProgramThe mission of the United States Nuclear Data Program (USNDP) is to provide current,accurate, authoritative data for workers in pure and applied areas of nuclear science andengineering. This is accomplished primarily through the compilation, evaluation, dissemination,and archiving of extensive nuclear datasets. USNDP also addresses gaps in the data, throughtargeted experimental studies and the use of theoretical models.
SupportedbytheOfficeofNuclearPhysics,OfficeofScience,USDOE
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NationalNuclearDataCenter
www.nndc.bnl.gov
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Nucleardataare…Numericalvaluesofnuclearphysicsquantities
• Bibliographical- indexofpublications(partiallykey-worded)• Compiled- formattedandsearchablecollectionofpublished
results(typicallyexperimental)• Evaluated- recommendedvaluesobtainedusingallavailable
knowledge(assessmentofavailableexperimentaldatacombinedwithnucleartheorymodeling,supportedbyexperienceand,ifpossible,validationagainstintegralexperiments)
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TwomaineffortsinnucleardataThey are complementary and we support both
ENSDFENDFEvaluatedNuclear
DataFileEvaluatedNuclearStructureData
File
EXFORCompiledNuclearReactiondata
XUNDLCompiledNuclearStructuredata
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Nuclear Science References (NSR):226,000 nuclear physics articles indexed according to content. 3,300 articles added in FY17 from 80 journals.
EXFOR: Compiled nuclear reaction data, originally only for neutron-induced. Data from 100 articles added in FY17.
XUNDL: Compiled nuclear structure and decay data. Data from 325 articles added in FY17.
Data is compiled into databasesENSDF: Recommended nuclear structure and decay data for all 3,325 known nuclides.
ENDF: Recommended particle transport and decay data, with a strong emphasis on neutron-induced reaction data
Atlas of Neutron Resonances: 6th edition of the famed successor to BNL-325, contains neutron resonance parameters, thermal cross sections and average resonance parameters.
Evaluate data by combining all information into recommended values The USNDP’s primary goal is to get
the highest quality data to users
energyisotopessecurity science
www.nndc.bnl.gov
NuDat SIGMA EXFORsearches
Nuclear Data Sheets
Processing: Prepare data for use in application codes.
Validation: Test data in simulations of non-trivial, but well understood, nuclear systems.
Quality Assurance: The NNDC’s ADVANCE nuclear data continuous integration system ensures the quality of data by automatically testing each ENDF evaluation as soon as it is changed.
Collaborate with nuclear data community to get data ready for usersCode development: Actively develop codes that support our workArchive: Seek “abandoned” data and archive it before it is lostAddress gaps: Perform targeted experiments to address gaps in databases
Our work begins when data is (or should be) published
The USNDP main products and the nuclear data pipeline
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ExampleofourNuclearScienceReferences(NSR)database
Let’s say we want a list of articles that measured neutron induced fission cross sections on Uranium-235.
We could go to google scholar
(free)
Keywords
27,700 Results!
And the first articles, while very relevant, don’t have the experimental data we need!
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OrwecantryWebofScienceRequiressubscription…andnotparticularlyhelpful
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Search parameters
Alternatively,wecanuseNSR
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Description of the article
Link to journalLink to data
And you can only e-mail Boris Pritychenko or Joann Totans for free help (~200 e-mails/year)
NSRResult:289articles
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EvaluatedNuclearStructureDataFileENSDF3,333nuclides~10,000Reactions~4,200Decay
ItisUnique:OnlyNuclearDatabaseofthiskindintheworldItisComplete:All nucleiandall levelandradiationpropertiesItisVersatile:Feedsbackintobothbasicandappliedsciences
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ENSDFinaNutshellPropertiesofNuclei
Levelenergies,spin,parity,half-life,…Gamma-rayenergies,intensities,…
60Ni
Andhowtheydecay
Radiationenergies,intensities,decaymodes….
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WhydoweneedENDSF?
Widerangeofapplicationsrequiredecaydata
Inputforothernuclearphysicsfields
Arbiterofthe“Truth”
Half-lifeof6He
Usedinallspectroscopyaspects
Gamma Alpha
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ENSDFandFRIBENSDFisessentialforplanning,designing,performingandinterpretingFRIBexperiments
Asanexample:• Gamma-raysareroutinely
usedtoidentifyfragmentationproducts
• ENSDFistheonlyplacetosearchtheminlive-time
NuclearDataWorkingGroupestablishedwithinFRIBUsersOrganizationinordertodevelopdataneedsforFRIB
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ENSDFSearching
LevelsAndGammas
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Upgrades typically follow users recommendations
TheFriendlyFaceofENSDF
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ENDFinaNutshell
Cross section: related to the size of a nucleus
10-12cmProbabilityof“hitting”thenucleus~pR2
1 barn (b) = 10-24 cm2
Andhowtheyinteract
• Crosssectionasafunctionofincidentparticleenergy
• Energyandanglesofreactionproducts
• Neutronresonanceparameters
• Neutronmultiplicities• Fissionyields• ….
235U(n,g)235U(n,g)
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EvaluatedNuclearDataFile(ENDF)Data needed in many applications, for instance, design, operation and decommission nuclear reactors
235U(n,fission)
238U(n,g)
1H(n,n’)
235U(n,fission yields)
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Howtousethedatabases…
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WebDisseminationNNDCWebRetrievals
JapanEarthquakeFriday3/11/2011
About4.5millionperyear
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NuclearDataSheetsJournal• Beganin1966,currentlypublishedbyElsevier.• NNDCresponsibleforeditorialroleandmanagement• OriginalmissionwastopublishENSDFevaluationsand
RecentReferences(NSR).• Startingin2006,oneissueperyearisdevotedtonuclear
reactionrelatedarticles.• Unusualinthatwepublish~20manuscriptsperyear
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WalletCards
• Pocketreferenceforpropertiesofall3,333groundstatesandalsolong-livedisomers
• Updateto2018beingperformedaswespeak
• Mobileappbeingdeveloped
Forgroundstateandisomers
• Spin/parity• Massexcess• Half-life• Decaymode
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Example Application
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ne nµ
nt
Recent measurementsofθ13
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Anti-neutrinosfromreactors
Reactionthreshold:~1.8MeV
Reactorsarecopiousproducersofantineutrinos
Detectionthroughinversebdecayonproton𝜈"# + 𝑝 → 𝑒( + 𝑛
𝜎 ~10./0𝑚𝑏
But cross section is tiny !!
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Intensesourceofῡe
100tondetectors
q13
Distancefromreactor
2km
Daya BayResults
F.P.Anetal,Phys.Rev.Lett.115,111802(2015)
sin2(2q13)=0.084 (5)
400m
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Ornot?
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Andthenthestorygotmoreinteresting
Deficitinantineutrinosinallshortbaselineexperiments
Measured/P
redicted
Analysis of all experiments close to reactors
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AndthenthestorygotmoreinterestingRe-analysis + New Daya Bay results
Data/prediction=0.946+-0.022
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Andmoreinteresting
The“bump”:Anexcessofmeasuredantineutrinosrelativetopredictions
F.P.Anetal,Phys.Rev.Lett.116,061801(2016)
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Whataretheimplications?
Manypossibleexplanations
• PredictedAntineutrinospectrumisincorrect
• Experimentalbiasinallexperiments
• Newphysicsatshortbaselines
• Existenceofone(ormore)neutrinosbeyondthestandardmodel
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Understandingreactorνefluxisnuclearphysics
More than 800 nuclides produced
in the fission of 235U
235U
A problem at the top of the nuclear data pyramid.
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SimpleExample:137Cs
137Ba
137Cs
5%
95%
I(E)=NW(W2-1)1/2(W-W0)2 F(Z,W)C(Z,W)(1+d)
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Approachestocalculatingtheνe fluxAb-initioMethodorSummationMethod
IndividualBetaspectra FissionYields
ConversionMethod• Taketotal betaspectrumfromactinidesandconvertintoνe spectrum
• Theanomalyandbumpcomefromthismethod
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Summationfor235U
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Summationfor239Pu
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235U
37-Rb-92
39-Y-96
41-Nb–100
55-Cs-142
37-Rb-90
55-Cs-140
52-Te–135
38-Sr-95
239Pu
41-Nb-100
39-Y-96
37-Rb–92
55-Cs-140
55-Cs-142
38-Sr-95
52-Te-135
39-Y- 98m
241Pu
39-Y-96
41-Nb-100
55-Cs– 142
52-Te- 135
37-Rb-92
55-Cs- 140
53-I- 137
39-Y-99
238U
39-Y-96
37-Rb-92
41-Nb–100
55-Cs-142
52-Te-135
39-Y-99
55-Cs-143
53-I-138
MainContributorsat~5MeV
Top10contribute~60%totheoverallspectrumNewmeasurementsunderwaybasedonthesesensitivitystudies
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DissectingReactorAntineutrinoSpectraCanwedisentangleindividualisotopesfromthetotalspectrum?
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BetaDecayBasics
I(E)=NW(W2-1)1/2(W-W0)2 F(Z,W)C(Z,W)(1+d)
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Atreefromtheforest
Morethan800fissionfragmentsproduced!! AntineutrinoEnergy(MeV)
IBDspectrum
• “Finestructure”insummation• Conversionisfeatureless
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Atreefromtheforest
Morethan800fissionfragmentsproduced!!
Daya Bay
NEOS
“Dream”
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ASimplewaytoanalyze
𝑅5 =𝑆5𝑆5(/
Considerratioofadjacentpointsofthespectrum
Plottedasafunctionofaverageenergybin0.5*(Ei+Ei+1)
SeveralNuclei,addingup
SingleNucleus,sharpcut-off
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FinestructureinDaya Bay?
• Peakobservedaround4.5MeV
• Summationnotperfectbuttrendsarethere
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Nucleardataunderamicroscope
“Finestructure”canbeattributedtojust4nuclides
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Feedbackonourproducts
• WeworkforYOU!!• Comments/suggestions/criticismsarewelcome
• Ifyounoticeanerror,[email protected]
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Conclusions
Wearehereforyou!