NU Science Issue 4
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Transcript of NU Science Issue 4
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8/2/2019 NU Science Issue 4
1/24
7
EQSchaecaEitpfagspate Qehvatshpxs Ohtsp Schaeca Mgkg~hea
Pfa OhvaTavilqphiesi Fqmgehpx
Hssqa 0
PFHS HSSQA>Fx`ticgtdies Avatx{fata'
Pfa lgsp aoacps i pfa Dthphsf
Zaptilaqm Ihl Szhll%
Mgts Schaeca LgditgpitxGe EQ Spq`aep Ci-Izs it EGSG
Ge Hepatvha{ {hpf pfa CAI iPattgCxcla
Tavha{s
Qzcimhek Avaeps ge` MITA'
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8/2/2019 NU Science Issue 4
2/24
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[ALCLappat otimpfa A`hpit>
Falli Tag`ats'
Hm achpa` pi da {thphek pi xiq gs pfa tsp avat
EQ Schaeca A`hpit he Cfhao% Ztash aep Bthspheg
fgs zgssa` pfa pitcf pi ma pi da he cieptil io pfaciepaep io pfa vatx mgkg~hea xiq fil` he xiqt
fge`s% Pfgebs pi pfa {itb io mgex, hp hs wqhpa g
mgkg~hea% H fgva pi pfgeb gll mx {thpats, {fifgva zqp he pfa phma ge` pfa tasagtcf pi ctagpa oit
pfa zqdlhc g ogepgsphc zhaca io schaeca lhpatgpqta%
Eip pi da `aeha`, H eaa` pi pfgeb xiq, pfa tag`at,oit mgbhek pfhs mgkg~hea tagcf mita pfge nqsp
iqt zthepat% [fae H dacgma pfa lag` a`hpit, H{gepa` pi hmdqa iea pfhek> schaeca hs `hscivatx,
niqteglhsm hs `hscivatx% Pfa `hooataeca lhas ielx
he pfa ae` zti`qcp% Schaeca hepae`s pi avzlghe
fi{ iqt qehvatsa {itbs% Niqteglhsm hepae`s
pi heoitm pfa zqdlhc &xiq( io {fgp hs kihek ie
hesh`a io hp% He pfhs mgkg~hea, pfa p{i glhke% Iqt
va zgtp oagpqta fil`s schaephsps {fi ptgescae`a`
pfa schaephc cimmqehpx pi cfgeka pfa {gx {apfheb% Pfhs hs ei cihech`aeca pfgp H cfisa pfhs
pfama oit pfa ciepaep io pfa tsp hssqa H {gs
cfgtka` {hpf% Pfhs hs {fgp H {gep pi `i> heoitm
ge` aelhkfpae% H `iep ielx {gep pi lap xiq bei{gdiqp {fgp fgzzaes he pfa al` io schaeca, H {gep
hp pi aooacp ge` hmztiva xiqt vha{ io pfa {itl`%
Pfgeb xiq, ge` aenix,
Ngmas Zaatlass
[fgps daa
Mgx 4:7:
Pfa A-Digt`>
G oa{ cittacphies otim iqt lgsp hssqa%%%
A`hpit-he-Cfhao
Ngmas Zaatlass
- Oiats Agphek Gehmgls Ztivh`as Qehwqa Heshkfp hepi pfa Ciecazp io g _ak-
apgthge @hap {gs {thppae dx Sg`ha Lgek
- Ge`tag @a`iegpis zhaca ie ma`hcgl scfiil g`mhsshies {gs magep pi da
lgdala` gs Iz-A`
EQSch gzilikh~as oit gex attit it ciehcp gthshek pfatahe%
Ciepthdqpits pi pfhs miepfs hssqa>Cfgtlippa Dgtbat, Bthspheg @agb, Bxla @aat{aspat, Pgtg @fhektg, PggthbgKaitka, Alh~gdapf Khldatp, Ngcwqalhea Lgh, Dthge Lapiqteagq, Ngba IEahll,
Ngmas Zaatlass, Amhlx Seag`, Nae Pgtegcbh
[gep pi saa xiqt egma ie pfhs lhsp9 Kap hevilva`' [a maap [a`eas`gxs
gp ;>3: he Tiim 4: H_% Amghl qs gp eqschaecamgkJkmghl%cim, cfacb iqp
iqt dlik fppz>))eqsch%{aadlx%cim ge` othae` qs ie ogcadiib'
Fxticgtdies Avatx{fata'[fgp fgzzaes pi ihl {fae hp aepats pfa {gpat cilqm
Hepatvha{ {hpf Pim S~gbx
CAI io PattgCxcla
Sactapgtx
Ge`tag @a`iegpi4
Ztash`aep
Bthspheg @agb
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8/2/2019 NU Science Issue 4
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IMA DGCB'fgzzaehek {fhla xiq {ata
g{gx%%%
Qz`gpas otim EQSchaeca@agt Tag`at,
[alcima dgcb' Tag`x it eip, hps phma oit clgssas pi dakhe gkghe% Phma pi zqp g{gx pfa sqesctaae ge` zhcb qz pfgp itki diib% Hps
phma oit g otasf spgtp ge` otasf ogcas, ge` fata gp EQSch, {ata amdtgchek hp%
[ava daae {itbhek fgt` ivat pfa sqmmat pi tavhsa iqt mgkg~hea ge` {ata sqta xiqll aenix pfa tasqlp% [a sptiva pi hectagsapfa hepallacpqgl hepakthpx io iqt gtphclas, {hpfiqp `hmhehsfhek pfaht gccasshdhlhpx% [a a`hpa` iqp ivatgll sptqcpqta pi mgba pfa ciepaep
mita talavgep pi pfa spq`aep schaephsp ge` pi amdi`x pfa heeivgpa szhthp io pfa Eitpfagspate cimmqehpx% [a glsi tavgmza` iqt
ktgzfhcs pi mgba iqt zti`qcp dipf vhsqgllx aooacphva ge` hepqhphva%
Oqtpfatmita, {a {alcima Ngmas Zaatlass gs iqt ea{ A`hpit-he-Cfhao% Fa fgs daae g `a`hcgpa` a`hpit oit pfa zgsp xagt ge` H fgva
oqll cie`aeca pfgp fa {hll falz pgba iqt mgkg~hea pi pfa eap laval%
H fiza xiqll liib gp iqt mgkg~hea gs g ktagp zlgca pi azge` xiqt bei{la`ka ge` azathaeca iqpsh`a pfa clgsstiim% Gs gl{gxs,
{a {alcima xiqt sqkkasphies ge` hezqp% [a gta gl{gxs liibhek oit ea{ h`ags ge` ea{ ciepthdqpits, si spiz dx iqt maapheks ge`
kap hevilva`'
-Bthspheg @agb
Ztash`aep
Sazpamdat 4:7:
Kaeatgl Ciepaep A`hpits
Bxla @aat{aspat
Amhlx Seag`
Hepatvha{s ge`
Tavha{s A`hpit
Alh~gdapf Khldatp
@ashke Pagm
Dtg` [asp &_Z(
Shmie ^almge
Pggthbg Kaitka
Ptagsqtat
Ehcila Smhpf
Pfa 1 Tavilqphies io Fqmgehpx
Pfa Mgts Schaeca LgditgpitxGe EQ Spq`aep Ci-Izs oit EGSG
Tavha{ ioDg` Schaec
dx Dae Kil`gcta
Pfa va h`ags pfgp tavilqphieh~a`
pfa {gx {a pfheb
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8/2/2019 NU Science Issue 4
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Fx`ticgtdies
Avatx{fata'[fgp fgzzaes pi ihl {fae hp aepats pfa {gpat cilqme9
Ie Gzthl 4:pf, pfa Kqlo io Mahci {gs cfgeka` oitavat%Mhllhies io dgttals io ctq`a ihl fgva helptgpa` pfa acisxs-pam sheca pfgp phma gs {itbats sptqkkla` pi zlqk pfa {all% Dqp
ei{ pfgp g silqphie gzzagts pi da he zlgca, iea mqsp sphll gsb,
{fgp gdiqp gll pfa ihl sphll iqp pfata9 [fgp fgzzaes pi ihl {faehp tsp fhps pfa {gpat, ge` fi{ liek hs hp kihek pi spgx gtiqe`9
Hs pfhs simapfhek pfgp {hll ciepgmhegpa pfa Kqlo oit `acg`as,it {hll hp da pfa mgppat io g tiqkf sagsie it p{i he pfa cim-
hek xagts9 Ge` io ciqtsa, pfa cimmie avhl, gta pfa cfamhcgl
`hszatsgeps {a qsa kihek pi mgba
pfheks {itsa9
Dlgcb kil`, dlgcb sfaazPfata hs ei `aexhek Gmat-
hcg fgs g `gekatiqs g``hcphie {hpf
ihl, ge g``hcphie pfgp {hll lag` pi
mgex mita tqheiqs `hsgspats, hepat-
egphiegl gtkqmaeps, ge` tgzh` zthca
qcpqgphies daoita {a gta zqtka` io
hp% Dqp {fgp agcplx hs pfhs qh` pfgptqes pftiqkf pfa vahes io he`qspthgl-h~gphie9
Ctq`a ihl hs g cimzla mh io pfiqsge`s io vgtxhek
cfamhcgl cimzieaeps, 81! io {fhcf gta fx`ticgtdies% Pfa
pftaa mghe clgssas io fx`ticgtdies ztasaep gta glbgeas, cxl-
ciglbgeas, ge` gtaeas, pfiqkf pfaht pivhchpx ge` zipaecx tgeka
otim lhkfp mgpathgls lhba ztizgea pi fagvx cimziqe`s lhba gs-
zfglpaeas ge` {gvas% Pfa tamghehek 1! io pfa sqdspgeca hs
gppthdqpa` pi ixkae, ehptikae, sqloqt, ge` ptgcas io gdiqp opx
ipfat alamaeps% Daoita dahek `hspthdqpa` pi ciesqmats, ctq`a
ihl hs taea` hepi lhkfp ge` fagvx ogcphies, {fhcf pfae dacima
pfa ae` zti`qcps io zaptil, `hasal oqal, apc%
Smgll ciecaeptgphies &7-7: zgtps zat dhllhie( io dgcb-
ktiqe` fx`ticgtdies gta qdhwqhpiqs he pfa mgthea aevhtiemaep%
Pfaht siqtcas heclq`a izatgphiegl `hscfgtkas otim sfhzs, lge`-
dgsa` `hscfgtkas otim tig`s, sa{at, ge` he`qspthgl shpas, egpq-
tgl saazs, ghtditea cimdqsphie zti`qcps, ge` otim itkgehsms
pfamsalvas% Fi{avat, pfa asphmgpa` 7:: mhllhie kgllies io ihl
szhlla` hepi pfa icage he ge gvatgka xagt alavgpas pfaht `asptqc-
phva zipaephgl ge` ivatgll pihchpx io pfa aevhtiemaep%
Mipfat Egpqta gp [itbGs siie gs ihl piqcfas {gpat, g sathas io zfxshcgl, cfamh-
cgl, ge` dhilikhcgl zticassas gta hehphgpa` pi `asptix, mapgdilh~a, `a-
zishp, ge` ptgesoitm pfa pihe hepi sgoat cimziqe`s% Cillacphvalx
patma`, {agpfathek, pfa aochaecx io pfa ktiqz `azae`s lgtkalx
ie pfa vhscishpx ge` zatshspaecx io pfa ihl% Ctq`a ihl, lhba pfgp `hs-cfgtka` he pfa Kqlo, hs pfa misp hocqlp oit Mipfat Egpqta pi fge`la
ie fat i{e, ge` kaeatgllx tawqhtas sima sitp io amatkaecx clage-qz
tasziesa%
[fae ihl hs tsp szhlla` hp {hll sztag`
iqp gliek pfa icage sqtogca% He g tacaep
gtphcla he Ioosfita Aevhtiemaep, hp {gs
cglcqlgpa` pfgp g lhwqh` pie io ihl {hll
`hszatsa ivat g tg`hqs io 1: mapats {hpf
g `azpf io 7: mhllhmapats {hpfhe 7: mhe-
qpas% Pfa pfheeat pfa ihl cge sztag`, pfamita aooacphvalx ipfat macfgehsms io
{agpfathek cge {itb%[hpfhe pfa tsp oa{ `gxs he g {gtm clh-
mgpa, avgzitgphie cge th` pfa {gpat iopfa lhkfp ge` vilgphla cimzieaeps io pfa
ihl% Pfasa cimziqe`s cge cimzthsa qzpi 0:! io pfa szhll% [gvas cge cgqsa pfa fagvhat cimzieaeps pi
`hszatsa otim pfa ithkhegl slhcb hepi smgllat `tizlaps, {fhcf gta pfae
cgttha` he pfa {gpat cilqme% [gpat-silqdla cimzieaeps io pfa ihl,
sqcf gs dae~aea ge` pilqaea, mgx pfae da `hssilva` `qa pi fhkfat
sqtogca gtag azisqta% 7:-3:! io pfa ihl {hll sheb pi pfa sag iit
ge` da gdsitda` dx pfa sa`hmaep% Fata, `aktg`gphie cge fglp glmisp
aephtalx qa pi fxzivhc cie`hphies, ge` pfa ihl mgx zatshsp oit xagts%
Cfamhcgl ivh`gphie iccqts {fae ihl tagcps {hpf ivxkae
ge` ahpfat `aktg`as pi silqdla zti`qcps it oitms zatshspaep pgts%Pfhs hs ge hecta`hdlx sli{ zticass, ge` avae {hpf sptiek sqelhkfp
ge` zatoacp cie`hphies ielx :%7! {hll da aciesptqcpa` zat gx% Pfa
pgt dglls sfi{e {gsfa` qz ie pfa cigsps io Olith`g ge` Liqhshgeg gta
pfa tasqlp io pfa ih`gphie ge` amqlshcgphie io ctq`a ihl%
Geipfat hmzitpgep {agzie he pfa icages gtsaegl hs phex
mhctidas pfgp cge mapgdilh~a pfa ihl% Lqcbhlx oit qs, pfa Kqlo hs g
ktagp dtaa`hek ktiqe` oit pfam% G cimdhegphie io {gtm {gpat ge`
pfa ztavglaeca io ihl otim egpqtgl saazs ge` ztavhiqs lagbs fgva
glli{a` g clgss io zaptilaqm-livhek dgcpathg pi avilva% Iea sqcf
sqzat-fati hs Glcgehvitg ditbqmaeshs, ti`-sfgza` dgcpathg pfgp
`imhegpas ciepgmhegpa` {gpat{gxs% Hp fgs g`izpa` eival macfg-
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ehsms pi `hkasp dipf itkgehc ge` heitkgehc ehptikae, gs {all gspfa ztavglaep fx ticgtdies% Tacaeplx, g ktiqz gp pfa Katmge
Tasagtcf Caepat oit Dhipacfeilikx fgs `aciesptqcpa` hps kaeima
hepi 3 mhllhie dgsa zghts he ge aooitp pi qe`atspge` fi{ pi fgteass
pfa itkgehsm oit oqpqta clage-qzs%
Xiq mg`a pfa mass, ei{ clage hp qz'@aszhpa hps dasp aooitps, avatx sxspam fgs g cgpgclxsmhc
phzzhek zihep daxie` {fhcf hp cge ei liekat fge`la ge heq% Hphs fata pfgp mge mqsp spaz he% Assaephgllx, gll fqmge aooitps gta
`ashkea` pi cimzlhmaep egpqtgl zticassas ge` pi szaa` pfa aooacps
io {agpfathek% Pfa liekat pfa ihl tamghes he pfa {gpat, pfa ktagpat
cfgeca oit ciepgmhegphie io lgtvga, sf, ge` pfa aephta acisxspam%
Iea io pfa misp cieptivatshgl ge` {h`asztag` mapfi`s
{a qsa pi clage qz szhlls hs pfa gzzlhcgphie io cfamhcgl `hszat-sgeps% Ihl `hszatsgeps gta
cimzlav dlae`s io p{i cim-zieaeps% Pfa tsp hs g mh-
pqta io sqtogcpgeps pfgp cge
amqlshox it sqszae` pfa ihl
he pfa {gpat% Pfa sacie` hs
g fx`ticgtdie-dgsa` sil-vaep mhpqta pfgp cge dtagb
qz pfa mita vhsciqs ihl% He
pfhs {gx, pfa `hszatsgeps cge
falz pi dtagb pfa ihl slhcbs
hepi smgllat otgkmaeps pfgp
cge pfae da {agpfata` mita
aooacphvalx% [fhla pfa likhc
hs siqe`, pfa aevhtiemaepgl
hmzlhcgphies cge da ptiqdla-
sima%
Pi `gpa, qz pi 4 mhllhie kgllies io `hszatsgep fgs daae
talagsa` hepi pfa Kqlo% Pfa cfamhcgl qsa`, Citavhp 81:: {gs
spq`ha` dx pfa Egphiegl Caepat oit Cimzqpgphiegl Pivhcilikx, g
`hvhshie io pfa AZG, he Nqea% Glpfiqkf oiqe` pi da dali{ spgpa`
magsqtas oit pivhchpx ge` fitmieas, pfa pasphek `h` eip iccqt he
pfa izae icage% He g``hphie, pfa sqdspgeca fgsep daae paspa` {hpf
fhkf-ztassqta gzzlhcgphies, oit liek-patm aooacps, it oit hps aooacps
ie icagehc szachas% Cqttaep avh`aeca sqkkasps pfgp `hszatsgeps
cge kap ptgzza` he dap{aae pfa sfalls io li{-laval mamdats io pfa
oii` cfghe gs {all gs he lgtvga% Gs xiq miva qz pfa oii` cfghe,
pfa ciesawqaecas io pfhs ciepgmhegphie ciql` da cimziqe`a`,
shmhlgt pi matcqtx zihsiehek%
Hp mqsp da eipa` fi{avat, pfgp pfhs mapfi` hs iea io pfa
misp aooacphva cqttaeplx qsa` gp mivhek pfa ihl otim pfa hmma`h-
gpa acisxspam% Cfamhcgl avh`aeca ahsps pfgp pfa ztasaeca io pfa
`hszatsgeps hs sphll dappat ge` mita mgegkagdla pfge pfa ztasaeca
io pfa ctq`a ihl% Pfqs, g pfaitx io pfa lassat io avhls cge da am-
zlixa`%
Ihl hs g cimzla sqdspgeca {fisa `aktg`gphie cge `a-zae` qzie g vgthapx io vgthgdlas% Avatxpfhek otim pfa cieshs-
paecx io pfa cimziqe` talagsa` pi pfa avpaep io ticbx sfitalhea
ztasaep cge hmzgcp hps `hsshzgphie tgpa% Hps alhmhegphie cge pgba
gex{fata otim g oa{ `gxs pi 3: xagts% He pfa zticass, fqe`ta`s
io szachas io {hl`lhoa mgx da gooacpa` `qa pi `asptqcphie io fgdh-
pgp, cfamhcgl zihsiehek, it ciesawqaep tazti`qcphva cimzlhcg-
phies% Pfqs, avae gopat pfa ihl fgs
daae tamiva`, hp hs hmzisshdla pi
sgx pfgp pfa acisxspam ciql` avat
tapqte pi eitmgl, izphmgl lavals%
-Bthspheg @agb,Dhicfamhsptx, Clgss io 4:74
%%hp {gs cglcqlgpa` pfgp g lhwqh` pie io ihl
{hll `hszatsa ivat g tg`hqs io 1: mapats
{hpf g `azpf io 7: mhllhmapats {hpfhe 7:
mheqpas%
1
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8/2/2019 NU Science Issue 4
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Hepatvha{s
Dae Kil`gcta, M@, hs g ma`hcgl
ztioasshiegl ge` {thpat ogmiqs oit fhs
baae saesa io saahek pftiqkf eiesaesh-cgl, schaephc-siqe`hek og`s ztasaepa` pi
pfa zizqlgphie ge` avzishek pfaht hecie-
shspaechas% He fhs misp tacaep {itb, Dg`
Schaeca, Kil`gcta civats g {h`a gttgxio saamheklx schaeca-dgsa` pizhcs pfgp
ztiva qe`aehgdlx attieaiqs% G zatsiegl
ogvithpa {gs pfa sacie` cfgzpat aephpla`
Dtghe Kxm, g zizqlgt ea{ mapfi`
io sqzzisa` dtghe-sptaekpfaehek avat-
chsas pfgp gta dahek qsa` he alamaepgtx
scfiils gctiss pfa QB% Kil`gcta `apghls
catpghe dtagpfhek pacfehwqas pfgp gta
qsa` he pfhs cqtthcqlqm ge` avzlghes fi{
pfa sqkkaspa` tasqlps gta zfxshilikhcgllxhmzisshdla pi gcfhava% Fa `ascthdas ge
aatchsa pfgp hevilvas tqddhek szachc
ziheps ie pfa di`x pfgp sqzzisa`lx gcph-
vgpas dtghe dqppies% Kil`gcta eakgpaspfhs ztgcphca {hpf g `tx {hp pfgp cgzpqtas
fhs `hspgspa oit pfa schaephc hecieshs-
paechas io pfa sxspam, Cfhl`tae cge da
`hskqsphek, ge` iopae pfax cge `avaliz
avptgit`hegtx pglaeps, dqp Hm xap pi maap
gex cfhl` {fi cge sphmqlgpa fhs cgtiph`
gtpathas hesh`a fhs thdcgka% Pfgps ztid-
gdlx kihek pi eaa` pfa sfgtz schssits pfgp
ielx mqmmx cge qsa% &70(%
Geipfat cfgzpat sfa`s lhkfp
ie pfa izphmhsphc clghms mg`a dx pfa
cismaphc he`qsptx he takgt` pi pfa ao-oacphvaeass io pfaht zti`qcps% Kil`g-
cta avzlghes pfgp pfhs he`qsptx hs mqcf
mita tasiqtcaoql he ctagphek dg` sch-
aeca pfge pfa ctagpits io Dtghe Kxm`qa pi pfa fagvx takqlgphies zlgca` ie
pfam dx pfa kivatemaep% Pfaht g`vat-phshek mapfi`s ge` schaephc clghms
fgva pi da g ktagp `agl mita cgtaoqllx
{it`a`% Pfa gqpfit clgthas pfgp pfa
cismaphc cimzgehas gppamzp pi sall
xiq avptgit`hegtx zti`qcps dx zlgc-
hek hekta`haeps sqcf gs TiC TapheilCittahie it Paesaqt Zazph`hwqa _ak-
apgl% Dgshcgllx, sptiek cfamhcgls sqcfgs glzfg-fx`tix gch`s fgva ztivae
aooacphva he ctagphek g mita xiqpfoql
gzzagtgeca he fhkf ciecaeptgphies%
Fi{avat, sqcf fhkf ciecaeptgphies io
pfasa cfamhcgls cge fgva `apthmae-
pgl aooacps pi g zatsies faglpf% Gc-
cit`heklx, pfax gta clisalx takqlgpa`
pi aesqta pfa sgoapx io pfa ciesqmat%
Cismaphc cimzgehas ciepheqa pi qsa
pfasa cfamhcgls he smgll `isas he pfaht
zti`qcps he pfa fizas pfgp pfa ciesqm-
Pfa 1pf Geeqgl Sxmzishqm ie
Gkhek {gs fispa` dx Fgtvgt` Ma`hcgl
Scfiil ie Nqea 47sp, ge` oagpqta` szagb-
ats otim gctiss pfa ciqeptx `hscqsshek g
tgeka io pizhcs ciecatea` {hpf pfa dhil-
ikx io gkhek% He pfa zgsp caepqtx gliea,
pfa gvatgka lhoa azacpgecx he pfa Qehpa`Spgpas fgs thsae dx ??%1!2 otim 0; pi
;6%40 xagts%% Pfhs `tgsphc hectagsa ztas-
aeps ea{ ztidlams oit schaephsps ge` ic-
pits pi hevasphkgpa% Pfa hectagsa cge da
zthmgthlx gppthdqpa` pi pfa ta`qcphie io
heogep `agpfs, {fhcf he pqte mages pfata
hs ge gkhek zizqlgphie {hpf ge gttgx io
ea{ ma`hcgl hssqas% Pfa misp cimmie
cgqsa io `agpf he pfa Q%S% he 78::
zeaqmiehgfgs sheca daae tazlgca`
{hpf fagtp `hsagsa% Ipfat cimzlhcgphie
gssichgpa` {hpf gkhek sqcf gs `hgdapasGl~fahmats, ge` GLS &Liq Kafthk
`hsagsa( fgva miva` pi oitaotiep ge` gta
g `thvhek oitca dafhe` mqcf io pfa ta
sagtcf pgbhek zlgca pi`gx% Gll io pfas
pizhcs, gmiek ipfats, {ata civata` ivapfa ciqtsa io pfa `gx ge` ztasaepa` pi ge
agkat gq`haeca io schaephsps ge` spq`aep
glhba%
Pfa sxmzishqm fispa` g pipg
io ahkfp szagbats, agcf iea dthekhek g
qehwqa sbhll sap ge` pfitiqkf tasagtcf
{hpfhe pfaht al`% [fhla pfa pizhcs i
agcf ztasaepgphie {ata he`aa` `hooat
aep, pfata {ata sima dq~~{it`s pfg
mg`a pfaht {gx hepi savatgl io pfa zta
Fgtvgt` Ma`hcgl Scfiil
Sxmzishqm ie Gkhek
at {hll pfheb pfax gta aooacphva, {fae pfax
gta gcpqgllx talgphvalx qsalass he sqcf ptgcagmiqeps%
Pfa gqpfit kias ie pi g``tass g{h`a tgeka io `hsctazgechas he pfa al` io
fimaizgpfx, pfa zfgtmgcaqphcgl he`qsptx,
ge` catpghe clghms mg`a dx eqpthphiehsps%
Kil`gctas hepallhkaep, fqmitiqs ge` tal-avgep {thphek spxla hs dipf cgzphvgphek ge`
heoitmgphva% Fa wqasphies pfa vglh`hpx io
pfasa he`qspthas pftiqkf pfa qsa io tasagtcf
ge` hevasphkgphie hepi pfa clghms, sptass-hek pi pfa tag`at pfgp g schaephc `aktaa hs
eip eacassgthlx eaa`a` pi shop pftiqkf pfavatdisa {it`hek ge` pacfehcgl vicgdq-
lgtx qsa` dx pfasa he`qspthas% Tgpfat, gex
ciesqmat cge `hsphekqhsf dg` schaeca
pftiqkf pfa qsa io cimmie saesa ge` dxcieschiqslx gvih`hek pfa gsfx `hsptgc-
phie io schaephc vicgdqlgtx% Pfhs diib hs
g mqsp-tag` oit schaephsps, ciesqmats ge`
gexiea hepataspa` he lagtehek fi{ pi `apat-
mhea pfa cta`hdhlhpx io pfa clghms mg`a dx
vgthiqs he`qspthas he pi`gxs mgtbap%
-Alh~gdapf Khldatp, Faglpf Schaecas 4:74
?
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ge` Tavha{s
Schaeca-Dgsa` Ma`hchea DlikPfa dlik phpla` shmzlx gs Schaeca-
Dgsa` Ma`hchea glli{s oit g qehwqa mhv io
zfxshchges pi tavha{ ge` zisp tasziesas pi
ea{ pizhcs ge` `hscivathas he ma`hchea% [hpf
cgpakithas tgekhek otim gcqzqecpqta pi cge-
cat pi zfgtmgcaqphcgls, Schaeca-Dgsa` Ma`h-
chea hs g vgtha` ge` hepatasphek siqtca oit cqt-
taep tasagtcf% Pfa dlik hs qz`gpa` {hpf g ea{
zisp avatx {aab`gx% Pfa a`hpithgl spgoo io
Schaeca-Dgsa` Ma`hchea hs lgtkalx cimzhla`
io zfxshchges {fi avgmhea clghms pfgp pfaxdalhava gta qeschaephc it zsaq`ischaephc%
Pfax `hscqss ge` taszie` pi pfasa clghmsotim pfa vha{zihep pfgp ma`hchea dgsa` ie
pfa avh`aeca io fgt` schaeca hs ogt mita cta`-hdla {fae mgbhek schaephc clghms% Pfa dlik
szachcgllx pgtkaps pfa vglqa io al`s sqcf gs
zsxcfilikx, {fhcf pfax `qd g zsaq`isch-
-Cfgtlippa Dgtbat, Faglpf Schaecas 4:74
saepgphies% Spam call tasagtcf, ih`gphva
mapgdilhsm &otaa tg`hcgl pfaitx(, ge` pfa fq-
mge gqpizfgkx sxspam {ata ahpfat oagpqta`
it maephiea` he mqlphzla avzathmaeps, ge`
cittaszie`a` ehcalx {hpf @t% [ae`x SmhpfsTakqlgpitx Call Dhilikx ciqtsa gp Eitpfagsp-
ate% Sima io pfa szagbats {ata mita aekgk-
hek pfge ipfats, ge` sima pizhcs saama` dap-
pat sqhpa` oit ge qe`atktg`qgpa dhilikx mgnit
sqcf gs mxsalo% Pfata {ata p{i ztasaepg-
phies pfgp zgtphcqlgtlx zhwqa` mx hepatasp, ge`
la` ma pi saab iqp g``hphiegl heoitmgphie%
@t% Alghea Oqcfs spq`ha` azhpfalhgl
spam calls, oicqshek ie fght oillhclas ge` fght
liss `qthek gkhek% Sfa h`aepha` pfa p{i
mgnit shkeglhek zgpf{gxs pfgp cieptil spam
call gcphvgphie[ep ge` Dmzge` fi{
pfaht takqlgphie sphmqlgpas spam call ztilho-
atgphie% Oqtpfatmita, sfa hsilgpa` pfa SIV8
dhimgtbat gs pfa cthphcgl cimzieaep io pfasa
call lheas% He pfa gdsaeca io SIV8, lgd mhca
{ata cimzlapalx dgl` ge` {ata sli{at pi ta-
zght azh`atmgl `gmgka% Fat tasagtcf hs ei{gp pfa zihep io `apatmhehek fi{ SIV8 cge da
mgehzqlgpa` he fqmges pi ztavaep fght liss
ge` ztimipa faglhek pi pfa azh`atmhs% Sfa
cieclq`a` dx spgphek pfa kigl io fat oqpqta
tasagtcf hs pi saa ho hp hs zisshdla pi he`qca
SIV8 zti`qcphie pi aefgeca spam call
ztilhoatgphie `qthek gkhek%
Gl~fahmats `hsagsa, g `av-
gspgphek hlleass pfgp gooacps mhllhies io
Gmathcges, {gs pfa mghe oicqs io @t%Lh-Fqah Psghs spq`x% Psgh avgmhea`
F@GC4, g bax ztipahe hevilva` he cik-
ehphie, lagtehek, ge` mamitx% F@GC4
dhe`s pi ztimipats io mamitx gssichgpa`
kaeas, ge` cgqsas g liss io eaqtie cie-
eacphies% Psgh ptagpa` lgd mhca {hpf si-
`hqm dqpxtgpa &ge F@GC hefhdhpit(, ge`
idsatva` ge hectagsa` eqmdat io `ae-
`thpas ge` sxegzsas% [fae F@GC4 {gs
hefhdhpa`, cikehphva oqecphie {gs mqcf
fhkfat, ge` ivatgll eaqti`akaeatgphie
`actagsa`% Pfhs e hek cge da ctqchgl
pi oqpqta ptagpmaep io Gl~fahmats, ge`
hs cqttaeplx dahek paspa` pi `apatmhea ho
hp fgs g ztgcphcgl gzzlhcgphie%
Ivatgll, pfa aephta sxmzishqm
{gs vatx heoitmgphva ge` sfa` g lhkfp ie
g lip io pfa mi`ate hssqas ogchek call dh-
ilikhsps% Hp hs fal` geeqgllx he pfa szthek
ge` hs fhkflx tacimmae`a` oit gexiea
saabhek pi lagte mita gdiqp pfa schaeca
io gkhek ge` faglpfx lhoaspxla cfihcas piztavaep pfa aooacps io gkhek% Oit mita
heoitmgphie gdiqp pfhs xagts sxmzi-
shqm ge` qz`gpas takgt`hek eavp xagts
`gpa, vhshp>
{{{%fms%fgtvgt`%a`q)gkhektasagtcf)
zgkas)klaeesxmzishqm%- Ngba IEahll, Dhilikx, Clgss io 4:77
hps lakhphmgcx% Avatx dlik zisp ehsfas
{hpf g clagt siqtca lhsp oit pfa tag`at pi
taoataeca, {hpf pfa gssqtgeca pfgp pfa he-
oitmgphie wqipa` hs gccqtgpa% He kaeatgl,
pfa dlik, Schaeca-Dgsa` Ma`hchea, zti-vh`as g kii` siqtca oit qz-pi-`gpa ea{s
ie pfa schaephc sh`a io ma`hchea% Fi{-avat, tag`ats sfiql` da oita{gtea` pfgp
pfa a`hpits fgva vatx sptiek izhehies ge`
gta tag`x pi adgpa pfa heavfgqsphdla mg-
pathgl%
fppz>)){{{%schaecadgsa`ma`hchea%itk)
aeca, ge` wqasphies pfa eieschaephc avh-`aeca pfgp sqcf al`s gccqmqlgpa% Mgex
io pfa dlik zisps `hscqss tacaep ea{s ge`tasagtcf `avalizmaeps he pfa QS, oicqshek
gtiqe` pfa pizhcs io dhipacfeilikx, ma`h-
chea ge` zfgtmgcaqphcgls% Hp sfiql` da
eipa` pfgp pfa misp hepatasphek gszacp io pfa
dlik hs pfa tasziesa sacphie io agcf aeptx%
Mgex io pfa taszie`ats fgva vha{ziheps
pfgp `hooat otim pfa gqpfits io pfa dlik
aeptx, {fhcf heavhpgdlx lag`s pi fagpa` `a-
dgpas% Cimmaepgpits `hscqss {fi hs thkfp
ge` {tiek, {fgp sfiql` da `iea gdiqp pfa
hssqa `hscqssa` ge` ea{ h`ags gdiqp pfa
pizhc gp fge`, {fhcf simaphmas saam pikhva mita heshkfp hepi pfa pizhc pfge pfa
zisp `h` gliea% [fhla agcf gtphcla hs `a-
ehpalx izhehiegpa`, pfata hs ei wqasphie io
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Qzcxclhekhs pfa ea{
Pfisa ea{ ztap~al M/Ms- `alhchiqs, thkfp9 Cfgecas gta gopat `aviqthek pfisa cficilgpa ptagps, xiqztidgdlx &fizaoqllx( pfta{ pfa {tgzzat iqp he g kgtdgka sima
{fata, eavat pi da saae gkghe% Dqp {fata {hll pfhs {tgzzat ae`qz9 Kqass xiq `h`ep pfheb gdiqp pfgp%
PattgCxcla, g cimzgex dgsa` iqp io Ptaepie, Ea{ Nat
sax cge ges{at pfhs iea% Avatx xagt {a zti`qca dhllhies ge` dhl
lhies io pies io kgtdgka pfgp {hll avaepqgllx ae` qz he lge`lls
Kgtdgka hs eip kihek g{gx, si {fgp gta {a pi `i {fae iqt agtpf
dacimas civata` he hp9 Pfhs hs {fata PattgCxcla cimas he% Pfah
mghe kigl hs pi baaz kgtdgka iqp io lge`lls dx pgbhek ptgsf ge`
pqtehek hp hepi ea{ zti`qcps% Iea mgx ciesh`at pfhs tacxclhek
dqp hp hs gcpqgllx g ciecazp bei{e gs qzcxclhek% Pfa `hooataec
hs pfa {gx he {fhcf pfa zti`qcps gta taqsa`% Dx tacxclhek, pfa il`
zti`qcp hs dtibae `i{e ge` mg`a hepi g cimzlapalx ea{ zti`
qcp% Gs {a bei{, mgex zti`qcps cgeeip da tacxcla`% Qzcxclhekie pfa ipfat fge`, cge da pghlita` pi g vgthapx io ipfat zti`qcps
ge` baazs pfa {gspa mgpathgl hepgcp, qshek lhppla pi ei g``hphiegaeatkx%
Pfa cimzgex {gs g tasqlp io Pim S~gbx &saa hepatvha{
ge` fhs aeciqepat {hpf pfa h`ag io itkgehc oatphlh~at mg`a iqp io
{itm ziiz% Pfa {itms {ata oa` {gspa` oii`, ge` he pqte pfah
ziiz ciql` da qsa` gs oatphlh~at% [fae liibhek oit g {gx pi mgt
bap sqcf g zti`qcp, fa pqtea` pi qsa` si`g dipplas ge` sztgxats g
g {gx pi zgcbgka hp% @ihek nqsp pfhs, pfata {gs ei {gspa avatx
cimzieaep pfgp {aep hepi sqcf g zticass ciepthdqpa` pi pfa ae`
tasqlp% Gs fa spgpas ie fhs {adshpa, Iea sxspams kgtdgka hs nqs
oii` oit geipfat sxspam% [a `iep saa kgtdgka, {a saa vglqgdla
tg{ mgpathgls%PattgCxcla fgs ei{ azge`a` pi sall mita pfge nqs
{itm ziiz% Pfax fgva nihea` fge`s {hpf cimzgehas lhba Spiexal`, Mgts, Cgzth Sqe ge` OthpiLgx, {fi gktaa` pi oqe` ge`
glli{ pfa {gspa otim pfaht zti`qcps pi da qzcxcla`% Pfax fgva
glsi spgtpa` ztiktgms he scfiils, aeciqtgkhek cfhl`tae pi spgt
cillacphek {gspa, {fhcf pfae kaps saep pi PattgCxcla, ge` hs lgpat qzcxcla` hepi zti`qcps sqcf gs dgcbzgcbs, zqtsas, ge` avae
bhpas%
Pfa h`ag dafhe` PattgCxcla hs si heszhthek, ge` gs xiq
{hll tag` he iqt hepatvha{ {hpf Pim, fgs gltag`x bazp 7%6 dhllhie
qehps io {gspa iqp io lge`lls he pfa Qehpa` Spgpas% [hpf sqcf
ktagp sqccass gltag`x, pfata hs ei iqdp pfgp {hpf hectagsa` zizqlgthpx, PattgCxcla {hll fgva g vatx lgtka hmzgcp ie iqt {itl`%
Si {fx eip kap hevilva`9 Gs g zlqs, oit sima io pfa
zti`qcps, PattgCxcla {hll avae khva xiq mieax dgcb pi ki pi
{gt`s g cfgthpx io xiqt cfihca nqsp oit cillacphek pfam% Pfa easpaz hs nihehek g dthkg`a agcf zti`qcp fgs dthkg`as, it ktiqzs
gll ivat pfa ciqeptx, cillacphek catpghe {tgzzats% Gll xiq fgva pi
`i hs vhshp pfa {adshpa, Pattgcxcla%eap, e` g dthkg`a pfgp talgpa
pi xiqt ptgsf fgdhps, ge` spgtp cillacphek% Xiq cge glsi dqx sima
io pfa zti`qcps pfax fgva pi iooat% Ztappx siie avatxiea {hll da
ticbhe pfisa Spgtdqtsp massaekat dgks'
Si pfa eavp phma xiq ki pi pfti{ iqp pfgp dgk io Lgxs
Zipgpi Cfhzs, it pfgp Clho dgt xiq gpa gopat s{agphe hp iqp gp pfa
kxm, spiz, `tiz ge` qzcxcla'
-Pggthbg Kaitka, Faglpf Schaecas, Clgss io 4:73
dlgcb%
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PS> Hp `azae`s ie {fgp {ata mgbhek% Sima zgcbgkhek cge
da sa{e pikapfat `htacplx, {fhla oit ipfats {a qsa g fagp ztasspi oqsa savatgl lavals io pfa {tgzzats pikapfat tsp daoita sphpcf-
hek pikapfat% Sima hpams lhba si`g dipplas ge` xikqtp cqzs cge da`htacplx taqsa` dx llhek {hpf g ea{ hpam &lhba iqt {itl` ogmiqs
{itm ziiz(%
EQS> [fgp {gs hevilva` he gcwqhthek cimzgehas pi cgttx xiqt
zti`qcp gs {all gs kapphek cimzgehas pi glli{ pfaht {gspa` zti`-
qcps pi da qzcxcla`9
PS> G lip io fgt` {itb ge` zatshspaeca% Gs H sgx he mx diib, Tavi-
lqphie he g Dippla, {a fg` pi fgva pfa spagb ge` pfa sh~~la he iqt
ztasaepgphie% [a {iql` baaz cgllhek ge` cgllhek dqxats ge` spita
i{eats pi kap pfam pi maap {hpf qs% [a mg`a sqta pfa zthcas {atali{at pfge zti`qcps mg`a {hpf vhtkhe mgpathgls ge` {a {ata sallhek
pfam g zti`qcp pfgp {itba`%
Pfa cillacphie io zgcbgkhek {gspa spgtpa` he 4::; {hpfSapf Kil`mge, oiqe`at io Fieasp Pag% Fa {gs ciecatea` gdiqppfa nqhca ziqcfas dacgqsa pfax {iql`ep da tacxclgdla% Fa gsba` ho
PattgCxcla ciql` cima qz {hpf g silqphie oit pfa ziqcfas% Sfitplx
gopat pfgp, H tacahva` g cgll otim pfa CA-Xi io Spiexal` Ogtm, Kgtx
Fhtsfdatk, pi cima qz {hpf g silqphie oit xikqtp cqzs% Dx agtlx
4::6, Cgzth Sqe {gs ie digt` ge` {ava ciepheqa` pi kti{ avatx
xagt%
EQS> He pfhs `gx ge` gka, {a gta gll dacimhek g{gta io fi{
hmzitpgep hp hs pi ki ktaae% [fgp bhe` io ge hmzgcp fgs Pat-
tgCxcla fg` ie pfa gmiqep io {gspa zti`qca` zat xagt9
PS> Sheca lgpa 4::;, {ava bazp mita pfge 7%6 dhllhie qehps io {gspa
otim lge`lls he pfa Q%S% ge` fgva mita pfge pae mhllhie zaizla
shkea` qz pi cillacp {gspa% [ata ei{ hepategphiegl {hpf ztiktgmshe Dtg~hl, Cgeg`g, Mahci ge` pfa Qehpa` Bhek`im% Pfata {hll da
savatgl mita hepategphiegl licgphies izaehek {hpfhe pfa eap xagt%
EQS> @i xiq fgva gex g`vhca oit cillaka spq`aeps ptxhek pi spgtp
pfaht i{e dqsheass9
PS> @iep `adgpa - nqsp spgtp' [fgp `i xiq fgva pi lisa9
Pfhs hssqa, {a {ata lqcbx aeiqkf pi da gdla pi shp `i{e {hpf pfa CAI ge` ctagpit io Pattgcxcla, Pim S~gbx,
{fi {gs mita pfge fgzzx pi ptgsf pglb {hpf qs%
EQ Schaeca> Xiq spgtpa` PattgCxcla he cillaka- {fgp
cillaka `h` xiq gppae`, ge` {fgp `h` xiq hepae` pi mg-
nit he9
Pim S~gbx> H {gs spq`xhek dafgvhitgl acieimhcs gp Zthecapie
Qehvatshpx%
EQS> [fgp {gs xiqt heszhtgphie oit pfa h`ag io PattgCxcla9
PS> Othae`s {ata qshek {itm ziiz ie sima zlgeps ge` {atafgvhek ktagp tasqlps% H dacgma ogschegpa` {hpf pfa {itms {fhcf
pfthva dx agphek ge gmg~hek gmiqep io fiqsafil` kgtdgka% Pfa
cimdhegphie io kgtdgka, {itms ge` {itm ziiz oatphlh~at sptqcb
ma gs g tavilqphiegtx dqsheass mi`al% [a ciql` pgba zaizlas
kgtdgka &ge` kap zgh` oit hp(, oaa` hp pi {itms, kap ktagp oatphlh~at
ge` pfae sall hp%
EQS> Iea io pfa tsp zti`qcps xiq sil` {gs {itm ziiz,
{fhcf hs sgh` pi da pfa misp itkgehc qsgdla oatphlh~at% Fi{
`h` xiq ki gdiqp pasphek, cillacphek ge` avaepqgllx mgtbap-
hek sqcf g zti`qcp9
PS> Gs H maephiea`, H fg` gltag`x saae {itm ziiz {itb tagllx
{all, si H eaa`a` pi cima qz {hpf g {gx pi zti`qca hp ie g lgtka
scgla ge` mgtbap hp% H lagtea` gdiqp pfa cimzisphek dqsheass,
diqkfp g {itm cimzisp mgcfhea ge` {itba` {hpf Zthecapie
Qehvatshpx pi cillacp pfa laopivat oii` {gspa otim iea io pfa
`hehek fglls% He sqmmgtx, {a avaepqgllxlagtea` pftiqkf iqt
pthgls pfgp lhwqaoxhek pfa {itm ziiz {gs mita gzzaglhek pi cie-
sqmats2 {a qsa` tacxcla` si`g dipplas dacgqsa pfax {ata lassazaeshva pfge ea{ ieas, ge` {a oiqe` ivattqe sztgxats% [a
ei{ fg` PattgCxcla Zlgep Oii`%
EQS> Ei{, PattgCxcla hs dgsa` qzie pfa h`ag io qzcxclhek
tgpfat pfge tacxclhek% Ciql` xiq azlghe pfa `hooataeca9
PS> Pfa patm qzcxclhek {gs cihea` dx [hllhgm Mc@ieiqkf
ge` Mhcfgal Dtgqekgtp he pfaht 4::4 diib, Ctg`la pi Ctg`la%
Gccit`hek pi pfam, qzcxclhek hs pfa ztgcphca io pgbhek sima-
pfhek pfgp hs `hszisgdla ge` ptgesoitmhek hp hepi simapfhek io
ktagpat qsa ge` vglqa% Hps `ashkehek ea{ zti`qcps pfgp gta he-
pae`a` pi da taqsa` gkghe ge` gkghe {hpfiqp `i{ektg`hek pfa
ithkhegl mgpathgl it ctagphek mita zillqphie he pfa zticass%
Gccit`hek pi pfa gqpfits, tacxclhek hs gcpqgllx ge av-
gmzla io ctg`la pi ktgva `ashke, {fata tacxcla` hpams gtaei{ pqtea` hepi simapfhek qetacivatgdla% Dx pqtehek hpams
hepi zti`qcps pfgp {ata eip pfa hepaep io pfaht ithkhegl zti`qc-
phie zticass &avgmzla> si`g dipplas hepi cgtzaphek(, pfax gta ao-
oacphvalx pqtea` hepi simapfhek pfgp tawqhtas gs mqcf aeatkx it
mita pi zti`qca pfge pfa ithkhegl hpam% [fae pfa lhoa io pfa tqk
hs ivat, hp hs sphll ie hps {gx pi g lge`ll%
EQS> [fgp bhe` io g zticass hs hevilva` he cfgekhek pfa
ptgsf pi gcpqgl zti`qcps9
Iea mges ptgsf HS geipfat mges ptagsqta
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Dhilikx 4:77
Ci-oiqe`at)Cfhao Dqx-ilikhsp gp ^g~q
Sziplhkfp
ie>
Ggtie Kattx
Avat hmgkhea g ciiz {hpf ei diss9 Ho aeptaztaeaqtsfhz hs xiqt khk, hp cge da g taglhpx%
&Gs liek gs xiqt ciiz ciit`hegpit gzztivas%(
EQ Schaeca> [fgp agcplx `ias
xiqt ciiz aepghl gs ogt gs `gx-pi-
`gx taszieshdhlhphas9
Ggtie Kattx> Mx tila hs tash`aep DQX-il-ikhsp {fhcf hs pphek dacgqsa H {itb ie pfa
mgtbaphek gszacp io pfa cimzgex% [fgpsehca gdiqp {itbhek oit mxsalo hs pfgp avatx
`gx hs g lhppla dhp `hooataep% H taglh~a` pfgp
H {gepa` pi da ge aeptaztaeaqt dacgqsa H
lhba` {itbhek oit mxsalo, H lhba mgbhek mx
i{e `achshies ge` H lhba lagtehek% Hm g
ciespgep lagteat% Fieasplx, dahek he pfhs zi-shphie, Hm lagtehek mita pfge H avat fgva
he clgssas, {fhcf hs tagllx pfa hepaephie io
ciiz% Dqp pfhs hs pagcfhek ma gll gszacps iohp dacgqsa H tagllx fgva pi mgba mx i{e
phmalhea% Dgshcgllx avatxpfhek hs laop pi ma%
Qlphmgpalx H `i gll pfa mgtbap tasagtcf, Hkqta iqp {fisa qshek iqt zti`qcp, fi{
dhk pfgp mgtbap hs, fi{ ogsp pfgp mgtbap hs
kti{hek% Pfae H `i cqspimat hepatgcphie%
Pfhs aepghls szagbhek pi pfam> [fgp `i
xiq lhba gdiqp pfa zti`qcp9 [fgp hs dqkkx
gdiqp hp9 [fgp {iql` xiq lhba pi saa he hp9
Ctagphek sqtvaxs, kapphek oaa`dgcb, pfae
pallhek Mgtb &Fal`,( iqt `avalizat, pfgp
pfasa gta pfa pfheks pfgp {a eaa` pi thkfp
ei{ pfgp gta ztavaephek zaizla otim qshekpfa gzz pi hps oqllasp% Pfae pfatas dqhl`hek
sichgl g{gtaeass, qshek sichgl ma`hg, dahek
ie P{hppat, Ogcadiib, kihek iqp pi avaeps,
tagllx nqsp avgekalh~hek pfa zti`qcp%
EQS> Pfhs hs tagllx g pacfeilikh-
cgllx dgsa` spgtpqz% He xiqt oq-
pqta ae`agvits, i xiq gl{gxs saa
xiqtsalo dahek clisa pi pacfeil-
ikx9
GK> Hm eip he liva {hpf mgtbaphek pi da
zatoacplx fieasp% H lhba pfa fhkf pacf dqsh-
eass dacgqsa pacfeilikx avilvas si wqhcb-
lx pfgp xiq kap pi da ie pfa cqpphek a`ka%
Pfgps {fgp dahek he g spgtpqz hs% Xiq kap
pi {itb {hpf cqpphek a`ka pacfeilikx pfgp
vatx oa{ zaizla kap pi fgva thkfp ei{% H lhba
{itbhek {hpf zaizla ge` H lhba dqhl`hek
cimmqehphas% H pfheb mx qlphmgpa zgsshie{iql` da dqhl`hek ge hecqdgpit ztiktgm,
{fata H {iql` falz ipfat xiqek aeptazta-
eaqts ctagpa pfaht i{e cimzgehas% H` lhba
pi hmzgtp mx i{e bei{la`ka pi pfam, ge`
H sqzzisa lagte otim pfam gs {all%
EQS> [iql` xiq sgx pfgp xiqt
cqttaep mgnit io dhilikx `iasep
fgva mqcf dagthek ie {fgp xiq
{gep pi `i he pfa oqpqta9
GK> Taktappgdlx, ztidgdlx eip%
EQS> Si ho xiq ciql` hp gll ivat
gkghe, {fgp mgnit {iql` xiq
cfiisa9
GK> H {iql`ep cfgeka g pfhek% Mx otasf-
mge xagt H {gs g dqsheass mgnit% Pfae pfgp
sqmmat cgma ge` H fg` ge azhzfgex% H {iba
qz iea `gx ge` sgh` Hm kihek pi cfgekamx mgnit% Oit sima tagsie H {gs qe`at
pfhs hmztasshie pfgp H ciql`ep `i mitapfge nqsp lhva pfa pxzhcgl lhoa ge` clhmd pfa
citzitgpa lg``at% Pfae H nqsp {iba qz ge`sgh` H cge `i schaeca% H kip tagllx avchpa`
gdiqp dhipacf dacgqsa pfgps {fata gll pfaheeivgphie hs fgzzaehek he pfa zfgtmgcaq-
phcgl he`qsptx% Pfax {ata spgtpqzs dgshcgllx%
H tagllx lhba` pfa h`ag pfgp xiq {ata gdla pi
`avaliz simapfhek otim eipfhek% Dqp hps
sphll g citzitgpa sptqcpqta% H `h`ep lhba pfgp
gszacp io hp% H qe`atspge` xiq fgva pi zgx
xiqt `qas ge` avatxpfhek, dqp hp {gs pii
sli{ oit ma% H lhba` pfa pacfeilikx dqp H
`iep lhba pfa szaa` io dhipacf%
EQS> Szaa` io cgtaat g`vgeca-maep it szaa` io pacfeilikx9
GK> Dipf% Zfgtmgcaqphcgl pacfeilikx hsvatx sli{% Hp pgbas ge gvatgka io 71 xagts
ge` $0?: mhllhie pi pgba g `tqk pi mgtbap%
Dqp H lagtea` pfheks% H lagtea` pfgp H cge
`i gexpfhek H {gep ho H zqp mx mhe` pi hp% H
lagtea` pfgp H lhba dqhl`hek simapfhek otim
eipfhek% Ge` pfgps tagllx {fgp szgtba`
pfgp aeptaztaeaqthgl hesphecp%
EQS> [fgp g`vhca `i xiq fgva
oit simaiea {fi {gs he xiqt zi-shphie9
GK> Gexiea pfgp cimas pi ma H gsb {fgp
gta pfax zgsshiegpa gdiqp% Xiq cge tag`
zaizla ge` pall {hpf fi{ pfax pglb ge` fi{
pfax miva pfaht fge`s% H kqass oit simaiea
he mx zishphie H {iql`va gsba` ma `i
xiq tagllx {gep pi da he dhipacf gexmita9
Hps fgt` pi da fieasp {hpf xiqtsalo dqp hps
dappat pi lagte pfgp ei{ pfge lgpat ie% Hm
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klg` H h` g ciiz ge` pfae taglh~a` pfgp dhi-pacf {gs nqsp eip oit ma% H kip spgtpa` dx
nqsp sae`hek iqp ge amghl pi gll pfa aepta-
ztaeaqtsfhz ztioassits ie cgmzqs pfgp nqsp
sgh` {fata `i H spgtp {hpf aeptaztaeaqt-sfhz9 [fgp `i H `i9 Otim pfata H oiqe`
g dlik pfgp H tagllx lhba` cglla` Cillaka
Mikql gdiqp cillaka aeptaztaeaqts% H nqsp
amghla` pfa a`hpit ge` pil` fhm {fi H {gs
ge` sgh` H {gs hepataspa` he lagtehek mita
gdiqp spgtphek xiqt i{e cimzgex% Qlph-
mgpalx, fa dtiqkfp ma ie gs g {thpat ge`
hp kta{ otim pfata% Fa gcpqgllx ae`a` qz
dthekhek ma pi mx tsp avaep% Otim pfata H
nqsp bazp kihek pi `hooataep avaeps, maaphek
zaizla, kapphek cimoitpgdla {hpf hp% Nqsp
fagthek `hooataep zaizlas h`ags falzs szqt
xiqt i{e h`ags% Hps tagllx nqsp lapphek xiqt
zgsshie cima pftiqkf%
EQS> [fgp gdiqp simaiea he ae-
kheaathek it schaeca {fi hs hepat-
aspa` he spgtp-qzs, dqp eip si mqcf
pfa dqsheass sh`a io hp9 [fgp hs g
kii` spaz oit pfam9
GK> Ho xiqta ge aekheaat it g pacfeili-
khsp ciesh`at xiqtsalo lqcbx ho xiq {gep
pi da g spgtpqz% Dqsheass zaizla fgva pfa
h`ags mita iopae pfge eip, dqp pfax qsqgllx
`iep fgva pfa sbhlls pi aacqpa% Aekheaatscge mgba pfa zti`qcp% Nqsp ki iqp pi avaeps,
saa {fgp hepatasps xiq, saa {fgp cgpcfas
xiqt axa%
EQS> [fgp gdiqp tasiqtcas gp
Eitpfagspate9
GK> Ki pi pfa Aeptaztaeaqts Clqd, nihe
pfa Fqsbx Heeivgphie Cfgllaeka, ge` `a-
ehpalx cfacb iqp H@AG% Pfasa gta aeptazta-
eaqthgl dgsa` hehphgphvas, dqp hps gll gdiqp
cillgditgphie ge` dthekhek zaizla pikapfat%[a {gep pfa dhilikhsp pi da {itbhek {hpf
pfa cimzqpat schaephsp pi da {itbhek {hpf
pfa dqsheass spq`aep% Gll pfasa zaizla fgva
`hooataep sbhlls ge` `hooataep pglaeps pfgp
{a cge dthek pikapfat ge` {fx gtaep {a{itbhek pikapfat9 G lip io zaizla fgva
h`ags oit cimzgehas, dqp pfax nqsp `iep
bei{ fi{ pi spgtp it hps vatx scgtx it pfax
nqsp `iep fgva pfa zgtpeats pi kap pfam
pfata% Ge` pfgps tagllx {fgp {ata ptxhek
pi dtagb `i{e%
EQS> Fi{ hmzitpgep {ata pfisazgtpeats oit xiq spgtphek ^g~q9
GK> He g {it`, he`hszaeshdla% Zqehp Sfgfhs pfa CAI, ge` oit fhm pfhs {gs fhs pfht`
cimzgex% Fa {gs pfa ztash`aep io pfa A-
clqd qephl fa ktg`qgpa` he Mgx ge` fg` si
mgex avzathaecas pi tg{ otim pfgp fa {gstagllx pfa kqh`hek lhkfp he pfa ztinacp% Mgtc
Fal` hs iqt `avalizat, ge` {ie pfa eg-
phiegl `aoaesa cxdat cimzaphphie lgsp xagt
gs g Mh``lat% Fas daae ztiktgmmhek ge`
hepataspa` he spgtpqzs oit ahkfp xagts ei{
ge` {hpfiqp fhs pacfehcgl bei{la`ka, eiea
io pfhs {iql`va fgzzaea`%
EQS> S{hpcfhek kagts fata, {fgp
agcplx hs ^g~q, dash`as pfa dasp
`gme glgtm clicb9
GK> ^g~q hs g midhla gzzlhcgphie ie xiqt
zfiea% Hp {gbas xiq qz ge` palls xiq pfa
heoitmgphie xiq eaa` pi kap tag`x oit pfa
`gx% Hp palls xiq pfa ea{s, pfa {agpfat, xiqt
cglae`gt ge` xiqt amghl%
EQS> Gll gq`hdlx, cittacp9
GK> Xag, hp tag`s hp pi xiq% Hespag` io shop-hek pftiqkf ea{szgzat liibhek oit gtphclas
pfgp xiq cgta gdiqp, hps cqspimh~a` si
xiq cge lhspae pi CEE%cim, [itl` Ea{s
it ASZE Dispie% Pfhs szachglh~gphie cqps
`i{e ie pfgp avzlitgphie phma% Hp tag`s
xiqt amghls2 hp cge pall xiq xiqt gzzihep-
maeps ie pfgp `gx, ge` pfae pfa {agpfat, gs
shmzla gs fi{ `i xiq kap tag`x oit xiqt
`gx%
EQS> Si {fgps pfa cqttaep spgpa
thkfp ei{9
GK> [a fgva g dapg pasp iqp thkfp ei{% [a
fgva 7:: zaizla qshek hp, ge` {a {hll siie
talagsa hp pi ;: mita% [a fgva tiqkflx 6::
zaizla sphll shkea` qz ie pfa dapg lhsp pfgp
{a {hll talagsa pi daoita {a lgqecf% Si
pfa dapg thkfp ei{ hs ge glgtm clicb pfgp
{itbs% Ohtsp ge` oitamisp hp fgs pi {gba
xiq qz% Hp tag`s xiq TSS oaa`s% Xiq cge
zqp xiqt cglae`gt TSS oaa`s, it gex cqs-
pim TSS oaa` pfgp xiq {gep% Avaepqgllx hp
{hll da mita hepaktgpa` {hpf xiqt cglae`gtge` xiqt amghl% [ata nqsp liibhek oit pfa
mhehmqm vhgdla zti`qcp thkfp ei{, {fhcf
hs pfa zti`qcp pfgp {itbs zatoacplx oit pfa
dgshc oqecphies pfgp {ata ptxhek pi iooat%Ieca {a kap pfgp {ata kihek pi zqsf hp pi
mgtbap pfae hpatgpa otim pfata%
-Ngmas Zaatlass, Cfamhcgl Aekheaathek,
Clgss io 4:77
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Pfa sqccass io EGSGs Mgts Azlitgphie Tivats ge` g`vgeca`tamipa saeshek `gpg xhal`s sptiek avh`aeca pfgp lhwqh` {gpatieca i{a` ie pfa sqtogca io Mgts% [hpf pfa hepaep pi `apatmhea
pfa cqttaep ge` zgsp fgdhpgdhlhpx oit mhctidhgl lhoa ie Mgts, EGSG
ge` pfa Nap Ztizqlshie Lgditgpitx he Zgsg`aeg, Cglhoitehg gta aval-izhek pfa lgtkasp ge` misp azaeshva tivat mhsshie he fhspitx% Sap
pi lgqecf he pfa ogll io 4:77, pfa Mgts Schaeca Lgditgpitx &MSL(tivat hs g $4%3 dhllhie ztinacp {hpf g eipgdla 4,:::-ziqe` zgxlig`
io schaephc hesptqmaeps heclq`hek szacptimapats, vgthiqs sgmzlhek
geglxshs sqhpas, ge` mqlphzla fh-`aehphie cgmatgs%
Pfa MSL schaephc idnacphvas gta pi &7( gssass pfa dhilikh-cgl zipaephgl ge` cgzgchpx io gp lagsp iea pgtkap aevhtiemaep ie Mgts,
&4( pi cfgtgcpath~a pfa kailikx ge` kaicfamhsptx {hpfhe pfa lge`hek
~iea, &3( pi spq`x pfa zticassas io talavgeca pi zgsp fgdhpgdhlhpx ge`
pfa tila io {gpat, ge` &0( pi cfgtgcpath~a pfa dtig` szacptqm io sqt-ogca tg`hgphie% Pfhs eipa`, pfa MSL tivat mqsp lge` sgoalx he ge ae-
vhtiemaep gdqe`gep he schaephc zipaephgl h%a%, ciepghes hepthkqhek
qvhgl kaimitzfilikx ge` gwqgphc-dgsa` mheatglikx cfgtgcpathsphc
io ge aevhtiemaep sqhpgdla oit pfa ztasatvgphie io mhctiitkgehsms
{fhla izatgphek {hpfhe aekheaathek ciesptgheps ge` pfqs gvih`hektakhies {hpf lgtka ticbs, mgsshva gailhge da`oitms, spaaz slizas,
ge` tqkka` pattghe%Aekheaathek ge` lge`hek shpa ciesptgheps gta `aea` dgsa`
qzie pfa hehphgl `ashke io pfa szgcactgop, ge` pfa MSL tivat ogcas
shmhlgt taspthcphies gs saae he ztavhiqs Mgts mhsshies% Lgphpq`a
ktagplx heqaecas pfa tgeka he {fhcf tivats mgx sqccassoqllx lge`
ie Mgts% Pfa MSL mhsshie hs taspthcpa` pi lgphpq`as dap{aae01 E
ge` 01S% Li{ glphpq`a {he`s ge` gpmiszfathc pqtdqlaeca mqsp da
mhehmgl pi aesqta spgdhlhpx pftiqkfiqp tivat `ascaep% Alavgphie
glsi mqsp eip acaa` "7 bm `qa pi pfa eacasshpx io g sqochaep
gpmiszfathc `aeshpx cilqme `qthek szgcactgop aeptx ge` `ascaepie g zgtgcfqpa% Qzie lge`hek, pfa tivat dallx zge mgx gccim -
mi`gpa g ticb qz pi :%11m fhkf% Pfa lge`hek shpa mqsp avfhdhpg tg`gt-taacphva ge` lig`-dagthek ktiqe` sqtogca pi aesqta pfgp
pfa MSL {hll tamghe midhla% Oitpqegpalx, schaephsps cge cimzgtahe shpq `gpg gcwqhta` dx ztavhiqs tivat mhsshies ie Mgts {hpf
tamipa saeshek `gpg gcwqhta` dx pfa MTI sgpallhpa pi `apatmhea
pfa sqtogca cfgtgcpathsphcs io gex lge`hek shpa otim itdhp% Pfhs
cimzgthsie glli{s schaephsps pi gssass pfa sqtogca cimzishphiege` zipaephgl fg~gt`s he oqpqta lge`hek shpas ie Mgts {hpfiqp oqll
`azae`aecx ie he shpq `gpg%
[itbhek {hpfhe pfa Zlgeapgtx Kaizfxshcs @azgtpmaep gp
pfa Nap Ztizqlshie Lgditgpitx pfhs zgsp szthek io 4:7: gs g ci-iz
spq`aep, H fg` pfa izzitpqehpx pi gssass sqtogca fg~gt`s he p{i
eimhegpa` lge`hek allhzsas oit pfa MSL tivat> Eitpfagsp Sxtphs
Mgnit ge` Agsp Mgtkgthphoat Pattg% Qphlh~hek PFAMHS gxphma he-
otgta` dgsamgzs ge` `gpg otim pfa Mgts Itdhpgl Lgsat Glphmapat
&MILG(, mitzfilikx, alavgphie ge` sliza {ata gssassa` he agcfea{lx ztizisa` lge`hek shpa% G``hphiegllx, spatai Ciepavp Hmgkat
&CPV( ge` FhTHSA hmgkas &41cm zat zhal( {ata gcwqhta` he
agcf io pfa p{i lge`hek allhzsas ge` wqglhpgphva fg~gt` geglxsas
h`aephoxhek thzzla al`s, ticbs, ge` scgtzs {ata cie`qcpa`% Mx
wqglhpgphva ge` wqgephpgphva fg~gt` gssassmaep he pfasa p{i zi-
paephgl lge`hek shpas glli{a` g zgeal io saehit tasagtcf schaephspsge` aekheaats pi `apatmhea pfa ivatgll qsgdhlhpx io pfa p{i shpas
ie Mgts% Mx tasagtcf he takgt`s pi pfa ivatgll sgoapx io Eitpfagsp
Sxtphs Mgnit ge` Agsp Mgtkgthphoat Pattg tae`ata` pfam pii `ge-
katiqs oit tivat lge`hek ge` ptgvatsa, ge` pfax tawqhta` oqtpfat
`avalizmaep ge` azlitgphie oit oqpqta qsa%
G egl lge`hek shpa salacphie oit pfa Mgts Schaeca Lgdi-tgpitx tivat mhsshie {hll iccqt he pfa lgpa sqmmat io 4:77, ge`
tasagtcf schaephsps ge` aekheaats gp pfa Nap Ztizqlshie Lgditgpitx
`hlhkaeplx {itb pi sacqta lge`hek shpas ie Mgts {fata dipf sch-
aeca zipaephgl ge` sgoapx gta fhkf% Pfa sqccass io pfa MSL tivat
mgtbs g pqtehek zihep he gll szgca ge` zlgeapgtx avzlitgphie, ge`
pfa zipaephgl oit qecivathek mhctidhgl lhoa ie aptgpattaspthgl di`-
has {hpfhe iqt silgt sxspam hs siie pi da {hpfhe tagcf%
- Amhlx Seag`, Aevhtiemaepgl Schaeca, Clgss io 4:74
Pfa Mgts
Schaeca
LgditgpitxGe EQ spq`aep ci-izs oit EGSG
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Schaeca fgs gl{gxs fg` g mghe kigl i
avzlghehek pfa macfgehsms io pfa qe
vatsa% Pfata fgva daae mimaeps he sch
aephc fhspitx {fata g dtagbpftiqk
tavilqphieh~a` eip ielx pfa al` he {fhc
hp {gs mg`a, dqp pfa zfhlisizfx io pfg
kaeatgphie% Sqcf schaephc `hscivat
has fgva cfgeka` pfa sichgl ogdthc io pf
klida dx cfgekhek pfa {gx {a pfheb iiqtsalvas ge` iqt zlgca he pfa qehvatsa
Cizatehcqs {gs pfa tsp pi e` g ptqpf
pfgp cieptg`hcpa` cqttaep pfhebhek% @gt
{he oiqe` pfa ithkhe io szachas% Otaq
sqkkaspa` iqt dafgvhits {ata `qa p
oagts ge` `thvas io {fhcf {a fgva e
bei{la`ka% [gpsie ge` Cthcb oiqe` pf
siqtca io kaeaphc heoitmgphie% Ge` ei{
eaqtischaeca fizas pi e` cieschiqseas
azlghea` he cfamhcgl oitmqlga% Gll fgv
cgqsa` mge pi liib gp fhmsalo clisat ge
sagtcf pi e` g cimmie ktiqe` dap{aa
{fgp {a bei{ ge` {fgp {a dalhava% Pfh
sathas pgbas g liib gp pfasa tavilqphie
pi avgmhea fi{ pfax sfgza` iqt sichapx
-Ngmas Zaatlass, Cfamhcgl Aekheaathek
Clgss io 4:7
73
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Hp {gs g tg`hcgl h`ag pi zticlghm pfgp pfa Agtpf {gseip szachgl% Oit caepqthas, hp {gs gssqma` pfgp {a fq-mges {ata licgpa` gp pfa caepat io pfa qehvatsa% Iqt
fima {gs {fgp {a {iql` magsqta gll pfa tasp io pfafagvaes dx% [a {ata szachgl% [a fg` g szachgl shkeh -
cgeca gmieksp pfa spgts% Hp {gs {hpf ktagp ptazh`gphie,
pfae, pfgp Ehcilgqs Cizatehcqs sgh` pfgp pfhs {gs eip si%
Sqtalx fqe`ta`s io xagts io zfhlisizfhcgl ge` talhkhiqs
`ikmg ciql` eip da {tiek' Dqp pfa eqmdats `h`epwqhpa g`` qz% Pfa amzhthcgl avh`aeca `h`ep p% Mgex
xagts io cgtaoql idsatvgphie la` Cizatehcqs pi dalhava
pfgp simapfhek {gs patthdlx {tiek {hpf pfa il` kaicae-
pthc mi`al% Fa {gs thkfp, ge` fhs pfaitx {iql` ki ie pi
fgva mita ztioiqe` ciesawqaecas pfge fa ciql` avat
fgva hmgkhea`% Cizatehcqs falhicaepthc mi`al io pfa
silgt sxspam {iql` cfgeka pfa tila io schaeca oitavat%
Pfa kaicaepthc mi`al io pfa qehvatsa &he zgt-
phcqlgt, pfa Zpilamghc sxspam(, {fhla eavat qegehmiqs-
lx gccazpa`, {gs pfa ztavghlhek fxzipfashs oit {all ivat
iea pfiqsge` xagts% Pfa Zpilamghc sxspam zispqlgpa`
pfgp pfa Agtpf sgp he pfa mh``la io pfa qehvatsa {hpf ehea
calasphgl szfatas tipgphek gtiqe` hp% Pfa vha{ {gs eip
{hpfiqp sima tagsiegdla sqzzitp% Pfa `hspthdqphie iospgts gdiva ge` dali{ pfa fith~ie saama` pi da avae
&tiqkflx 1:>1:( ge` pfata {gs ei idsatvgdla zgtgllg he
idsatva` ciespallgphies &spgts clisat pi Agtpf sfiql` gz-
zagt pi miva ogspat pfge spgts ogtpfat g{gx% Pfhs ias, he
ogcp, iccqt, dqp pfa `hooataecas gta pii smgll pi da saae
{hpf pfa egba` axa(% Pfqs, hp oilli{a` pfgp pfa Agtpf fg`pi tash`a gp pfa caepat% Fi{avat, pfata {ata mgex g{s
pi pfa kaicaepthc mi`al, sqcf gs ge hegdhlhpx pi g`awqgpa-
lx avzlghe pfa taptiktg`a &dgcb{gt`( miphie io ipfat
zlgeaps ge` hps hegdhlhpx pi mgba ztachsa zta`hcphies iocalasphgl avaeps cieshspaeplx% Fi{avat, pfa mi`al {gs
ogt mita gccqtgpa pfge gex io pfa ztavhiqs fxzipfasas%
Pfa kaicaepthc mi`al {gs eip sathiqslx wqas-phiea` qephl pfa 71::s, zgtphgllx qa pi g lgcb io pacfei-likhcgl g`vgecas he gsptieimx ge` zgtphgllx `qa pi pfa
ogcp pfgp kaicaepthsm p vatx {all {hpf talhkhiqs scthz-pqta% Pfa tsp ptqa cfgllaeka cgma otim Cizatehcqs
zispqlgphie io g falhicaepthc sxspam he @a tavilqphieh-
dqs itdhqm cialasphqm &7103(% He hp, Cizatehcqs zta-
saepa` pfa h`ag pfgp pfa sqe {gs pfa caepat io iqt silgt
sxspam, ge` gll io pfa zlgeaps tavilva` gtiqe` hp% Shmhlgt
pi pfa Zpilamghc sxspam, fi{avat, Cizatehcqs spgxa`
ptqa pi pfa h`ag io calasphgl szfatas ge` chtcqlgt itdhps%
Tagcphies pi pfhs h`ag {ata mhva`% [hpfiqp pfa gh` iog`vgeca` idsatvgphie pacfeilikx, sqcf gs pfa palasciza,
Cizatehcqs {gs qegdla pi kgpfat aeiqkf `htacp avh`aeca
oit fhs fxzipfashs pi da {h`alx gccazpa`% G``hphiegllx,
fhs falhicaepthc mi`al `h` eip tasqlp he mita gccqtgpa
cglcqlgphies ge` zta`hcphies pfge pfa Zpilamghc mi`al%
Oqtpfatmita, pfa lag`hek zfhlisizfats ge` talhkhiqs io-chgls io pfa `gx {ata izzisa` pi pfa h`ag, gs hp spii`
gs g dlgpgep cieptg`hcphie pi pfa gccazpa` zfhlisizfhas
ge` filx scthzpqtas% @a tavilqphiehdqs itdhqm cialas-
phqm {gs pfqs zlgca` ie pfa He`av io Ztifhdhpa` Diibs
he 7?7?, ge` oqtpfat zthephek io pfa diib {gs sqszae`a`%
Fi{avat, pfhs ea{ h`ag io falhicaepthsm glsi zisa`
mgex daeaps, he zgtphcqlgt ge ges{at pi pfa wqas-
phie io taptiktg`a miphie% Cizatehcqs avzlghea` pfgp
pfa gzzgtaep dgcb{gt`s miphie dx zlgeaps he pfa
ehkfp sbx {gs, he ogcp, `qa pi pfa Agtpfs i{e mi-phie% Pfhs {iql` szqt oqtpfat hevasphkgphie, eipg-
dlx dx Pxcfi Dtgfa, Kglhlai, ge` Nifgeeas Bazlat%
Hp hs eip pfa fxzipfashs ztasaepa` dx Cizatehcqs, pfae,
pfgp hs ptqlx hmzitpgep fata% Hp hs {fgp pfa h`ag taztasaep-
a` ge` hps ciesawqaecas pfgp sfiql` da ztghsa`% Pfiqkf
fa h`ep fgva pfa g`vgepgkas pfgp Kglhlai, Bazlat, Ea{-pie, ge` pfisa pfgp oilli{a` fg`, Cizatehcqs fxzipfashs
{gs, he ptqpf, vatx ciesatvgphva% Fhs mi`al io pfa qeh-
vatsa {gs ivatlx ciecatea` {hpf ztasatvhek pfa zfhli-
sizfhcgl zatoacphie io pfa il` mi`als% He ge gppamzp
pi spgx ptqa pi pfa h`ags io calasphgl szfatas ge` zatoacp
chtcqlgt itdhps, Cizatehcqs fg` pi g`` mgex mgpfamgph-
cgl cittacphies, sqcf gs avptg azhcxclas &smgll chtcqlgtitdhps gtiqe` g mivhek zihep he pfaht lgtkat itdhps( eip
ztasaep he pfa Zpilamghc mi`al% Fhs mi`al {gs ei mitazta`hcphva it mgpfamgphcgllx gccqtgpa pfge Zpilamxs%
[fgp Cizatehcqs {itb `h` `i, fi{avat, {gs pthk-
kat g dtagb otim talhkhies cfibafil` ie schaeca% He
pfa xagts oilli{hek fhs `agpf, Kglhlai {iql` zihep fhspalasciza pi pfa sbhas ge` `ascthda pfa zfgsas io _a-
eqs ge` Nqzhpats miies ztivh`hek `htacp avh`aeca
oit g falhicaepthc silgt sxspam% Bazlat {iql` gccq-
tgpalx zta`hcp ptgeshps io Matcqtx ge` _aeqs dx gzzlx -
hek allhzphcgl itdhps pi zlgeapgtx miphie, sfgppathek pfa
zfhlisizfhcgl zatoacphie io g qehvatsa {hpf chtcqlgt
itdhps ge` calasphgl szfatas% Ea{pie {iql` `avhsa g
lg{ io qehvatsgl ktgvhpgphie% Gll io pfasa `hscivat-has {iql`, he pfaht i{e thkfp, vhilgpa talhkhiqs `ikmg%
Cizatehcqss {itb mgx eip fgva daae pfa zatoacp mi`al
pfgp gsptieimats {ata liibhek oit, dqp hps hmzlhcgphies
ogt iqp{ahkfa` hps hmzatoacphies% [hpf iea zqdlhcg-
phie, Cizatehcqs {gs gdla pi falz zqsf {aspate sichapx
iqp io hps `gtb gka% [hpf iea zqdlhcgphie, Cizatehcqs{gs gdla pi nqmzspgtp pfa Schaephc Tavilqphie% Ci-
zatehcqss falhicaepthc pfaitx fg` mqcf tiim oit hm-
ztivamaep, dqp hp {iql` ztiva pi da pfa iea io pfa tsp,
ge` iea io pfa dtgvasp, spazs pi{gt`s mi`ate schaeca%
-Bxla @aat{aspat, Dafgvhitgl Eaqtischaeca, 4:73
PfaFagvaelxSzfatas
Icpidat 70pf, 4::1
- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph ap gl%
`ascthdas pfa avhspaeca io
mhttit eaqties he mgcgwqa
miebaxs he Schaeca
Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [gpsie
ge` Cthcbs zgzat mi`al-
hek pfa sptqcpqta io @EG
gzzagts heEgpqta
Eivamdat 7688 -
Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfaHepatztapgphie io @tagms
ea{lx ascthdas pfa tila io
pfa sqdcieschiqs
Eivamdat 40pf, 7618 -
Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdlhsfasIe pfa Ithkhe io Szachashepti`qchek avilqphie dx
egpqtgl salacphie
7103 -@a tavilqphiehdqs
itdhqm cialasphqm tsp
zthepa` he Eqtamdqtk,
Katmgex iqplhehek Cizat-
ehcqs falhicaepthc mi`al
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Liibhek gp Cizatehcqs, {a cge clagtlx saa pfgpCfgtlas @gt{he {gs eip pfa tsp schaephsp pi zqd-lhsf e`heks pfgp szgtba` cieptivatsx% Fi{avat, {fae
{a pfheb io cieptivatsx he cqlpqta takgt`hek schaeca, ei
sqdnacp cimas clagtat pi mhe` pfge pfgp io avilqphie% Ho
Cizatehcqs {gs g pfite he pfa sh`as io `ikmgphc ciesat-
vgphvas, @gt{he {gs g magp clagvat% @gt{hes pfaitx io
avilqphie dx egpqtgl salacphie izaea` g cfgsm dap{aaeschaeca ge` talhkhiqs ciesatvgphvas pfgp fgs eavat daae
clisa`% Pfhs ciehcp gsh`a, @gt{hes {itb cfgeka` pfa
{aspate {itl` lhba ei ipfat zispqlgphie fgs% Fhs pfai-
thas szg{ea` zfhlisizfhas, talhkhies ge` zilhphcgl h`a-
ilikhas% Fhs sptgpakhc, likhcgl ge` mi`asp avzlgegphie io
avilqphie dx egpqtgl salacphie he fhs {itb Ie pfa Ithkhe
io Szachas he 7618 cfgeka` pfa {gx zaizla sg{ pfaht
zlgca ie pfa klida% @gt{he hs gliea he pfgp fhs `hscivatx,
pfiqkf schaephc he egpqta, fgs sfgza` {aspate cqlpqta
mita pfge hp `h` schaeca%Pfhs hs eip pi sgx pfgp @gt{hes pfaitx io avi-
lqphie {gs eip kgma cfgekhek he pfa al` io dhilikx%
Hp misp catpghelx hs% Fi{avat, @gt{he {gs eip pfa tsp
egpqtglhsp he fhs gka pi zispqlgpa pfgp szachas gtisa otim
g`gzpgphie io geipfat% Eipgdlx, Cfgtlas @gt{hes ktge`-
ogpfat, Atgsmqs @gt{he, ge` Nage Dgzphspa `a Lgmgtcb
{ata agtlx cfgmzhies io avilqphie, pfiqkf pfaht pfaithas
{ata ogt otim zatoacpa`% Glpfiqkf pfasa pfaithas {ata
zqdlhc, @gt{hes ptqa heszhtgphie cgma otim pfa {itb
dx Cfgtlas Lxall, g kailikhsp)lg{xat, phpla` Zthechzlas ioKailikx &763:-7633(% @gt{he tag` gll pftaa vilqmas io
pfhs {itb {fhla ie fhs vixgka {hpf pfa F%M%S% Dagkla%
Pfa Dagkla {gs ge azlitgpitx vassal magep oit egvhkgp-
hek pfa avzge`hek ptg`a tiqpas gctiss pfa klida% @gt{he
{gs pfa sfhzs egpqtglhsp, cfgtka` {hpf e`hek dhilikh-
cgl szachmaes io hepatasp ge` dthekhek pfam dgcb pi
Dthpghe% Hp {gs qzie pfhs vixgka pfgp @gt{hes pfaithas
{ata ciecahva`, szg{ea` dx Lxalls {itb% Lxalls oi-
cqs {gs ie kailikhcgl oitmgphie% Pfa cqttaep pfaitx
io pfa `gx, patma` cgpgsptizfhc kailikx, {gs dgsa`
gtiqe` pfa h`ag pfgp pfata {gs iea cgpgsptizfhc avaep
{fhcf mg`a pfa {itl` hepi {fgp hp ztappx mqcf liibslhba pi`gx, {hpf cqttaep cfgekas dahek ielx mheit% Lx-
all ztizisa` pfgp pfa piils pi cfgeka pfa agtpfs oitmg-phies gta sphll gcphva gll gtiqe` qs2 pfgp vilcgeias ge`
thvats gta ciespgeplx cfgekhek pfa ogca io pfa klida nqsp
gs pfax gl{gxs fg`% Pfhs pfaitx, pfiqkf saamheklx da-
ehke, fg` fqka hmzlhcgphies% Fata {gs pfa h`ag pfgp ei
lg{s {ata dtibae he pfa oitmgphie io pfa agtpf gs {a
pi`gx saa hp2 pfa macfgehsms pfgp sfgza` pfa {itl` {aei{ saa gta sphll gp {itb nqsp gs pfax gl{gxs fgva daae%
Hp saams pfgp ieca @gt{he mg`a zagca {hpf
pfhs ciecazp, ge` he ogcp amdtgca` hp, fa dakge pi wqas-
phie {fgp sfgza` pfa lgtka `hvatshpx he szachas {a saa
pi`gx% Hs hp zisshdla pfgp pfa macfgehsm pfgp ctagpa` pfa
`hvatshpx ei{ ztasaep hs sphll {itbhek9 Pfa liek vix-gka io pfa Dagkla dakge pi sfgza fhs vha{% Fa {gs gdla
pi spq`x {fgps patma` dhikaiktgzfx, it pfa `hspthdq-
phie io zlgeps ge` gehmgls he pfa klida% Fhs misp eipg-
dla e`heks {ata oiqe` ie pfa Kglgzgkis Gtcfhzalgki,
g smgll ktiqzhek io hslge`s he pfa mh`-Zgchc% [fgp
gspiehsfa` @gt{he tsp {gs pfa dtig` tgeka io szachas
oiqe` ie pfa hslge`s% Fa {gs pfae heoitma` pfgp agcf
hslge` fg` g `hooataep ktiqzhek io gehmgls, avae pfisa
fqe`ta`s io oaap g{gx otim agcf ipfat% @gt{he ciql`
Fi{ pfa @gt{hehge Tavilqphie Zilgth~a` pfa [itl`
io Scfhsm
Pfa Ithkhe
Icpidat 70pf, 4::1
- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph a
`ascthdas pfa avhspae
mhttit eaqties he m
miebaxs he Schaeca
Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [
ge` Cthcbs zgzat m
hek pfa sptqcpqta io @
gzzagts heEgpqta
Eivamdat 7688 -
Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfHepatztapgphie io @t
ea{lx ascthdas pfa
pfa sqdcieschiqs
Eivamdat 40pf, 76
Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdIe pfa Ithkhe io Sza
hepti`qchek avilqphi
egpqtgl salacphie
7103 -@a tavilqphie
itdhqm cialasphqm
zthepa` he Eqtamdqt
Katmgex iqplhehek C
ehcqs falhicaepthc m
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7?
eip gssqma g ctagpit fg` `ashkea` g `hooataep gssitp-
maep io gehmgls ie agcf hslge`% Pfa gehmgls mqspfgva cima pi pfa hslge`s ge` cfgeka` ieca pfax {ata
szlhp% Avilqphie {gs @gt{hes ielx ges{at%
Hp mqsp da eipa` fata pfgp pfata gta `hooataep zgtps io
avilqphiegtx pfaitx% Avilqphie gs g ogcp hs pfa shmzla
h`ag pfgp il`at, lass cimzla szachas cfgeka ivat
phma hepi ea{, mita cimzlav szachas% Pfhs {gs {fgp@gt{he bea{ ge` hs misp `aehpalx gccazpa` he pfhs
`gx ge` gka% Pfa zgpf io avilqphie {gs sphll xap pi da
oiqe`% Avilqphiegtx zgpf{gxs taoat pi pfa gcpqgl zti-
cass io iea szachas dacimhek geipfat iea% Pfa cgqsaio avilqphie {gs pfa fgt`asp wqasphie pi gsb> {fgp
mgbas pfhs fgzzae9 Pfhs, @gt{he fg` pi {itb gp% Fa
spq`ha` g`gzpgphies io gehmgls% Fa spq`ha` shmhlgthphas
dap{aae gehmgls ie `hooataep ciepheaeps% Fa liiba` gp
oisshls ge` cimzgta` pfam pi pfa cqttaep gehmgls he
pfgp sgma takhie% @gt{hes ges{at, gs iqplhea` he Ie
pfa Ithkhe io Szachas, {gs egpqtgl salacphie%
Avilqphie dx egpqtgl salacphie {gs likhcgllx
ztasaepa` {hpf dgshc agmzlas pfgp {a saa avatx `gx%
Ohtsplx, `hvatshpx ahsps gmieksp szachas% Ptghps pfgp
gthsa otim pfhs `hvatshpx pfgp gta g`vgepgkaiqs pi sqt-vhvgl glli{ pfa zissasshek gehmgls pi tazti`qca, ge`
gta pfae zgssa` gliek pi pfa eavp kaeatgphie% Glsi,
ptghps pfgp falz ge gehmgl gpptgcp g mgpa gta glsi zgssa`
ie mita ztilhcgllx, pfqs pfasa ptghps gta saae he sqdsa-wqaep kaeatgphies gs {all% @gt{hes `ashke oit avilq-
phie liiba` sima{fgp lhba g ptaa, {hpf agcf oitb `a-eiphek g cimmie gecaspit% Agcf dtgecf `hvatkas `qa
pi cfgekas he pfa aevhtiemaep it ea{ zta`gpits ge`
`gekats pfgp eacasshpgpa ea{ g`gzpgphie%
[hpf ivat g fqe`ta` xagts io fhspitx dafhe`
qs, {a saa g{s he @gt{hes pfaithas, mghelx `qa pi
fhs lgcb io bei{la`ka io mi`ate kaeaphcs% Sphll, {hpfgex sfitpcimheks io pfa pfaitx, Ie pfa Ithkhe io Sza-
chas pqtea` avatxiea he Ktagp Dthpghe hepi ge avilq-phiehsp ztgcphcgllx ivatehkfp% Gopat hps zqdlhcgphie he
7618, hp {gs ogsfhiegdla pi da ge avilqphiehsp% [fae
@gt{hes h`ags cgma hepi pfa lhmalhkfp, pfax dakge pi
`hooqsa hepi ipfat taglms io pfhebhek% Fhs pfaitx dakgepi da dihla` `i{e pi pfa ivat-shmzlha` h`ag io sqt-
vhvgl io pfa ppasp, g patm ctagpa` dx zfhlisizfat ge`
dhilikhsp Fatdatp Szaecat pfgp {gs henacpa` hepi lgpat
a`hphies io Ithkhe% Fatdatp Szaecat pfge dakge pi cta-
gpa pfa h`ag io Sichgl @gt{hehsm, ge h`ag pfgp hp hs
pfa `qpx io g sichapx pi {aa` iqp pfa {agb ge` pfisaqegdla pi sqzzitp pfamsalvas% Pfhs h`ag azli`a` gll
ivat pfa zilhphcgl mgz ge` cfgeka` hepategphiegl zilh-
phcs oit pfa eap iea fqe`ta` xagts% Hp kgva cta`aecapi cgzhpglhsm% Hps dgspgt`h~gphie szqtta` ogschsps lhba
Mqssilheh% Hp avae oiqe` hps {gx hepi pfa zthma zfh -
lisizfx io pfa Egphiegl Sichglhsp Zgtpx he Katmgex%
He pfa Eg~h ztizgkge`g zhaca Mahe Bgmzo, {a e`
g misp pallhek acatzp> Fa {fi {geps pi lhva mqsp
kfp, ge` fa {fi `ias eip {gep pi kfp he pfhs {itl`
{fata apategl sptqkkla hs pfa lg{ io lhoa fgs ei thkfp pi
avhsp%He g lass dlii`x saesa, @gt{he tavilqphie-
h~a` pfa zfhlisizfhcgl ge` talhkhiqs pfhebhek qephl pfhs
zihep% Dhk egmas he clgsshcgl zfhlisizfx, sqcf gs Gths-
pipla ge` Zlgpi, heshspa` pfgp avatx dahek fg` g oitm pfgp
{gs ciecahva` daoita pfa mgpathgl taztasaepgphie% Hp oil-
li{a` pfgp pfa mgpathgl taztasaepgphie ciql` eip cfgekaktg`qgllx2 pfa oitm fg` pi da ciecahva` tsp ge` pfa mg-
pathgl fg` pi da ctagpa` gea{% Zfhlisizfats, qelhba pfa
talhkhiqs lag`ats io pfgp phma, sg{ pfhs gs ge izzitpqehpx
pi hmztiva pfa il` pfaithas tgpfat pfge g`` g dlgcb axa pi
pfaht ztioasshie% [a pfae saa pfa {itbs io pfa zasshmhsp
Scfizaefgqat, pfa tg`hcgl egpqtglhsp Otha`thcf Ehap~scfa,
ge` pfa egpqtglhsphc fqmgehsp Nife @a{ax gll hecitzi-
tgpa @gt{hehsm hepi pfaht zfhlisizfhas%@gt{hes pfaithas fgva saae ei ktagpat tashs-
pgeca he pfa {aspate {itl` pfge thkfp fata he pfa Qehpa`Spgpas, takgt`lass io pfa vha{s io hps oiqe`ats% Gtiqe`
pfa ae` io pfa eheapaaepf caepqtx, ciecates dx ciesat-vgphva Cfthsphges ivat avilqphie dakge pi thsa% @gt{he-
hsm {gs saae gs pfa hmzapqs dafhe` pfa mhlhpgthsm pfgpcgqsa` [itl` [gt H ge` {gs siie dakheehek pi e` hps
{gx hepi pfa papdiibs io avatx fhkf scfiil cfhl` he
Gmathcg% Fata {a e` pfa Scizas miebax pthgl io 7841%
He @gxpie, Paeeassaa, Nife Pfimgs Scizas {gs zqp ie
pthgl oit vhilgphek g spgpa spgpqpa dx pagcfhek avilqphie pispq`aeps he zqdlhc scfiil &pfhs lg{ ztifhdhphek avilqphie
a`qcgphie {gs ivatpqtea` he 78?:(% Pfa cgsa fg` ciesh`-
atgdla zqdlhc gppaephie ge` pfa gtkqmaeps dap{aae avge-
kalhcgl Cfthsphge ztisacqpit [hllhgm Naeeheks Dtxge
ge` gppiteax Clgtaeca @gtti{ {ata saae gs ogepgsphc ae-
patpghemaep% Glpfiqkf pfa ztisacqphie {ie pfa pthgl, gsScizas {gs khvae g $7:: ea pfgp {gs lgpat ivatpqtea`
ie g pacfehcglhpx, pfa zqdlhc sg{ pfa th`hcqliqseass io
oqe`gmaepglhsm he pfa ciepavp io schaeca% Gs zqp dx
Mhcfgal Tqsa, zfhlisizfat ge` gqpfit io Pfa Avilqphie
[gts, Pfa egphie pfa {itl` lgqkfa` gp Paeeassaa
ge` gp pfa oqe`gmaepglhsps% Eavat gkghe {gs thkfp-{hek
Cfthsphgehpx pi cfgllaeka schaeca he sqcf g {gx%
Eieapfalass, pfa ciehcp {gs eip tasilva`% Pfa
Cil` [gt zqsfa` pfa Qehpa` Spgpas pi sctgmdla pi{gt`s
gcg`amhc avcallaeca he g sitp io hepallacpqgl gtms tgca%Pfhs magep {thphek ea{ papdiibs% Lqcbhlx oit avge-
kalhsp ciesatvgphvas, Nife C% [fhpcimd ge` Faetx M%
Mitths gtthva` pi khva pfa papdiib gqpfits g schaephc
avzlgegphie io ithkhes cieshspaep {hpf g eagt-lhpatgl he-
patztapgphie io pfa dhdla> ctagphie schaeca% Ctagphie sch-
aeca hs eip agcplx qeha` hepi gex iea pfaitx2 fi{avat
hp hs qeha` he pfa ogcp pfgp hp hscta`hps avilqphie% Hp asza-
chgllx `hscta`hps @gt{hehge avilqphie% Misp ctagphie sch-aephsps zqp ei ptqsp he tg`higcphva cgtdie `gphek pi `gpa
pfa agtpf% Pfax dalhava pfgp pfa oisshl tacit` hs pfa tasqlp
io pfa cgpgsptizfhc ii`2 pfa shmzlasp ctagpqtas dahek`ti{ea` gp pfa dippim {fhla pfa misp cimzlav ascgza`
pi fhkfat ktiqe`% Mghelx, ctagphie schaeca {gs zqsfa`
he licgl scfiil digt`s gs ge glpategphva pi da pgqkfp he
cienqecphie {hpf @gt{hehge avilqphie%
Pfa a`qcgphie `adgpa ciepheqa`% He Gtbgesgs
ge` Liqhshgeg he pfa agtlx 6:s, shmhlgt lg{s {ata zgssa`pfgp oitca` dglgeca` ptagpmaep io dipf avilqphie ge`
ctagphie schaeca {gs khvae he pfa clgsstiim% Dhilikx
pagcfats {ata eip zlagsa`, gs dipf szg{ea` ciqtp cgsas%
Ohegllx, he 786;, pfa Sqztama Ciqtp tqla` pfgp pfa Liqh-
Icpidat 70pf, 4::1
- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph ap gl%
`ascthdas pfa avhspaeca io
mhttit eaqties he mgcgwqa
miebaxs he Schaeca
Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [gpsie
ge` Cthcbs zgzat mi`al-
hek pfa sptqcpqta io @EG
gzzagts heEgpqta
Eivamdat 7688 -
Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfaHepatztapgphie io @tagms
ea{lx ascthdas pfa tila io
pfa sqdcieschiqs
Eivamdat 40pf, 7618 -
Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdlhsfasIe pfa Ithkhe io Szachashepti`qchek avilqphie dx
egpqtgl salacphie
7103 -@a tavilqphiehdqs
itdhqm cialasphqm tsp
zthepa` he Eqtamdqtk,
Katmgex iqplhehek Cizat-
ehcqs falhicaepthc mi`al
7?
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shgeg ge` Gtbgesgs lg{ io dglgeca` ptagpmaep {ata cie-
sh`ata` qeciesphpqphiegl, gs pfax ogvita` iea zgtphcqlgt
talhkhie &Cfthsphgehpx(% He tasziesa pi pfhs tqlhek, cta-
gphiehsps dakge pi zqp pfaht aooitps hepi hepallhkaep ashke,g vgkqa pfaitx pfgp vgthas ktagplx qzie hepatztapgphie%
Pfa mghe aooacp hp fgs he pfa clgsstiim hs pfgp hp iooatsge glpategphva pi @gt{hehge avilqphie {hpfiqp `htacplx
taoatthek pi Ki` it pfa dhdla% Pfa ciesphpqphieglhpx io
pagcfhek hepallhkaep `ashke hs sphll dahek `adgpa` ge` pfa
dglgeca` ptagpmaep mge`gpa {hpf takgt` pi hepallhkaep`ashke vgthas dx spgpa%
Glpfiqkf {a saa szachc cgsas io avilqphie
cimhek pi ciqtp he pfa gtaeg io a`qcgphie, avilqphie fgs
daae `aazlx hektghea` he pfa cqlpqta {gt io pfa Qehpa`
Spgpas sheca pfa 78?:s% Hp hs iopae saae gs iea io pfa
oqe`gmaepgl `hooataecas dap{aae pfa ciesatvgphva dgsa
ge` pfa lhdatgl ztiktasshvas% Pfa hmzlhcgphies io @gt-
{hes pfaithas fgva daae dli{e pi sqcf g ktipaswqa zti-zitphie pfgp pfax fgva daae {tieklx heoqsa` he `adgpas
ivat gditphie ge` he aooitps pi `hsztiva Ki`% Fi{avat,
dipf sh`as io pfa `adgpa oghl pi saa pfgp pfata gta schae-
phsps ge` pfailikhges glhba pfgp saa avilqphie ge` g `aaz
talhkhiqs oghpf cimzlapalx cimzgphdla% Xap gs pfa cql-
pqta {gt tgkas ie, si {hll pfa `adgpa ivat avilqphie% Gs
pfa sichgl ciepheqgphie io @gt{hes pfaithas {gs ivat
dli{e ge` zatvatpa` iea fqe`ta` xagts gki, si pfax
sfgll ciepheqa pi da% Eavatpfalass, hp sfiql` da tamam-
data` pfgp @gt{hes pfaitx {gs iea io dhilikx ge` eip
io zfhlisizfx it sichilikx%
Glpfiqkf Cfgtlas @gt{he {gs dx ei magesg mge io salo-gkktge`h~amaep, hp {iql` da fgt` oit
fhm pi fgva gex oitashkfp hepi fi{ mqcf fa cfgeka`
iqt {itl` 71: xagts gopat pfa Ithkhe% He lhoa, fa gl{gxs
sfha` g{gx otim pfa talhkhiqs `adgpa sqttiqe`hek fhspfaithas% Fa eavat {iql` fgva {gepa` pi ctagpa g si-
chgl iqpliib it g cqlpqta-zilgth~hek `adgpa% Fa eavat
ciql` fgva hmgkhea` fhs pfaitx dahek chpa` dx pfa dhk-
kasp `aszips he fhspitx it spgqecf gpfahsps io iqt i{e
`gx% @gt{hes zlgca he fhspitx hs zgtp schaephsp ge` zgtp
gepgkiehsp, fi{avat he lhoa fa {gs zqtalx g schaephsp%
-Ngmas Zaatlass, Cfamhcgl Aekheaathek, Clgss io 4:77
Gegpimx hs @asphexPfa Pfaithas ge` Hmzgcp io @t% Shkmqe` Otaq`
Pftiqkfiqp pfa ciqtsa io fqmge fhspitx, pfata fgvadaae ciqeplass he`hvh`qgls {fi fgva heqaeca`zizqlgt pfiqkfp ge` cfgllaeka` cimmie gssqmzphies%
Oiqe` {hpf pfa lhbas io @gt{he ge` Cizatehcqs hs Shk-mqe` Otaq`, zatfgzs pfa misp {all-tacikeh~a` ge`
cieptivatshgl zsxcfilikhsp pi avat aepat pfa al`% Fhs
`avalizmaep io zsxcfigeglxshs cfgllaeka` pfa cqttaep
eiphies io zsxcfilikx, ge` fhs zatshspaeca he fhs pfaitx
agtea` fhm lakhies io oilli{ats ge` glhaegpa` fhm otim
gexiea {fi iqdpa` fhs {itb% Glpfiqkf fa {gs hehphgllxciesh`ata` g tg`hcgl he pfa al` io zsxcfilikx, zaizla
siie dakge pi gccazp zsxcfigeglxphc pfaitx ge` Otaq`dacgma tacikeh~a` gs g {itl`{h`a azatp ie pfa sqdnacp%
Daoita Otaq`s `avalizmaep io pfa pfaitx io
zsxcfigeglxshs, zsxcfilikx fg` p{i mghe gzztigcfas pi
azlghehek maepgl hssqas ge` fqmge dafgvhit% Pfa tsp
gzztigcf {gs silalx schaephc ge` {gs dgsa` ie pfa ztam-
hsa pfgp pfa dtghe {gs cieptilla` dx pfa lg{s io cfamhsptxge` zfxshcs% Pfa glpategpa vha{ {gs bei{e gs cimmie-
saesa zsxcfilikx, {fhcf talha` ie cimmie-saesa avzlg-
egphies oit fqmge dafgvhits dx qshek pfiqkfps, oaalheks,
ge` {hsfas pi cima qz {hpf cgqsa ge` aooacp avzlgeg-
phies% Pgbae sazgtgpalx, eahpfat io pfasa ithaepgphies
ciql` azlghe avatxpfhek gdiqp fqmge dafgvhit ge` mae-
pgl hssqas% Otaq`s pfaitx ghma` pi tama`x pfhs shpqgphie%
Gp hps shmzlasp, Otaq`s zsxcfigeglxphc pfaitx gssqma`
pfgp zaizla gta qeg{gta io pfa qecieschiqs ogcpits pfgpkqh`a pfaht amiphies ge` dafgvhit% Otaq` `hvh`a` pfa
mhe` hepi p{i lavals, pfa qecieschiqs &{fhcf cie-
pghes iqt `thvas ge` qtkas pfgp gta iqp io iqt g{gta-eass dqp sphll miphvgpa iqt oaalheks ge` gcphies( ge` pfa
cieschiqs &{fhcf gta gex maepgl alamaeps pfgp gta he
iqt g{gtaeass gp gex zihep he phma(% Otaq` sgh` pfgp
pfa qecieschiqs ciepghes pfa mageheks io `tagms,
slhzs io pfa piekqa, ge` pfa taztasshie io mamithas%
Otaq` glsi dalhava` pfgp qecieschiqs zticassas cge
aepat iqt cieschiqseass, dqp tsp pfax gta `hskqhsa`
it `hspitpa` gs pi ztavaep oaalheks io gehapx% Oit
avgmzla, g zatsie mgx fil` qecieschiqs oaalheks io
atiphchsm it fisphlhpx, xap pfasa oaalheks {hll da zta-saepa` he pfa cieschiqs gs nibhek it pagshek {hpf
ipfat zaizla% Pfhs aegdlas pfa zatsie pi oqlll pfaht
`ashtas, dqp hp hs he g mita sichgllx-gccazpgdla mge-
eat pfge `htacplx avztasshek fisphlhpx it atiphchsm%Otaq` dalhava` pfgp p{i `thvas kqh`a gll fqmge ami-
phie ge` dafgvhit sa &Atis( ge` gkktasshie &Pfgeg-pis(% Otaq` dalhava` pfgp pfasa `thvas ithkhegpa he g
zatsies h` &ge qecieschiqs takhie he pfa zsxcfa pfgp
ghms pi ta`qca paeshie dx oqlllhek `ashtas( dqp gta
gdla pi aepat g zatsies aki &g takhie io pfa mhe` pfgp
hs he ciepgcp {hpf taglhpx ge` mqsp dglgeca pfa `ashtas
io pfa h` ge` pfa `amge`s io pfa sqzataki(% Otaq`
dalhava` pfgp pfa ahspaeca io pfa sa ge` gkktasshie
`thvas ciql` lag` zaizla pi azathaeca gehapx, {fhcf
fa `ascthda` gs ge qezlagsgep spgpa gccimzgeha` dx
g zfxshcgl saesgphie pfgp {gtes pfa zatsie gkghesp
Icpidat 70pf, 4::1
- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph a
`ascthdas pfa avhspae
mhttit eaqties he m
miebaxs he Schaeca
Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [
ge` Cthcbs zgzat m
hek pfa sptqcpqta io @
gzzagts heEgpqta
Eivamdat 7688 -
Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfHepatztapgphie io @t
ea{lx ascthdas pfa
pfa sqdcieschiqs
Eivamdat 40pf, 76
Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdIe pfa Ithkhe io Sza
hepti`qchek avilqphi
egpqtgl salacphie
7103 -@a tavilqphie
itdhqm cialasphqm
zthepa` he Eqtamdqt
Katmgex iqplhehek C
ehcqs falhicaepthc m
7;
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hmzae`hek `gekat% Pi `agl {hpf g spgpa io gevhapx,Otaq` ztizisa` pfgp fqmges qsa g vgthapx io `aoaesa
macfgehsms pi gvih` `htacplx `aglhek {hpf saqgl ge`
gkktasshva `thvas ge` pfqs gvih` g spgpa io gehapx%
Otaq` ztizisa` pfgp g zatsies sa `thva hs iea io pfa
ktagpasp oitcas he sfgzhek g zatsies zatsieglhpx, ge` fa
avae clghma` pfgp heogeps gta `thvae dx saqgl hmzqls-as% Iea io pfa misp cieptivatshgl pfaithas Otaq` fg
takgt`hek sa {gs pfa mgla Ia`hzqs cimzla% Otaq`
spgpa` pfgp gs ge heogep, dixs h`aephox {hpf pfaht ogpfatge` {gep pi da pfaht ogpfat% Fi{avat, pfhs siie khvas
{gx pi g savqgl `ashta oit pfaht mipfat, ge` pfa dix
vha{s fhs ogpfat gs g thvgl oit pfa mipfats liva% Otaq`
glsi zqp oitpf pfa h`ag io cgsptgphie gevhapx, he {fhcf
g xiqek dix oagts io lishek fhs zaehs% Avaepqgllx, pfa
dixs Ia`hzqs cimzla hs tasilva` it taztassa`, ge` pfa
dix gdge`ies fhs hecaspqiqs `ashtas pi{gt` fhs mipfat%Shmhlgtlx, Otaq` `avaliza` pfa h`ag io pfa oa-
mgla Ia`hzqs cimzla, simaphmas taoatta` pi gs pfa
Alacptg cimzla% Pfa oamgla Ia`hzqs cimzla gs-
sqmas pfgp xiqek khtls `avaliz zaehs aevx, ge` pfa
xiqek khtl {hll fil` fat mipfat taszieshdla oit `aex-
hek fat pfa itkge, ge` {hll pqte fat savqgl aeatkx pi-{gt` fgvhek sa {hpf fat ogpfat% Otaq` dalhava` pfgp
pfa oamgla Ia`hzqs cimzla hs tasilva` ieca pfa khtl
khvas qz saqgl zqtsqhp io fat ogpfat ge` h`aephas
{hpf fat mipfat% Pfasa h`ags {ata tg`hcgl he pfa _hc-
pithge atg, ge` cgqsa` Otaq` pi lisa sima io fhs cil-
lagkqas ge` zgphaeps% Sima io Otaq`s oilli{ats ge`
cthphcs cfgllaeka` Otaq`s vha{s gdiqp pfa oamgla Ia-`hzqs cimzla, ge` dakge pi zqdlhclx cthphch~a Otaq`
gs dahek sahsp ge` eakgphva pi{gt`s {imae% Otaq`
taoqsa` pi tacgep fhs pfaitx, dqp `h` spgpa pfgp pfa
lhoa io {imae hs g `gtb ciepheaep oit zsxcfilikx%Dash`as shmzlx `avalizhek pfa pfaitx io zsx-
cfigeglxshs, Otaq` glsi ctagpa` g pfatgzaqphc ptagp-
maep io pfa sgma egma, {hpf pfa kigl io hectagshek
g zatsies salo-g{gtaeass ge` falzhek pfam pi qe`at-spge` pfa aooacps pfgp zgsp avaeps fgva ie pfaht ztas-
aep dafgvhits% Pfa p{i gszacps misp cimmielx
gssichgpa` {hpf zsxcfigeglxphc ptagpmaep gta otaa gs-
sichgphie ge` `tagm geglxshs% @qthek otaa gssichg-
phie, zgphaeps mqsp pall pfa pfatgzhsp avatx pfiqkfp pfgp
cimas pi mhe` takgt`hek zgtphcqlgt sphmqlh ge` oilli{
pfa ptghl io gssichgphies {fatavat hp lag`s% Takgt`-hek `tagm geglxshs, Otaq` dalhava` pfgp `tagms cie-
pghe g mgehoasp ciepaep, it sqtogca magehek, ge` lgpaep
ciepaep, {fhcf hs pfa `tagms qecieschiqs magehek%
Otaq` dalhava` pfgp gll `tagms gta {hsf oqlllmaeps,
{fapfat it eip pfa `tagmat tacikeh~as pfam gs sqcf%
Otaq`s pfaithas ge` ztgcphcas agtea` fhm g la-khie io oilli{ats, sima io {fhcf avaepqgllx szlhp otim
Otaq` pi oitm pfaht i{e zsxcfilikhcgl pfaithas% Pfa misp
{all-bei{e io pfasa heclq`a Glota` G`lat, {fi {aep ie
pi ctagpa he`hvh`qgl zsxcfilikx, Cgtl Nqek, {fi oiqe`a`
pfa al` io geglxphcgl zsxcfilikx, ge` Bgtae Fiteax, {fi
{aep ie pi azge` pfa h`ag io heptiszacphie% Fi{avat,
agcf io pfasa ea{ pfaithas, ge` pfa sqdsawqaep pfaithas
pfax szg{ea`, fgs sima `aktaa io Otaq`hge heqaeca%
Otaq`s zsxcfigeglxphc pfaitx sphll zatvg`as
47sp caepqtx pfiqkfp ge` cqlpqta% Misp zaizla fgva
fagt` io pfa patms aki ge` h`, ge` mgex zaizla
sphll h`aephox zsxcfipfatgzx &pglb pfatgzx( {hpf zsxcfi-geglxshs% Fhs {itb fgs daae pfa heszhtgphie oit ipfat
{itbs io gtp, lhpatgpqta, lm, ge` zizqlgt cqlpqta% Fhs
pfaithas fgva glsi clagtlx mg`a g lgsphek hmzgcp ie pfa
al` io zsxcfilikx% Fhs h`ags {ata qeztaca`aepa` ge`
{ata oilli{a` dx lakhies io a`klhek zsxcfilikhsps
ge` schaephsps io gll al`s% Fhs {itbs szqtta` ipfat
zsxcfilikhsps pi cfgllaeka Otaq`s vha{s ge` cima qz
{hpf pfaht i{e pfaithas% Zsxcfilikx gs g `hschzlhea ta-
cahva` mita gppaephie `qa pi pfa hepatasp pfa zqdlhc fg`
he Otaq` ge` fgs sheca mg`a shkehcgep g`vgecamaeps
he hps tasagtcf ge` ptagpmaep io maepgl hssqas% Catpghelx,
Otaq`s pfaithas gta eip hmmqea otim cthphchsm ge` oqt-
pfat tasagtcf, dqp hp hs clagt pfgp pfax fgva mg`a g shk -ehcgep hmzgcp ie zsxcfilikx ge` sichapx gs g {fila%
-Dthge Lapiqteagq, Zsxcfilikx, Clgss io 4:77
He 7813, Ngmas [gpsie ge` Otgechs Cthcb `hs-civata` pfa `iqdla falh sptqcpqta io @EG% Pfhsdtagbpftiqkf qsfata` he g {gva io kaeaphc tasagtcf
ge` aspgdlhsfa` @EG gs pfa mghe oitm io fata`hpgtx%
[gpsie ge` Cthcb ztizisa` pfgp p{i cfghes mg`a io
sqkgt zfiszfgpa die`s gta cieeacpa` vhg fx`tikae
die`s dap{aae zghts io dgsas> G`aehea {hpf Pfxmhea
ge` Kqgehea {hpf Cxpishea% Pfhs p{i cfghes p{hsp
pi liib lhba g szhtgl lg``at% [gpsie ge` Cthcbs `hs-
civatx fgs savatgl hmzlhcgphies oit mi`ate sichapx%
Eqmatiqs g`vgecas ge schaephsps cie`qcphek
g vgsp gmiqep io schaephc tasagtcf la` pi pfa qecivat-hek io pfa @EG zq~~la% P{i ipfat schaephsps {ata oqe-
`gmaepgl he pfa zticass dqp tamghe talgphvalx qebei{e
pi`gx> Mgqthca [hlbhes ge` Tisglhe` Otgeblhe% He 78?4
[gpsie, Cthcb ge` [hlbhes tacahva` pfa Eidal Zth~a he
zfxshilikx it ma`hchea% Pfiqkf Tisglhe` Otgeblhe {gs
assaephgl he pfa tasagtcf, sfa zgssa` g{gx he7816, oiqt
xagts daoita pfa tacikehphie% @aszhpa pfa phmas Tisg-
lhe` Otgeblhe &d% 784: he Lie`ie( idpghea` g `aktaa he
Cfamhsptx ge` dacgma ge avzatp he pfa ea{ pacfeilikxio V-tgx ctxspglliktgzfx% He V-tgx ctxspglliktgzfx, ge
Fata`hpx gs Cfamhsptx
Icpidat 70pf, 4::1
- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph ap gl%
`ascthdas pfa avhspaeca io
mhttit eaqties he mgcgwqa
miebaxs he Schaeca
Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [gpsie
ge` Cthcbs zgzat mi`al-
hek pfa sptqcpqta io @EG
gzzagts heEgpqta
Eivamdat 7688 -
Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfaHepatztapgphie io @tagms
ea{lx ascthdas pfa tila io
pfa sqdcieschiqs
Eivamdat 40pf, 7618 -
Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdlhsfasIe pfa Ithkhe io Szachashepti`qchek avilqphie dx
egpqtgl salacphie
7103 -@a tavilqphiehdqs
itdhqm cialasphqm tsp
zthepa` he Eqtamdqtk,
Katmgex iqplhehek Cizat-
ehcqs falhicaepthc mi`al
Pfa @hscivatx io @EG
76
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v-tgx hs sfip gp g ztipahe pi `a`qca hps sptqcpqta% Qshekpfhs pacfehwqa, schaephsps cge vhsqglh~a pfa sptqcpqta io
vatx smgll cimzieaeps he g call,
lhba @EG% [hlbhes, g eqclagt
zfxshchsp glsi sqkkaspa` qs-hek V-tgx ctxspglliktgzfx pi
spq`x @EG% Fi{avat, hespag`
io ciizatgphek, Otgeblhe ge`
[hlbhes dqmza` fag`s ota-
wqaeplx zipaephgllx sli{hek
pfaht ztiktass% Gltag`x hepat-
aspa` he kaeaphcs {hpf g `aktaa
he ~iilikx, [gpsie dacgma
hevilva` he pfa ztinacp gopat
fagthek g lacpqta io [hlbhes
ge` saahek hmgkas io @EG%
Fa siie miva` pi Cgvae`hsf
Lgditgpitx, g fip szip oit v-tgx
ctxspglliktgzfhc ztinacps% Cthcb
gp pfa phma {gs spq`xhek fa-
miklidhe gp pfa sgma licgphie
{fata fa {gs tactqhpa` dx [gpsie pi `avaliz g
mi`al io @EG sptqcpqta% Qshek Otgeblhes zfi-pis, pfax zqdlhsfa` pfaht {itb he Egpqta he 7813%
Dash`as V-tgx Ctxspglliktgzfx mgex ipfat ta-
caep spq`has ciepthdqpa` pi pfa mi`al% Ktakit Mae`alpftiqkf azathmaepgphie {hpf zags idsatva` pfgp ptghps,
pi`gx cglla` kaeas, gta hefathpa` he catpghe zgppates% Pfa
zgppates cittalgpa pi ogcpits, lhba sfgza ge` cilit pfgp
gta licgpa` ie pfa sgma kaea% P{i xagts lgpat he 76?6
Otha`thcf Mhascfat hsilgpa` eqclahc gch` otim calls oit
pfa tsp phma% Hp {gsep qephl 7800 pfgp Is{gl` Gvatx
cieeacpa` pfa p{i `hscivathas {fhla idsatvhek dgcpa-
thgl sptghes pfqs cieclq`hek pfgp eqclahc gch`s mg`a qzkaeas% Oilli{hek pfhs `hscivatx pfa ptae` gmiek sch-
aephsps sfhopa` otim g vha{ io ztipahes gs pfa mi`a io
fata`hpgtx pi @EG gs oqe`gmaepgl sptqcpqta io lhoa% He
781:, At{he Cfgtkgoos oiqe` pfgp pfata gta awqgl eqm-
dats io g`aehea ge` pfxmhea ge` kqgehea ge` cxpishea%Pfa egl zhaca io avh`aeca {gs Lheqs Zgqlheks e`hek
io ztipahes {hpf falhcgl sfgzas%
He ogcp he pfa sgma xagt gs
[gpsie ge` Cthcb ztizisa` g
`iqdla falhv mi`al, Zgqlhek
zqdlhsfa` g zgzat sqkkasp-
hek g pftaa-falhcgl sptqcpqta%
Dx kgpfathek gll pfhs heoit-
mgphie, [gpsie ge` Cthcb{ata gdla pi `avaliz pfa
`iqdla falhv mi`al io @EG%
Otim ma`hchea pi gkthcql-pqta pfa hmzgcp io [gpsie /
Cthcbs `hscivatx hs ztioiqe`%
Mgehzqlgphie io pfa kaeaphc
ci`a cge fgva ztioiqe` ao-
oacps ie ge itkgehsm> otim
dgl`hek pi sathiqs `hsit`ats
lhba @i{e sxe`tima% Mass-
hek {hpf pfa sptqcpqta io @EG
ge` glpategphek pfa kaeaphc sawqaeca cge ztavaep it
aefgeca catpghe ptghps qsfathek he g {fila ea{ {gx piptagp hsagsas% Pi`gx, @EG ekatzthephek hs cimmie he
cthma scaea hevasphkgphies ge` kaeaphc mgehzqlgphie hs
qsa` pi kti{ lgtkat, zasp tashspgep zlgeps% Cliehek hs ei{
assaephgl he mhctidhilikhcgl tasagtcf ge` he 788? @illx
pfa sfaaz dacgma pfa tsp cliea` mgmmgl% Fi{avat,
mqcf cieptivatsx ge` `adgpa sqttiqe`s pfa kaeaphc
ci`a pi`gx aszachgllx {hpf taszacp pi pfa apfhcs io clie-hek% Otim 788: pi 4::3 pfa Fqmge Kaeima Ztinacp la`
pi pfa cimzlapa mgzzhek io pfa fqmge kaeima, g zti-oiqe` g`vgeca he kaeaphcs% [gpsie ge` Cthcb cfgeka`
pfa {gx mge gzztigcfas schaephc tasagtcf ge` izaea`
qz ea{ al`s io spq`x% [hpfiqp pfhs dtagbpftiqkf, mge
{iql` sphll da hkeitgep io pfa macfgehsms io fata`hpx%
-Pgtg @fhektg, Dhicfamhsptx, Clgss io 4:74
Cizatehcqs ztiva` pfgp pfa agtpf hsep pfa caepatio pfa qehvatsa, @gt{he sfi{a` qs {ata gll nqspclavat cfhmzge~aas, Otaq` pil` qs {a tqe ie zi{atoql
sqdcieschiqs `ashtas, ge` lgsplx, pfa `hscivatx io @EG%
Otgechs Cthcb, gopat `hscivathek pfa cihla` `iqdla falh
ge` pfqs tavilqphieh~hek pfa {gx {a pfheb gdiqp iqt
kaeas ge` iqt fhspitx, ogmiqslx sgh`, Pfata hs ei sch-
aephc spq`x mita vhpgl pi mge pfge pfa spq`x io fhs i{e
dtghe% Iqt aephta vha{ io pfa qehvatsa `azae`s ie hp%
Pfa `hscivatat io @EG szaep fhs lgpat xagts cievheca`
io pfa heptheshc hmzitpgeca io eaqtischaeca, tasilqpa
pfgp pfa spq`x io pfa dtghe gp pfa milacqlgt laval {iql`
`hscivat pfa eaqtgl cittalgpa io cieschiqseass, ge` zta-
`hcpa` pfgp eaqtischaeca {iql` ki pftiqkf g milacqlgt
tavilqphie cimzgtgdla pi pfa iea fa fg` la` he dhilikx%
Oit mgex, eaqtischaeca hs pfa egpqtgl ae`
zihep oit pfa misp ztasshek ge` cqthiqs hssqas2 hp hs pfacqlmhegphie io g vgthapx io wqasphies otim ge gttgx
io `hooataep sqdnacps% Otim {fata `ias cieschiqseass
gthsa9 [fgp cgqsas maepgl hlleass9 Fi{ `i {a lagte9
Fi{ `ias mamitx {itb9 Hp hs g qehoxhek al`, hp hs
fata pfgp gll io pfa `gpg {a fgva cillacpa` ge` idsatvg-
phies {a fgva mg`a otim schaeca, zsxcfilikx, sichil-ikx, zfhlisizfx, avae talhkhie, {hll da ciit`hegpa` hepi
g {fila zhcpqta% Avatxpfhek otim {fgp mgbas qs lagte,
EaqtischaecaPfa Tavilqphie io Iqt Kaeatgphie
Icpidat 70pf, 4::1
- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph a
`ascthdas pfa avhspae
mhttit eaqties he m
miebaxs he Schaeca
Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [
ge` Cthcbs zgzat m
hek pfa sptqcpqta io @
gzzagts heEgpqta
Eivamdat 7688 -
Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfHepatztapgphie io @t
ea{lx ascthdas pfa
pfa sqdcieschiqs
Eivamdat 40pf, 76
Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdIe pfa Ithkhe io Sza
hepti`qchek avilqphi
egpqtgl salacphie
7103 -@a tavilqphie
itdhqm cialasphqm
zthepa` he Eqtamdqt
Katmgex iqplhehek C
ehcqs falhicaepthc m
78
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8/2/2019 NU Science Issue 4
20/24
4:
pi {fgp mgbas qs oaal, pi {fgp mgbas qs sichglh~a2
he sfitp, {fgp mgbas qs fqmge% Pfata gta `i~aes io
zlgcas pi liib oit ges{ats, otim tasagtcf he milacq-
lgt eaqtischaeca, {fhcf ei{ glli{s zgtglx~a` zaizla
pi miva idnacps qshek pfaht i{e eaqties, pi sxspams
eaqtischaeca, {fhcf hs ctagphek g ea{ oitm io gtph-chgl hepallhkaeca qshek ge alacpthc eatviqs sxspam gs g
mi`al% [a fgva si mqcf `gpg ie pfa pgdla otim hesh`a
iqt dtghes, pfa mgnithpx io {fhcf hs pgepglh~heklx `a-
pghla` xap sphll qe`achzfatgdla% [a cge saa zgppates he
hps gegpimx, dqp {a sphll `iep bei{ {fgp pfax mage%
Pfa cimzlahpx io pfa al` hs {fgp mgbas hp si ztim-
hshek, fi{avat hp hs glsi {fgp mgbas hp si `hocqlp pi
ktgsz% Pfa awqhshpalx cimzla gcphie io pfa thek io
g shekla eaqtie qz pi pfa {gx {a lagte pi zlgx pfa vhi-lhe gll fgzzaes he pfa dtghe% Gs Cthcb zqp hp Avae iqt
liophasp gszhtgphies gta dxzti`qcps io eaqtgl gcphvhpx%
Oit sima, schaeca fgs ei zlgca ges{athek `aazlx he-
pthcgpa fqmgea hssqas lhba cieschiqseass it amzgpfx
it iqt zatcazphie io taglhpx% Pfata hs g beaa natb tagc -
phie pfgp cgqsas qs pi ctx, Hm g cimzlav fqmge da-
hek cgzgdla io fhkfat it`at pfiqkfp ge` dqhl`hek ticbapsfhzs ge` gmdhek siqo, H cgep da azlghea` g{gx
dx cfamhcgl tagcphies' He taglhpx, qe`atspge`hek iqt
dhilikhcgl zticassas he ei {gx lassaes {fgp {a avzath-
aeca% Hp hs `ascthzphie, eip avzlgegphie% Pfa mita {a`hscivat gdiqp pfa cfamhcgl, dhilikhcgl, ge` zfxsh-
cgl ztizatphas io iqt i{e dtghes, pfa mita {a taglh~a
fi{ he pfa `gtb {a gta gdiqp pfa `azpf io cimzlav-
hpx pfgp cimzthsas iqt mhe`s, ge` pfa mita hefataeplxogschegphek hp gll saams% He g sptgeka {gx, qetgvalhek
pfa dhilikhcgl qe`atzheeheks io iqt dtghe hepaeshas
pfa saesa io mxspatx2 hp cgqsas qs pi mgtval gp pfa he-
cta`hdla avilqphie pfgp fg` pi iccqt pi mgba qs fqmge%
Fgva xiq avat eiphca` pfgp simaiea {gs gdiqp pi pgba
g dg` ogll ge` hecfa` he tasziesa, mimaepgthlx oaal-
hek pfgp zatsies zghe9 Pfa tagsie oit pfgp ciql` da
oiqe` he simapfhek cglla` mhttit eaqties% Pfasa {ata
tsp h`aepha` gp pfa Qehvatshpx io Zgtmg dx Hpglhge ta-
sagtcfat Th~~ilgpph ge` fhs cillagkqas, {fi {ata pasphek
mipit eaqties he pfa ztamipit citphcgl gtag io mgcgwqa
miebaxs% Pfa ztamipit citpav hs g zgtp io pfa dtghe pfgp
sazgtgpas saesitx hezqp ge` mipit iqpzqp2 hp hs {fata
gcphies gta wqhcblx tafagtsa` daoita dahek cimzlapa`
dx pfa mipit eaqties% Gs iopae saams pi da pfa cgsa he
schaeca, hp {gs eip wqhpa oitashkfp dqp ge gcch`aep pfgp
cgqsa` pfam pi zgqsa ge` eiphca simapfhek qeqsqgl%
Th~~ilgpph ge` fhs cillagkqas {ata kihek gdiqp pfahtdqsheass, agphek tgvhilh, lhspaehek pi izatg ge` magsqt-
hek pfaht miebaxs dtghe {gvas, {fae iea io pfam ei-
phca` simapfhek i``-pfa sgma eaqties he pfa ztamipit
citpa pfgp ta` {fae pfa miebax fhmsalo zhcba` qz g
zageqp {ata glsi taszie`hek {fae pfa miebax sg{ g
tasagtcfat zhcb qz g zageqp% Pfa miebaxs ztamipiteaqties {ata taszie`hek pi pfa mata idsatvgphie io ge
gcphie% Pfa tasagtcfats fg` spqmdla` qzie simapfhekdhk% Gs Th~~ilgpph {iql` lgpat zta`hcp, mhttit eaqties
{hll `i oit zsxcfilikx {fgp @EG `h` oit dhilikx%
[fgp pfax oiqe` hs g dhilikhcgl dgshs io hmhpgphva lagte-hek ge` cqlpqta gcwqhshphie% Dx idsatvhek geipfat geh-
mgls gcphies, taszie`hek vhg mhttit eaqties, ge gehmgl
ciql` aekgka he hmhpgphva lagtehek ge` zisshdlx qe`at-
spge` pfa hepaep dafhe` pfa gcphie% Pfhs sfgta` bei{l-a`ka ciql` fgva glli{a` gehmgls pi avilva he piqkf
aevhtiemaeps, {hpf iea aszachgllx clavat miebaxs
bei{la`ka io piils dahek sfgta` {hpf gll io pfa mie-
baxs io fhs pthda% Mhttit eaqties {ata tacaeplx h`aeph-a` he fqmge azhlazsx zgphaeps he @t% Hp~fgb Otha`s lgd
gp QCLG% Pfax {ata oiqe` he mita zgtps io pfa dtghege` avae mita fhkflx `avaliza` pfge pfisa oiqe` he pfa
mgcgwqas% Iqt mita sizfhsphcgpa` oitms io mhttit eaq-
ties mage {a cge aekgka he mita cimzlhcgpa` oitms
io hmhpgphie% Tasagtcfats fxzipfash~a pfgp pfa mgcgwqa
miebaxs ztamipit citphcgl gtag avilva` hps mhttit
eaqtie sxspam gs ge gtag oit fhkf-laval cieptil io og-chgl gcphies% Ho pfhs ztivas pi da geglikiqs he fqmges,
hp ciql` mage pfgp mhttit eaqties ge` hmhpgphva lagte-
hek gta {fgp la` qs otim ctq`a zgepimhma cimmqehcg-
phie pi pfa piekqa mivamaeps io tq`hmaepgtx lgekqgka%
Pfasa eaqties ciql` glsi ztiva pi da pfa dhilikhcgl
dgshs oit amzgpfx, gs tasagtcf hepi pfa mhttit eaqties
io dipf Gqphsm zgphaeps ge` sxeaspfapas sfi{s% Avzath-
maeps fgva sfi{e pfgp zaizla {hpf Gqphsm mgx fgva
`achaechas he pfa gdhlhpx io pfaht mhttit eaqties pi
oqecphie ztizatlx% Pfa cimmie shkes io Gqp