NSW Energy Savings Scheme: Review of Commercial Lighting · NSW Energy Savings Scheme: Review of...

NSW Energy Savings Scheme: Review of Commercial Lighting

Final Report

Prepared for IPART

February 2013

NSWEnergySavingsScheme:ReviewofCommercialLighting

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................5

Chapter2. CompliancewithLightingDesignStandards...............................................................7 2.1. Background.....................................................................................................................................................7 2.2. IntroductiontoAS/NZS1680....................................................................................................................7 2.3. CurrentESSApproachtoCompliance.....................................................................................................8 2.4. DevelopmentofanImprovedApproach................................................................................................9 2.4.1. Multi‐TieredApproach.................................................................................................................................................9 2.4.2. RequirementsforMediumandLargeProjects...............................................................................................11 2.4.3. RequirementsforSmallProjects...........................................................................................................................13

2.5. ApplicationsnotCoveredAdequatelybyAS/NZS1680.................................................................14 2.5.1. SpecialisedApplicationswithDesignStandardotherthanAS/NZS1680.........................................14 2.5.2. InteriorApplicationsforwhichthereisnotaClearDesignStandard.................................................15 2.5.3. ApplicationsthatdonotFitanyofthePreviousCategories.....................................................................15

2.6. SummaryofRecommendationsfromthisChapter.........................................................................16

Chapter3. AppropriatelyQualifiedPersons..................................................................................17 3.1. LightingCourses.........................................................................................................................................17 3.2. LightingQualificationsandProfessionalEthics...............................................................................19 3.3. SummaryofRecommendationsfromthisChapter.........................................................................20

Chapter4. PerformanceofLightingTechnologies.......................................................................21 4.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................21 4.2. CurrentApproach.......................................................................................................................................21 4.3. Introductionto“SolutionElements”....................................................................................................23 4.4. SolutionElement–EliminatetheEmergingTechnologiesCategory.........................................23 4.5. SolutionElement–InstallationPermanence....................................................................................24 4.6. SolutionElement–TechnologySpecifications..................................................................................25 4.6.1. ConventionalTechnologies......................................................................................................................................26 4.6.2. Downlights.......................................................................................................................................................................27 4.6.3. EmergingTechnologies..............................................................................................................................................29 4.6.4. SummaryofRecommendations–TechnologySpecifications.................................................................32

4.7. SolutionElement–LaboratoryTestingtoProveClaimedPerformance..................................33 4.7.1. DiscussionandRecommendations.......................................................................................................................33 4.7.2. TestMethods...................................................................................................................................................................34 4.7.3. LaboratoryTestingofLampCircuitPower......................................................................................................35 4.7.4. SampleSizes....................................................................................................................................................................36 4.7.5. RecognisedLaboratories...........................................................................................................................................37 4.7.6. CredibilityofTestReports........................................................................................................................................37 4.7.7. CheckTesting..................................................................................................................................................................37 4.7.8. LeveragingfromExistingCertificationSchemes...........................................................................................37

4.8. SolutionElement‐ProofofMEPSRegistration................................................................................38 4.9. SolutionElement‐WarranteeandCompatibilityRequirements...............................................38 4.10. SolutionElement‐ApprovalperModelRatherthanperACP...................................................39 4.11. SolutionElement‐OutsourceDesignApprovalandProductApproval.................................40 4.12. SolutionElement‐ProveEmergingTechnologyPerformancePost‐Installation................41 4.13. SummaryofRecommendationsfromthisChapter.......................................................................42

Chapter5. SafetyandEMCRequirements.......................................................................................43 5.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................43 5.2. BackgroundInformation.........................................................................................................................43 5.2.1. NSW‐ElectricalSafetyLegislation–AppliancesandEquipment.........................................................43 5.2.2. Victoria‐ElectricalSafetyLegislation–AppliancesandEquipment...................................................46 5.2.3. NSW‐ElectricalSafetyofInstallation.................................................................................................................46


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5.2.4. Victoria‐ElectricalSafetyofInstallation..........................................................................................................46 5.2.5. ERAC...................................................................................................................................................................................47 5.2.6. Report‐ReviewofElectricalSafetyIssuesforLightingTechnologies................................................49 5.2.7. EMC......................................................................................................................................................................................50

5.3. Discussion.....................................................................................................................................................51 5.4. SummaryofRecommendationsfromthisChapter.........................................................................51

Chapter6. OtherIssues.........................................................................................................................52 6.1. ExtendedOperatingHours......................................................................................................................52 6.2. ApplicationoftheBCAinNSW...............................................................................................................52 6.3. CalculationofEnergySavings.................................................................................................................53 6.4. SummaryofRecommendationsfromthisChapter.........................................................................53

AppendixA–IntroductiontoLightingDesignSoftware...............................................................54 A.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................54 A.2. ExampleofSoftware:Relux....................................................................................................................59 A.2.1. RoomCharacteristics..................................................................................................................................................59 A.2.2. LuminaireCharacteristics........................................................................................................................................60 A.2.3. LightCalculation...........................................................................................................................................................61 A.2.4. SoftwareOutputandFirstApproximationofCompliance........................................................................62

LIST OF FIGURES Figure1–lightingdesignandverificationformediumandlargeprojects(optionalforsmallprojects)..........................12 Figure2–typicalefficaciesofconventionallamptechnologies(source:testingcommissionedbyBeletichAssociates).....................................................................................................................................................................................................................24 Figure3–Roomcharacteristics...........................................................................................................................................................................59 Figure4‐Surfacecharacteristics........................................................................................................................................................................60 Figure5‐Thornluminairesplacedontheofficeplan...............................................................................................................................60 Figure6‐Lightcalculationsettings...................................................................................................................................................................61 Figure7‐Manualsettingofmaintenancefactor..........................................................................................................................................61 Figure8‐Isoluxassessment.................................................................................................................................................................................62 Figure9–Technicalreport....................................................................................................................................................................................62 Figure10‐PositioningofanobserverforUGRcontrol............................................................................................................................63 Figure11‐UGRintheobserver’sfieldofview.............................................................................................................................................64

LIST OF TABLES Table1–projecttiersandrequirementsforlightingdesign/verification.......................................................................................10 Table2–IESANZaccreditedcourses.................................................................................................................................................................17 Table3–otherIESANZcourses(Enlightenment).......................................................................................................................................17 Table4–Otherlightingcourses..........................................................................................................................................................................18 Table5–downlightspecifications......................................................................................................................................................................28 Table6–linearLEDlampspecifications(4‐footlamps)..........................................................................................................................29 Table7–linearpaneltrofferspecifications...................................................................................................................................................30 Table8–LEDhighbayspecifications................................................................................................................................................................30 Table9–numbersofregisteredDesignlightsmodels...............................................................................................................................32 Table10–recommendedsamplesizesandcompliancecriteria..........................................................................................................36 Table11–analysisofrecommendations.........................................................................................................................................................42 Table12–Summaryofsoftwarepackages.....................................................................................................................................................56 BeletichAssociatesandLightNaturallybelievethattheinformationcontainedinthisdocumentiscorrectandthatanyestimates,opinions,conclusionsorrecommendationscontainedinthisdocumentarereasonablyheldormadeasatthetimeofcompilation.However,nowarrantyismadeastotheaccuracyorreliabilityofanyestimates,opinions,conclusions,recommendationsorotherinformationcontainedinthisdocumentand,tothemaximumextentpermittedbylaw,BeletichAssociatesandLightNaturallydisclaimallliabilityandresponsibilityforanydirectorindirectlossordamagewhichmaybesufferedbyanyrecipientthroughrelyingonanythingcontainedinoromittedfromthisdocument.Furthermore,noendorsementofanyproduct,technologyorserviceismadeinthisreport,whetherimpliedorotherwise.


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GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS ACMA: AustralianCommunicationsandMediaAuthorityACP: AccreditedcertificateproviderAEMO: AustralianEnergyMarketOperatorBallast: Deviceconnectedbetweenthepowersupplyandoneormoredischargelamps

primarilytolimitthecurrentofthelamp(s)BaU: Business‐as‐usualBCA: BuildingCodeofAustraliacd Candela=luminousintensity=poweremittedbyalightsourceinaparticular

directionCFL: CompactfluorescentlampCFLi: CompactfluorescentlampwithintegratedballastCFLn: Compactfluorescentlampwithnon‐integratedballastCLF: Commerciallightingformula‐lightingupgradesfromwhichESCsaregeneratedusing

theESScommerciallightingformulaControlgear: LightingballastortransformerConventionaltechnology: LightingtechnologythatappearsinTable9oftheESSRuleCPD: ContinuingprofessionaldevelopmentCRI: ColourrenderingindexDSF: Defaultsavingsfactor(clause9.3oftheESSRule)DTIRIS: NSWDepartmentofTradeandInvestment,RegionalInfrastructureandServicesEMC: ElectromagneticcompatibilityEmergingtechnology: LED,T5adaptor,inductionlamp,VRUortechnologynotinTable9ofESSRuleEOH: ExtendedoperatinghoursESC: EnergysavingscertificateESS: NSWEnergySavingsSchemeESV: EnergySafeVictoriaHID: HighintensitydischargelampIESorIESANZ: IlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofAustraliaandNewZealandIPART: NSWIndependentPricingandRegulatoryTribunal–schemeadministratoroftheESSkcd: kilo‐candelas–seecdaboveLamp: SourceofartificialopticalradiationLCP: Lampcircuitpower‐thepowerdrawnbyasinglelampanditsassociatedcontrolgearLED: LightemittingdiodeLm: Lumen,theinternationalmeasureoflightoutput(luminousflux)Luminaire: Apparatuswhichdistributes,filtersortransformsthelighttransmittedfromalight

source,includinglamp(s),controlgearandallcomponentsnecessaryforfixingandprotectingthelamps

Lux: Theinternationalmeasureofilluminance,orlightfallingonasurface(lm/m2)L70: Operatinghoursatwhichlightoutputdepreciatesto70%ofinitialMIES: MemberofIESTheLightingSocietyMWh: Mega‐watthourNominal: Themanufacturer’sratedvalueforalightingproductOEH: NSWOfficeofEnvironmentandHeritageRLP: RegisteredLightingPractitioneroftheIESANZSME: Small‐mediumsizedenterpriseSSL: SolidstatelightingT5adaptor: Kit(includinglamp)thatwillmodifyaT8orT12luminairetosuitaT5lampVEET VictorianEnergyEfficiencyTargetschemeVESC VictorianEssentialServicesCommissionVRU: VoltageReductionUnitW: Watt


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Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION

Inrecentmonths,commerciallightingformula(CLF)projectshavebeguntodominateEnergySavingsCertificate(ESC)creationactivitiesinNSW.ThisindicatesthatCLFprojectsareeconomicallyviableandrelativelystraightforwardtoimplement.ItisinthiscontextthatIPARThaveconcludedthatareviewofCLFcertificatecreationistimely,inordertoensurethatCLFprojectscontinuetoleadtohighquality,safelightingoutcomes.AchievingtheseaimsisconsideredtobeinthebestinterestsofallESSCLFparticipants–inordertoensuretheeconomicviabilityandlongevityoftheCLFactivityinNSW.

ThekeyissuecurrentlyconfrontingIPARTisalackofcertaintythatCLFprojectsareresultinginappropriatelightingoutcomes.Inclusiveinthisissuesarethefollowing:

IPARTanalystsandESSauditorsmaynotbetechnicallyqualifiedtocheckthecomplianceofprojectswiththeRulerequirements(i.e.absolutecompliancewithallpartsofAS/NZS1680).

IPARTreceiveslargequantitiesofrequestsforemergingtechnologiesandextendedoperatinghours.

ACPsmaylacklightingdesigncapability.

BeletichAssociatesandLightNaturallywerecommissionedbyIPARTtoproduceapublicreportwhoserecommendationsweretargetedprimarilyattheNSWEnergySavingsScheme(ESS).TheVictorianEssentialServicesCommission(VESC),theNSWOfficeofEnvironmentandHeritage(OEH)andtheNSWDepartmentofTradeandInvestment,RegionalInfrastructureandServices(DTIRIS)arealsopartnersintheproject.AsaresultofVESCinvolvement,certainaspectsofthisreportmayberelevanttothecommerciallightingcomponentoftheVictorianEnergyEfficiencyTarget(VEET).

TheobjectiveofthisreportistorecommendsolutionsaimedatensuringthatESSCLFprojectsadheretothefollowingprinciples:

1. InstalledlightingmeetsorexceedsthekeyrequirementsofAS/NZS1680and/orotherstandardsasappropriate.Examinationofthisprincipleshouldinclude:

a. Areviewofthecurrent‘minimumilluminance’approachtosatisfyingtherequirementsofAS/NZS1680.

b. ConsiderationoftheRulerequirementthatenergysavingsmust‘havenonegativeeffectonproductionorservicelevels’asthisrelatestooveralllightingcharacteristicssuchasCRI,lamplifetime,lumenmaintenance,electricalsafetyandotherlightingcharacteristicsasappropriate.

c. GuidanceforapplicationswhereAS/NZS1680doesnotapplyandwheretaskrequirementsareatoddswithstandards(e.g.restaurantambientlightingversuscleaningtasks).

d. Developmentofamethodologyforassessinglightingdesign,forusebyACPsandESSauditors,whichissufficienttoensurethatthekeyrequirementsofAS/NZS1680(and/orotherstandard/criteriaasappropriate)areconsistentlymet.

e. Requirementsfortrainingandqualifications.

2. Lightingupgradesarecarriedoutbyappropriatelytrainedandqualifiedpersons.


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3. Anappropriateprocessisinplaceforassessmentandacceptanceofconventionalandemerginglightingtechnologies.Examinationofthisprincipleshouldincludeadvicerelatedto:

a. TheinformationrequiredandprocessesusedbyIPARTforacceptanceoflightingtechnologies.

b. ThecurrentuseoflaboratorytestingtodetermineLampCircuitPower,asitrelatestorealworlduseoflightingtechnologies.

c. Furtherrequirementsrelatingtolamplifetimeandotherequipmentcharacteristicstoensuregoodlightingoutcomes.

d. Thepotentialforstreamliningapprovalsbasedonaproductapprovallist.

e. Incorporationofsafetyrequirementsintothedeliveryofcommerciallightingactivities.

f. Howtechnologiesfitwithincurrentandemergingregulatoryrequirements.


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Chapter 2. COMPLIANCE WITH LIGHTING DESIGN STANDARDS

2.1. Background

Clause9.4(a)(iii)ofthecurrentESSRulestatesthatESCscanbegeneratedfromBuildingLighting,providedthattheSchemeAdministratorissatisfiedthatthelightingcharacteristicsofeachspace,afterimplementationoftheLightingUpgrade,exceedtherelevantrecommendationsofAS/NZS1680,oranotherbenchmarkapprovedbytheSchemeAdministrator.

ThepurposeofthischaptertoexplainthekeyrequirementsofAS/NZS1680andproposeamethodologyforensuringcompliancewiththesekeyrequirements(and/orotherrequirementsifrequired).

2.2. Introduction to AS/NZS 1680

ThemajorityofcommerciallightingprojectswilloccurwithinbuildingsandforapplicationscoveredadequatelybyAS/NZS1680,suchasoffices,factories,warehouses,etc.Applicationsthatmightfalloutsideofthisscopearedealtwithinsection2.5ofthisreport.Atthetimeofwriting,theAS/NZS1680seriesofstandardscomprisedthefollowingparts:

1680.0:2009Interiorlighting‐safemovement.ThispartofthestandardismandatoryasrequiredbytheBuildingCodeofAustralia(BCA).

1680.1:2006Interiorandworkplacelighting‐generalprinciplesandrecommendations.

1680.2series:

o 1680.2.1:2008Interiorandworkplacelighting‐circulationspacesandothergeneralareas.

o 1680.2.2:2008Interiorandworkplacelighting‐officeandscreen‐basedtasks.

o 1680.2.3:2008Interiorandworkplacelighting‐educationalandtrainingfacilities.

o 1680.2.4:1997Interiorlighting‐industrialtasksandprocesses.

o 1680.2.5:1997Interiorlighting‐hospitalandmedicaltasks.

1680.3‐1991Interiorlighting‐measurement,calculationandpresentationofphotometricdata.

1680.4:2001Interiorlighting‐maintenanceofelectriclightingsystems.

1680.5:2012Interiorandworkplacelighting‐outdoorworkplacelighting.

TherequirementsofAS/NZS1680canbesummarisedqualitativelyasfollows:

Recommendedworkingplanemaintainedilluminance‐thedefinedlevelbelowwhichtheaverageilluminanceonanysurfaceisnotallowedtofall.Therecommendedlevelsetisdependentonthetasktobeperformedontheworkingplane.

Recommendeduniformityofilluminance–theratiooftheminimumilluminancetotheaverageilluminanceoftheworkingplanewithinthecalculationarea.

Recommendedcut‐offangleforpartiallyenclosedluminaires(controlofdisabilityglare).

Recommendedtypicalmaximumglareindexvalues(controlofdiscomfortglare).

Recommendedcolourtemperatureoflightsources(controlofcolourappearance).

Recommendedcolourrenderingpropertiesoflightsources(controlofcolourquality).


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Oftheaboverequirements,theaspectsthatshouldbeconsideredaskeyrequirementsintheCLFareasfollows:

Averagemaintainedilluminance.

Uniformityofilluminance.

Disabilityglare(cut‐offangleforluminaires).

HoweveritisalsorecommendedthatallCLFlightingdesignsshouldbecognizantofalltherequirementsofAS/NZS1680.

2.3. Current ESS Approach to Compliance

ThecurrentESSapproachtodemonstratingcompliancewithAS/NZS1680canbesummarisedasfollows:

LuxlevelsmustexceedtherelevantrecommendationsofAS/NZS1680orotherbenchmarkapprovedbyIPART.LuxlevelsrefertoaveragemaintainedilluminanceasdescribedinAS/NZS1680.

LuxlevelmeasurementsshouldbecarriedoutinaccordancewithAS/NZS1680.1AppendixB.

Post‐installationluxmeasurementisrequired,howeversoftwaremodelingof‘asinstalled’configurationsmaybeacceptedonacasebycasebasis.

Thesiteoperator(OriginalEnergySaver)mayberequiredtosignastatementdeclaringthattheyaresatisfiedwiththenewluxlevels(e.g.particularlyfornon‐AS/NZS1680applications).Thismayrequirepost‐installationluxlevelstobecomparedtopreviousluxlevels.

Equipment‐specificinformationshallalsobeaddressed,including:

o ColourTemperature.

o ColourRenderingIndex.

o Glare.

o Reflectancefromsurfaces.

o Uniformity.

o Daylightinteractionandeffects.

Someshortfallsofthisapproachareconsideredtobeasfollows:

ComplexityofAS/NZS1680–thefollowingofallaspectsofthisstandardisdifficultfornon‐lightingprofessionals.

Luxlevelmeasurements:

o Lackofcompetenceofthepersonundertakingthemeasurements.

o Pre‐installationmeasurementswillincludeanunknownleveloflumendepreciationduetodirtyingoftheluminaireandroom,andtheunknownageofexistinglamps.

o Exclusionofexternalsourcesoflight(includingdaylight).

o Calibrationoflightmeter.


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Thefollowingaspectsarementionedgenerallywithnospecificrequirements:

o ColourTemperature.

o ColourRenderingIndex.

o Glare.

o Reflectancefromsurfaces.

o Uniformity.

o Daylighteffects.

AnimprovedapproachtocompliancewithAS/NZS1680isdiscussedinthefollowingsection.

2.4. Development of an Improved Approach

AnimprovedapproachtoESScommerciallightinghasbeendeveloped,withtheprimaryobjectiveofprovidingincreasedlikelihoodofcompliancewithAS/NZS1680.Thekeytotheapproachrecommendedistwofold:

Useofqualifiedlightingdesignpersonnel.

Useoflightingdesignsoftware,whichhasbeenwidelyadoptedbythelightingindustryforplanningoflightinginstallationsandforensuringcompliancewithrelevantlightingstandards.

2.4.1. Multi-Tiered Approach

ItisconsideredthatlargerCLFprojectsshouldbesubjecttomorestringentlightingdesignprinciples.Withthisinmind,amulti‐tieredapproachhasbeendeveloped,involvingthefollowingthreetiersoflightingprojects:

1. SmallProjects

Theseareprojectsforwhichasophisticatedlightingdesignandverificationprocessisnotconsideredeconomicallyjustified.

Averybasiclightingdesignandverificationforasmallsite,performedbyalightingprofessional,isestimatedtocostintheorderof$750(thisestimateincludeseconomiesofscaleforundertakingmultipleprojects/sites).

Ifweset25%asanotionalmaximumproportionthatlightingdesign/verificationshouldrepresentasaproportionofESCrevenue,thenprojectswithESCrevenueof$3000orlesswouldnoteconomicallyjustifylightingdesign/verification.

This$3000thresholdtranslatesto100ESCs(atanominalvalueof$30perESC)therefore:

Iftheproject(site)generateslessthan100ESCs,thenlightingdesign/verificationisnotrequiredandasimplifiedapproachcanbetaken.

Approachedfromanalternateperspective,100ESCsequatestoacontinuouslightingpowersavingofaround3300W(assumingthedefaultESSprojectlifetimeof30,000hours).Ifthelightingpowersavingachievedwas12W/m2(whichisconsideredtypical)thenthesitewouldbearound275m2insize,whichisconsideredanappropriateSMEsite.

Otherrequirementsforsmallprojectsareoutlinedinsection2.4.3.Notethatsmallprojects(wherenodesignandverificationprocessisundertaken)shouldalsobe


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constrainedinthattheyinvolveonly“like‐for‐like”replacementoftechnologies(seesection2.4.3).Smallprojectscanhoweverchoosetoundertakeadesignandverificationprocessiftheydonotwishtoadheretolike‐for‐likereplacementrequirements.

2. MediumProjects

Theseareprojectsforwhichalightingdesignandverificationprocessisconsideredjustified,howeverfortheseprojectsACPswouldnotberequiredtouseanIES‐qualifiedlightingdesigner1fordesignandverification.

Thenotionalupperthresholdforsuchprojectsisconsideredtobeasitewhichis500m2insizeandoperates12hourseachdayoftheyear(equivalenttoa750m2siteoperatingfordefaultCLFhoursof3000p.a.)

Assumingalightingpowersavingof12W/m2,thistranslatestojustover250ESCs,therefore:

Iftheproject(site)generates100‐250ESCs(inclusive)thenlightingdesignandverificationisrequiredhoweverACPswouldnotberequiredtouseanIES‐qualifiedlightingdesigner(althoughthisisdesirableandencouragedforthelargerprojectsinthistier).

Requirementsformediumprojectsareoutlinedinsection2.4.2.

3. LargeProjects

Theseareprojectsforwhichlightingdesign/verificationisconsideredjustified,andforwhichACPswouldberequiredtouseanIES‐qualifiedlightingdesigner.

Iftheproject(site)generatesmorethan250ESCs,thenlightingdesign/verificationisrequiredandACPswouldberequiredtouseanIES‐qualifiedlightingdesigner.

Requirementsforlargeprojectsareoutlinedinsection2.4.2.

TheseprojecttiersandcorrespondingrequirementsaresummarisedinTable1.Thedetailedrequirementsformediumandlargeprojectsarealsooutlinedinsection2.4.2andforsmallprojectsinsection2.4.3.

Table1–projecttiersandrequirementsforlightingdesign/verification

Project Size Project Size

(ESCs)

Lighting Design / Verification Required ?

Required to Use IES-Qualified Lighting

Designer ?

For Detail Refer to Section

Large >250 Yes Yes Section 2.4.2

Medium 100-250 Yes Optional Section 2.4.2

Small <100 Optional Optional Section 2.4.3

Inordertopreventgamingofthisthresholdsystem,projectsshouldnotbeabletobesubdividedintosmallerprojects.Thismaybeimplemented,forexample,byrequiringthatonlyoneCLFprojectshallbeallowedtobesubmittedeachyearbyatenantorbuildingownerforanysinglelevelofasinglebuilding.

1IES=IlluminatingEngineersSocietyofAustraliaandNewZealand–discussedinsectionsbelow


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2.4.2. Requirements for Medium and Large Projects

Mediumandlargeprojects(definedinsection2.4.1)wouldbesubjecttolightingdesignandverificationrequirements.Thekeyprinciplesemployedintheserequirementsareasfollows:

Takeadvantageoflightingdesignsoftware.Thesesoftwarepackages(manyavailablefreeofcharge)undertakecomplexlightingcalculationsbutarerelativelystraightforwardtooperatewithenhancedgraphicalinterfaces.SeeanintroductiontosoftwarepackagesinAppendixA–IntroductiontoLightingDesignSoftware.

ProvideclearguidancetoACPsandESSauditorsregardinggoodpracticeinlightingdesignandcomplianceverification.

Involveskilledpersonnelinlightingdesign.

Reduceauditrequirementswhereskilledpersonnelareemployed.

Undertakeappropriatechecksatanumberofstagesinthelightingdesignandverificationprocess.

TheproposedapproachtomediumandlargeCLFprojectsisdescribedinFigure1,whichoutlinesaprocessfordesignandverificationaswellastechnicalauditofmediumandlargeCLFprojects(optionalforsmallCLFprojects–i.e.wherelike‐for‐likeoptionisnotemployed).


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Figure1–lightingdesignandverificationformediumandlargeprojects(optionalforsmallprojects)

Process Step Description Personnel Used Audit2

Design Use approved software3 Simple check that approved software was used

Approval Design4 approved as compliant with key aspects of AS/NZS 1680

MIES/RLP5 Simple check that design is MIES/RLP approved

or

Trained person6 Medium projects only

Detailed audit of design compliance

Installation

Verification

On-site check –

“installed as designed” 7 Only if Approval (above) was done by MIES/RLP

MIES/RLP Simple check that on-site check was done by MIES/RLP

or

Trained person Medium projects only

Detailed audit of on-site check

or

Auditor performs an on-site check

or

Auditor performs a light level survey

or

On site light level survey8

MIES/RLP Simple check that light level survey was done by MIES/RLP

or

Trained person Medium projects only

Detailed audit of the light level survey

or

Auditor performs a light level survey

2Audit=technicalauditbymemberofESSauditpanel3SeeAppendixA–IntroductiontoLightingDesignSoftware4ADesignGuidewouldbeprovidedaspartoftraining(seeChapter3)includingrequiredoutputssuchasaveragemaintainedilluminance,uniformityofilluminanceanddisabilityglare5MIES=MemberofIESTheLightingSociety,RLP=IESRegisteredLightingPractitioner‐thesearedescribedinsection3.26TrainedPersonisthenominatedACPemployeewhohascompletedtheintroductorylightingcourse(discussedinsection3.1)7Keyoutputisachecklistandphotographicevidencethatallluminairesareinstalledandoperatingasperdesign8Keyoutputisaspreadsheetofalllightlevelsmeasurementsforthemeasurementgrid,togetherwithcalculationsforaveragemaintainedilluminanceanduniformityofilluminance


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Forlargeprojects,ACPswouldberequiredtouseanIES‐qualifiedlightingdesigner(MIESorRLP–seesection3.2)attheapprovalandverificationstages–theoptionofusinga“trainedperson”(seesection3.1)wouldnotbeavailable.

TheapproachdescribedinFigure1isproblematicformediumandlargeprojectswhichare“pre‐existing”–i.e.wherethelightingupgradehasalreadybeeninstalled.Forsuchprojects,thedesignandapprovalstagescouldbereverseengineered–thatissoftwaremodelinganddesignapprovalcouldbeproducedfromthesetofinstalledluminaires,etc.Whilstthismayseemtobeaninefficientrequirement,itisconsiderednecessarytoclosealoopholethatwillbecreatedifthedesign/approvalphasesareallowedtobeomittedforpre‐existingprojects.i.e.ACPsmaytendtotreatallprojectsaspre‐existing(upgradethencreateESCsafterwards).Thisiscontrarytotheoneoftheaimsofthischapter,whichistoupskillACPsandingraininthemhighqualitylightingdesignandverificationpractices.

2.4.3. Requirements for Small Projects

Smallprojectsaredefinedinsection2.4.1asgeneratinglessthan100ESCsforeachsite.Fortheseprojects,sophisticatedlightingdesignandverification(includinglightlevelsurveys)wouldnotbenotbemandatory.Inordertoavoiddesignandverificationrequirements,smallprojectsshouldonlyinvolve“like‐for‐like”replacementoftechnologies,asfollows:

Halogendownlight:

o ReplacedbyLEDdownlight(recommendedforgeneral,taskorfeaturelighting)

Complywiththespecificationoutlinedinsection4.6.2.

o ReplacedbyCFLdownlight(recommendedforgenerallightingonly).


Fluorescentluminaire:

o ReplacedbyLEDlinearpaneltrofferluminaire:


Intensitydistributionshallresultin“zonallumens”thatare±20%oftheincumbentluminaire,forallzones(canbeextractedfrommanufacturer‐providedIESfileusingfreephotometricsoftware)andthetotal(summed)lightoutputoftheluminaireisequaltoorgreaterthantheincumbentluminaire.

DoesnotincludefluorescentluminaireconvertedtosuitLEDlinear“tube”lightsource.

o Replacedbyfluorescentluminaire:

Intensitydistributionshallresultin“zonallumens”thatare±20%oftheincumbentluminaire,forallzones(canbeextractedfrommanufacturer‐providedIESfileusingfreephotometricsoftware)andthetotal(summed)lightoutputoftheluminaireisequaltoorgreaterthantheincumbentluminaire.


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T8/T12linearfluorescentlamp:

o ReplacedbyT5adaptor(ifretainedintheESS9):

Complywithanyrequirementsoutlinedinsection4.6.3.

o ReplacedbyLEDlinear“tube”replacementlamp(ifretainedintheESS9):


Lampshallemitatleastthesamequantityoflight(ietotallumens)asatypicallinearfluorescenttubeina360°axialintensitydistribution,ortheintensitydistributionoftheretrofittedluminaireshallresultin“zonallumens”thatare±20%oftheincumbentluminaire,forallzones(canbeextractedfrommanufacturer‐providedIESfileusingfreephotometricsoftware)andthetotal(summed)lightoutputoftheluminaireisequaltoorgreaterthantheincumbentluminaire.

Thefinalinstallationshouldbesignedoffbythesiteoperator(OriginalEnergySaver)includingastatementtotheeffectthattheinstallationisacceptedas“like‐for‐like”.

NotethatACPswouldbefreetofollowadesignprocessforsmallprojects(Figure1)iftheydonotwishtofollowthe“like‐for‐like”requirementslistedabove.

2.5. Applications not Covered Adequately by AS/NZS 1680

ThissectiondealswithapplicationsnotadequatelycoveredbyAS/NZS1680.Suchapplicationsarelikelytofallintothecategoriesinthefollowingsub‐sections.

2.5.1. Specialised Applications with Design Standard other than AS/NZS 1680

Theseapplicationsincludethefollowing(withcorrespondingrecommendationsfordesignstandards):

Roadsandpublicspaces(includingoutdoorlightingandcarparks):requireadherencetoAS/NZS1158LightingforRoadsandPublicSpaces.NotethatoutdoorlightingdesignshouldalsogiveconsiderationtoAS4282ControloftheObtrusiveEffectsofOutdoorLighting.

Trafficsignals:requireadherencetoAS/NZS2144TrafficSignalLanterns.

Sportslighting:requireadherencetoAS2560SportsLighting.ForthosesportswherenoAustralianStandardapplies,anappropriatesetoflightingperformancecriteriaassetoutbythesport’sgoverningbodyshouldbeadheredto.Forexample,CricketQueenslandhassetoutitsownrequirementsduetotheabsenceofanAustralianStandardoraCricketAustraliarequirement.

Accessandmobility:requireadherencetoAS1428DesignforAccessandMobilitywhichprovidesdesignrequirementsfordedicatedbuildingsdesignedforpeoplewithdisabilities.Itincludesapplication‐specificrecommendedmaintainedilluminancelevelsaswellaslightswitchrequirements.NotethatPart2ofthisstandardisoftenrequiredbyCommonwealthGovernmentagenciesforvariousareasofGovernmentbuildings.

Fortheseapplications(forwhichthereisacleardesignstandardotherthanAS/NZS1680)theESSshouldrequireadherencetotheabovestandards,alongwithadherencetotheprocessoutlinedinFigure1,withdesignapprovalandverificationtobeundertakenonlybyanMIES/RLP.

9Notetherecommendationsinsection4.5regardinginstallationpermanence


15

NotethatitisnotrecommendedthatemergencyandexitlightingbeincludedintheCLFatthistime,duetotheinherentsafetyaspectsofthistypeoflighting.

2.5.2. Interior Applications for which there is not a Clear Design Standard

Theseapplicationsmayincludesuchpremisesasrestaurantsandclubs,retailapplications,etc.Fortheseapplications(andindeedforallapplications)theESSshouldrequireadherencetoAS/NZS1680.0:2009Interiorlighting‐SafeMovement,asrequiredbytheBCA.Thisstandardrequires:

Minimumilluminanceof20lux(throughoutthespace).

Glare:luminanceofthelightfromtheluminaireshallnotexceed25kcd/m2fromangles70°to90°(fromthedownwardverticalaxisthroughluminaire)

Inaddition,forthesepremisesIPARTapprovalshouldbesoughtinadvancefortheapplicabletaskandassociatedtargetlightingasoutlinedinTable3.1ofAS/NZS1680.1‐RecommendedMaintainedIlluminancesforVariousTypesofTasks,ActivitiesorInteriors.Notethatthislikelytobeaverysmallnumberofapplications.InsuchcasesthetaskstobecarriedoutatthefacilityshouldbemappedagainstTable3.1whichincludesclassesoftasksrangingfrom“movementandorientation”to“exceptionallydifficult”.Theseclassesarewelldescribedinthetable.

VerificationofcomplianceshouldalsobecarriedoutinaccordancewithFigure1,withdesignapprovalandverificationundertakenonlybyanMIES/RLP.Thefinalinstallationshouldalsobesignedoffbythesiteoperator(OriginalEnergySaver).

2.5.3. Applications that do not Fit any of the Previous Categories

Forsuchapplications(likelytobeaverysmallnumberofprojects)theACPshouldapplytoIPARTinadvanceforapprovalofthedesignandverificationapproach.Theapproachshouldembracethebasicstructureandprinciplesasoutlinedpreviouslyforconventionalapplications.Thefinalinstallationshouldalsobesignedoffbythesiteoperator(OriginalEnergySaver).


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2.6. Summary of Recommendations from this Chapter

Thekeyaspectsofrecommendationsfromthischaptercanbesummarisedasfollows(pleaserefertothebodyofthechapterformoredetail):

KeyRequirementsofAS/NZS1680:

TheaspectsofAS/NZS1680thatshouldbeconsideredaskeyrequirementsintheCLFareasfollows:

Averagemaintainedilluminance.

Uniformityofilluminance.

Disabilityglare(cut‐offangleforluminaires).

ApplicationsfallingunderAS/NZS1680:

Projectsshouldbetiered,asoutlinedinthetablebelow:

Project Size Project Size

(ESCs)

Lighting Design / Verification Required ?

Required to Use IES-Qualified Lighting

Designer ?

For Detail Refer to Section

Large >250 Yes Yes Section 2.4.2

Medium 100-250 Yes Optional Section 2.4.2

Small <100 Optional Optional Section 2.4.3

MediumandlargeprojectsshouldbesubjecttothedesignandverificationprocessoutlinedinFigure1.Smallprojectscanadheretoa“like‐for‐like”technologyreplacementregime(seesection2.4.3).HoweverallprojectsshouldbecognizantofalltherequirementsofallpartsofAS/NZS1680.

SpecialisedapplicationsforwhichthereisacleardesignstandardotherthanAS/NZS1680:

Theseprojectsshouldadheretotheapplicabledesignstandard(listedinsection2.5.1)andtheprocessoutlinedinFigure1isrequired,withtheadditionalrequirementthatthedesignapprovalandverificationshallonlybeundertakenbyanMIES/RLP.

InteriorApplicationsforWhichThereisNotaClearDesignStandard:

Interiorprojectsshouldadhereto1680.0:2009InteriorLighting‐SafeMovement.IPARTapprovalshouldbesoughtinadvancefortheapplicabletaskandassociatedtargetlightingasoutlinedinTable3.1ofAS/NZS1680.1.TheprocessoutlinedinFigure1isrequired,withtheadditionalrequirementthatthedesignapprovalandverificationshallonlybeundertakenbyanMIES/RLP.

ApplicationsthatdoNotFitAnyofthePreviousCategories:

Forprojectswhichdonotfitanyoftheabovecategories,theACPshouldapplytoIPARTinadvanceforapprovalofthedesignandverificationapproach,whichshouldembracethebasicstructureandprinciplesasoutlinedinFigure1.

Allprojects:

Allinteriorprojectsshouldadhereto1680.0:2009Interiorlighting‐SafeMovement.Allinstallationsshouldbesignedoffbythesiteoperator(OriginalEnergySaver).


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Chapter 3. APPROPRIATELY QUALIFIED PERSONS

Thepurposeofthissectionistosummariserelevantlightingcoursesandqualifications,andtomakeappropriaterecommendationsforthetrainingandqualificationrequirementsofa“trainedperson”(seesection2.4.2).

3.1. Lighting Courses

Table2liststhecoursesaccreditedbytheIESANZwhicharesuitabletoachievethequalificationofMIES(seesection3.2).

Table2–IESANZaccreditedcourses

Title Qualification Level

Institution Duration Cost (2012)

Links (accessed June 2012)

Lighting Master QUT 1.5 years FT/ 3 years PT

$23,400 www.qut.edu.au/study/courses/master-of-lighting-on-shore

Lighting Grad Dip QUT 1 years FT/ 2 years PT

$15,600 www.qut.edu.au/study/courses/graduate-diploma-in-lighting-on-shore

Lighting Grad Cert (plus 2 additional units from Grad Dip)

QUT 1 years FT/ 1.5 years PT

$19,500 www.qut.edu.au/study/courses/graduate-diploma-in-lighting-on-shore

Design Science (Illumination Design)

Master University of Sydney

1.5 years FT/ 3 years PT

$26,280 www.sydney.edu.au/architecture/programs_of_study/postgraduate/illumination_design.shtml


Grad Dip University of Sydney

1 year FT/ 2 years PT

$17,520 www.sydney.edu.au/architecture/programs_of_study/postgraduate/illumination_design.shtml

Design (Lighting Design Studio)

Master University of Technology Sydney

1.5 years FT/ 3 years PT

$26,460 www.datasearch.uts.edu.au/dab/courses/design-details.cfm?spk_cd=C04243&spk_ver_no=1

Science & Technology (Lighting)

Grad Cert Massey University of New Zealand

6 months FT/ 1 year PT

$3,400 http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/learning/programme-course-paper/programme.cfm?prog_id=93287&major_code=

Lighting Engineering & Design

Non-award RMIT 2 years PT $2,100 www.rmit.edu.au/engineeringtafe/lightingdesign

TheIESANZalsooffersanintroductorylightingcourse,Enlightenment,outlinedinTable3.Table3–otherIESANZcourses(Enlightenment)




Enlightenment N/A IESANZ 3 days $1,100 members/ $1,210 non-members

www.iesanz.org/education/education-seminar/the-basics-of-efficient-lighting


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TheIESANZEnlightenmentcourseprovidesfundamentallightingknowledgeandbasiclightingprinciplesthatpeoplewhooperatewithinthelightingindustryshouldbefamiliarwith.Itoperateswellasaninductionprogramtolightingforthosewhorequirenospecialistlightingtraining. Thisprogramallowstheparticipanttobesuitablyinformedofthebasiclightingconceptstoenablethemtounderstandandcommunicatetheseconceptstoothers.

Topicsinclude:

Anintroductionintothefunctionoflighting.

Fundamentalsoflightandphotometry.

Lampchoices.

Controlgear.

Sellingefficiencyandreplacementtechnologies.

Sustainability.

Healthconsiderations.

Publicmisconceptions.

CompliancewithAustralianstandards,codesandregulations.

Notethatlightingdesign(includingdesigncalculations)wasdeliberatelyexcludedfromthecoursesoasnottogiveattendeesthefalseimpressionthat,oncompletionofthecourse,theywouldbeknowledgeableinallaspectsoflightingdesign.CoursesareruninAdelaide,Brisbane,Canberra,Melbourne,PerthandSydneysubjecttominimumenrolments.

Non‐IEScertifiedcoursesaresummarisedinTable4.Table4–Otherlightingcourses




Lighting Grad Cert QUT 6 months FT/ 1 year PT

$7,800 www.qut.edu.au/study/courses/graduate-certificate-in-lighting-on-shore


Grad Cert University of Sydney

6 months FT/ 1 year PT

$8,760 sydney.edu.au/architecture/programs_of_study/postgraduate/illumination_design.shtml

Lighting Principles

TAFE Statement

Sydney Institute Petersham College

1 year PT $1,600 www.sit.nsw.edu.au/courses/search.php?cid=14467&area=courses&Media_Index_ID=111

Interior Decoration Design Series: Creative Lighting Applications

Short Course RMIT 6 months PT $595 www.shortcourses.rmit.edu.au/keysearch.php?show_public_course=1&select_course_type_code=S320125&cbs=032a4fe0012bad57abe86490155b9264

Lighting Design Professional Certificate

The Design Ecademy

Online learning € 1,195 www.thedesignecademy.com/our-courses/lighting-design-course

Lighting for Interior Design

Short Course Australian Institute of Interior Design

9 hours $250 www.interior-design-academy.com/lighting-for-interior-design-course.php

Lighting for Living (for NECA members only)

N/A National Electrical & Communications Association (NECA)

2 days free www.vic.neca.asn.au/index.php/education_training/training_calendar/lighting_for_living


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ThesecoursesoutlinedinTable4donotmeetthefullsyllabusrequirementstoachieveMIESfromtheIESANZ,howevertheydoprovideanexcellentgroundinginvariousaspectsoflightingandlightingdesignconcepts.

ItisrecommendedthattheEnlightenmentcoursebeusedasthebasisfortrainingandqualificationofa“trainedperson”(seesection2.4.2)alongwithbasiclightingdesignandCLF‐specifictrainingelements.The“trainedperson”coursewouldinvolvetraininganemployeeoftheACPinthefollowing:

Enlightenment:~18hours.

Appreciationofbasicsoffundamentalsoflightingdesign:~6hours.

IPARTadministrativerequirements:~3hours.

ThiscoursecouldbedevelopedandrunrelativelyquicklywiththesupportandengagementoftheIESANZ.ItisrecommendedthattheIESANZbeapproachedbyIPARTtoseekcollaborativeengagementtodevelopthesyllabusandteachingmaterials,andthentodelivertherequiredtrainingcomponentfortheexpresspurposeofmeetingtheneedsoftheESSCLF.

3.2. Lighting Qualifications and Professional Ethics

InAustralia,thereisonlyoneorganisationwithrecognisedprofessionallightingqualifications‐theIlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofAustraliaandNewZealand.IthastwoqualificationsrelevanttotheESS:

MIES–MemberofIESTheLightingSociety:AmemberwhohassuccessfullycompletedalightingcourseaccreditedbyIESTheLightingSocietyandwhohasaminimumoffouryearsofapprovedlightingpracticeorequivalentpracticeinanalliedfield.Post‐nominalsallowed:MIES

RLP–RegisteredLightingPractitioner:RLPisanadditionalqualificationforthosemembersoftheSocietywhoregularlypracticelightingdesignatahighlevelofperformanceandwhowishtomaintainthosehighstandardsinthefuturebyundertakingContinualProfessionalDevelopmentactivities.Post‐nominalsallowed:RLP.

MembersoftheIESANZareencouragedtoparticipateincontinuingprofessionaldevelopment(CPD).Thisisdefinedasthecontinuousinvolvementinplannedactivitiesaimedatthemaintenance,improvementandbroadeningofamember’sknowledgeandskillincarryingouthis/herlightingemployment.TheIESANZprovidesasystemformembersfordocumenting,weightingandcertifyingsuchactivitiesandprovidesguidanceonaminimumamountofCPDonanongoingbasis.

InordertopreservetheconfidenceofthecommunityintheintegrityandjudgmentoftheSociety,membersmustagreetoconformintheirpersonal,businessandprofessionalactivitieswiththeletterandthespiritoftheSociety’sCodeofEthics.ClauseextractspertinenttotheESSareasfollows:

Maintainhighstandardsofobjectivityandintegrityintheirprofessionalwork.

Exercisescientificcautionandregardforthelimitsofpresentknowledgeintheirprofessionalreportingavoidingexaggeration,sensationalismandsuperficiality.

Strivetokeepuptodateintheirknowledgeandapplicationofthisknowledgeintheareasoflightinginwhichtheypractice


20

Inanysituationwhereaconflictmayariseensurethattheyhavedefinedthenatureanddirectionoftheirloyaltiesandinformedallpartiesofthem.

Referpeopletocompetentcolleaguesforservicesthatfalloutsidetheirowncompetence.

Notlayfalseclaimtoprofessionalqualifications,affiliations,characteristicsorcapabilitiesforthemselvesorfortheirorganisations.

Notallowtheirnamestobeusedinconnectionwiththeirservicesinsuchawayastomisrepresentthenatureandefficiencyoftheseservices.


Asoutlinedinsection2.4,itisrecommendedthatMIESorRLPqualifiedpersonsbetakenadvantageofintheCLFdesignandverificationprocess.AlternativelyACPscan(forcertainprojects)nominatea“trainedperson”.ThispersonshallbeanemployeeoftheACPandshallhavecompletedanintroductorylightingcoursethatcoversthefollowing:

IESANZEnlightenment:TheBasicsofEfficientLightingSeminar:~18hours.

Appreciationofbasicsandfundamentalsoflightingdesign:~6hours.

IPARTadministrativerequirements:~3hours.


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Chapter 4. PERFORMANCE OF LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

4.1. Introduction

TheobjectiveofthischapteristooutlineanumberofpotentialsolutionsaimedatensuringthatCLFlightingupgradesarefittedwithlightingtechnologiesthatarefitforpurpose.Thisincludesrecommendinganappropriateprocessforassessmentandacceptanceofconventionalandemerginglightingtechnologies,including:

TheinformationrequiredandprocessesusedbyIPARTforacceptanceoflightingtechnologies.

ThecurrentuseoflaboratorytestingtodetermineLampCircuitPower,asitrelatestorealworlduseoflightingtechnologies.

Furtherrequirementsrelatingtolamplifetimeandotherequipmentcharacteristicstoensuregoodlightingoutcomes.

Thepotentialforstreamliningapprovalsbasedonaproductapprovallist.

Sections4.4onwardsoutlineanumberof“solutionelements”thatmaybeappliedinwholeorinpart,aselementsofthefinalsolutionpackagetobeimplementedbyIPART.

4.2. Current Approach

UnderthecurrentESSRule,emergingtechnologiesaredefinedasfollows:

T5adaptors. LEDs. Voltagereductionunits(VRUs). Inductionlamps. Othertechnologiesnotlistedintable9oftheESSRule,forexamplecoldcathodeCFLs.

Inordertoinstalllightingproductsthatfallintothesecategories,anACPmustcurrentlyapplytoIPARTinadvanceforapprovalofeachmodel.Todate,thefollowingapproximatenumbersofrequestsforapprovalofemergingtechnologieshavebeenreceived(notethatthesearenumbersofACPapplicationswhichmaycontainrequestsformultiplemodels):

LED:400.

T5adaptor:75.

VRU:13.

Inductionlamp:12.

Currently,IPARTrequirethatthefollowingitemsaresuppliedaspartoftheapplicationforeachemergingtechnologymodel:

LampCircuitPower(LCP):independenttestingfromaNATAaccreditedlaboratory(orequivalent)oranLCPlistedontheLightingCouncilofAustralia’swebsiteofregisteredproductsaspartofitsSSLQualityScheme(requiresproductmarkingtraceabletowebsiteregistration).

Electricalsafety:(requiredforconnectiontomainspower)evidencetodemonstratethatequipmentmeetstheelectricalsafetyrequirementsoftheElectrical(ConsumerSafety)Act2004,either:


22

‐ anAustralianCertificateofApproval10(ifitisaDeclaredArticle11)or

‐ aCertificateofSuitabilityissuedbyNSWFairTrading(ifitisaNon‐DeclaredArticle12)or

‐ DocumentationshowingtheRegulatoryComplianceMark(RCM13).

ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC):evidencetodemonstratethatequipmentmeetstheEMCrequirementsoftheRadioCommunicationsAct1992(administeredbyACMA).InformationacceptedasevidenceofcompliancewithelectricalsafetyandEMCregulatoryarrangementsincludes:EvidenceoftheRCMandverifiableregulatoryapprovalnumber,orsuppliercodeissuedbyACMAandACMAdeclarationofconformity.

NominalLampLifetime(necessaryforlamp‐onlyreplacementsandT5adaptorkits):evidenceoftheNominalLampLifetime‐generallymanufacturers’specificationswillsuffice,howeverlampsutilisingtraditional5mmLEDsmustsupplyanindependenttestreportshowingNominalLampLifetime.

ForVoltageReductionUnits:outputvoltageandinstallationdetails.

ForlinearLEDtubes:CertificateofSuitabilityfromNSWFairTrading,orequivalent.

Emergingtechnologiesarealsorequiredtodemonstratethattheyreduceenergyconsumptionwithoutreducinglightingcharacteristics,howeverdetailsofthisrequirementarenotcurrentlyexplicit.

Itisconsideredtimelytoreviewthisapproachtoemergingtechnologies,asthelightingmarkethasevolvedinrecentyearsandthevolumeofACPapplicationsforemergingtechnologyapprovalhasincreasedsubstantially.IPARThavealsodescribedtwocompetingissuesthatrequireresolution:

A. Thelargequantityof“approvalinadvance”applicationsforemergingtechnologiesisstraininginternalresources.InherentinthisissueistherequirementthatapprovalsareperformedonanACPbasis,ratherthanonaproductbasis,whichhasthepotentialtoresultintaskduplicationandinconsistencybetweenapplicationsforanidenticalmodel.

B. Uncertaintyregardingtheperformanceofemergingtechnologies.

Atthistime,theopportunityshouldalsobetakentoreviewtheapproachtoalllightingtechnologiesincludingconventionaltechnologies.

Inordertoapproachthelargequantityofinter‐relatedissues,anumberofpotential“solutionelements”havebeendevelopedforthisreport.Thesearedescribedinthefollowingsections.

NotethatsafetyandEMCissuesforlightingtechnologiesaredealtwithseparatelyinthisreport,inChapter5.

10AnAustralianCertificateofApprovalmaybeissuedbyNSWFairTrading,oranequivalentbody inanotherstate,orbyanindependentcertifier11DeclaredArticlesincludeT5adaptorkitsandpowersupplies12Non‐DeclaredArticlesincludevoltagereductionunits,LEDtubes,andinductionlamps13AnRCMcoversbothelectricalsafetyandEMCrequirements


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4.3. Introduction to “Solution Elements”

Thesectionsbelowoutlineanumberofdiscrete“solutionelements”.Thesemayberegardedasamenu,fromwhichelementscanbechosentoformthefinalsolutionpackagetobeimplementedfortheESSCLF.Manyoftheseelementswillinvolveinter‐dependencewithotherelements.Thatis,implementationofoneelementmayinfluencetheneedtoimplementotherelements.Forexample,allowingemergingtechnologiestoproveperformancepost‐installationwouldservetoheightenthefocusonproductqualityrequirements.

Forthesereasons,notallofthesolutionelementsoutlinedbelowincludefirmrecommendations.Somewillrequirefurtherdiscussionandrefinement.Notealsothatthesesolutionelementshavelargelybeendevelopedinisolationofeachother.Section4.13seekstobringtogetherrecommendationsfromallthesolutionelementsdescribedinthischapter.

4.4. Solution Element – Eliminate the Emerging Technologies Category

Inordertostreamlinetheapprovalsprocess,onepotentialsolutionistoremovetechnologiesfromtheemergingtechnologieslistentirely,suchthattheynolongerrequireanyformofapproval,andaresimplydealtwithinthesamemannerasconventionallightingtechnologies.

Advantages

WouldsignificantlyreduceapprovalsprocessingforIPART.

Disadvantages

ImmaturelamptechnologiessuchasLEDshouldbeviewedfromtheperspectivethatcommerciallightingcontinuestobedominatedbyefficientfluorescentlighting,whichissubjecttoMEPSandisconsideredawellproventechnology.AsdemonstratedinFigure2,inordertocompetewithmodernfluorescentlighting,LEDsmustexhibitveryhighefficacy.Toavoidmisleadingthereader,LEDefficacyisnotgraphedonthisfigure‐thereisaverywiderangeofLEDefficacyavailableinthemarket,intheorderof10to100lm/W.

ItisconsideredthatasignificantnumberofLEDs,T5adaptors,VRUsandinductionlampscontinuetosufferfrominaccurateperformanceclaims.

Recommendation

Continuetorequireemergingtechnologiestoprovetheirperformance,i.e.notbetreatedasconventionaltechnologies.

TherehavebeenrelativelylownumbersofrequestsforapprovalofVRUs,andproblemsexistforthistechnologyinrelationtoachievableenergysavings(e.g.whenfittedtoelectronicandconstantwattageballasts)andalsoinrelationtolampdimmingwhichmightcauseAS/NZS1680complianceproblems.Forthesereasons,itisconsideredpertinenttoremoveVRUsfromtheESSRulebyimplementationofasunsetclause.NotethatvoltageoptimisationdevicesdifferfromVRUsinthattheytypicallyoptimisevoltageforanentiresite,thusshouldbetreatedelsewhereintheESSRule.


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Figure2–typicalefficaciesofconventionallamptechnologies(source:testingcommissionedbyBeletichAssociates)

4.5. Solution Element – Installation Permanence

GiventhematurityoftheESScommerciallightingmarket,andtheunderlyingeconomicsofCLFprojects(asevidencedbytheirpopularity)itmaybetimelytorequirethatall(oratleastthemajorityof)CLFlightingupgradesberequiredtobe“permanent”.e.g.usingdedicatedluminaireswhicharededicatedtoanefficientlightsourcetechnology,ratherthanlamp‐onlyreplacementsolutions(orpotentiallyevenluminaireretrofits).Suchupgradeswouldnotbeabletoeasilyreverttotheincumbentoralessefficienttechnology.

OnexampleistheinstallationofaCFLnlamp(CFLlampwithseparateballast)whichrequirestheinstallationofadedicatedcompactfluorescentluminairewhichhasaninbuiltballastandwillphysicallyacceptonlyaCFLn.Bycontrast,theinstallationofaconventionalCFLilamp(integralballastwithbayonet/Edisoncap)canbeeasilyrevertedtoanincandescentorhalogenlamp.

NotethatACPsmaycurrently,inordertodemonstratepermanence,makemodificationstofacilitateretrofittingtheexistingluminaire(e.g.controlgearremoval)suchthatthelampcannotreverttoitsincumbenttechnology.

InthecurrentESSRule“AssetLifetime”isusedintheCLFtorepresentthelifetime(inyears)overwhichenergysavingsareaccrued.Forcommercialbuildingsthisiscurrently10years,andforroad/public/trafficlightsthisis12years.ACPsarerequiredtodemonstratethepermanenceoftheirproposedupgradesinlinewiththeseAssetLifetimes.Incertainsituations,wherethepermanenceoftheupgradeisinquestion,theseAssetLifetimesmaybeconsideredoptimistic,especiallywherethebusiness‐as‐usualbaselineforlightingtechnologyisimprovingrapidly.

Advantages

Significantlyreducedriskofrevertingtoalessefficienttechnology,e.g.withadedicatedluminaire,whenthelampfailsitcanonlybereplacedwithanidenticallamp(noreversionispossible)andthustheenergysavingsshouldaccrueoverthetimehorizonoftheCLF,whichiscurrently10yearsforcommercialbuildings.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Fluorescent Electronic Fluorescent Magne c Halogen Incandescent

Efficacy

(Lumens per W

a)


25

Wouldeffectivelydisallow,orlimittheuseof,T5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlamps.ThesetechnologiesarealsosubjecttosafetyrisksasoutlinedinChapter5.

Wouldhalttheuseoflamplifetimeasaninputvariabletothecalculationofenergysavings(althoughproofoflamplifetimeusingtestreportsmaystillberequiredinordertoproveproductqualitywhereappropriate–seesection4.7.2forrecommendedtestmethods).Allowingfordifferentlampmodelstoachievedifferentenergysavingsbasedontheratedlamplifetimecreatesanincentivetoclaimverylonglamplife.ThishasleadtoproblemsforboththeESSandVEETinthepast,duetothedifficultyinverifyingclaimsoflonglamplifetime.Afurtherdifficultyrelatingtolamplifetimeisthatitistypicallyquotedasthemedianlamplife,howeveritisthemeanlamplifethatshouldbeusedtoaccuratelycalculateenergysavings.Thedifferencebetweenmedianandmeanlamplifeisnotwellunderstood,andwouldpotentiallyneedtobestudiedforeachlamptechnologyoreachlampmodel.

Disadvantages

Removinglamp‐onlyreplacements(includingLED)fromtheESSCLF(andpotentiallyfromtheDSFifdesired)wouldlimitthenumberofsmallprojectswhichmakeupasignificantvolumeofESCs.

Maydisadvantageprojectsinvolvingacombinationofnewluminairesandlampreplacements.

Recommendation

Requirealllightingupgradestobepermanent(woulddisalloworlimittheuseofT5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlamps)oralternativelyallownon‐permanentupgradesonlyforsmallprojects(definedinsection2.4.3)withalimitontheenergysavingshorizonofXhours(X=theminimumlifetimesrecommendedinsection4.7.1whicharedemonstratedbyprovidingtestreportswithtestmethodsrecommendedinsection4.7.2).

4.6. Solution Element – Technology Specifications

Thissolutionelementwouldrequirethatcertaintechnologiesmeetaminimumspecificationwhichcontainsabsolutelimitsonkeyperformanceparameters.Forexample,LEDsmightberequiredtomeetaspecificationidenticaltoorsimilartoUSEnergyStar14orDesignlights15.Compliancewithtechnologyspecificationscouldbedemonstratedbysitingcertificationwiththeseprogramsorbysitingindependenttestreports.

Advantages

Createsalevelplayingfieldfortechnologies,whichmustallmeetthesamespecification.

MayreduceIPARTprocessingrequirementsforproductswithexistingcertificationsuchasEnergyStar.

EncouragesACPstouseproductswithexistingcertification.

14http://www.energystar.gov/15http://www.designlights.org/


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Disadvantages

AdditionalIPARTprocessing(evaluationoftestreports)isrequiredforproductsnotalreadycertifiedbyacertificationschemesuchasEnergyStarorDesignlights–thismaybeasignificantnumberofproducts.

Thestringencyandrigidityoftechnologyspecificationsmaylimitprojectflexibilityandincreaseprojectcostsbyexcludingnon‐complying(butrelativelyefficientandinexpensive)products.

Inordertoassesswhichlightingtechnologiesmightbesuitedtotheuseoftechnologyspecifications,thetechnologiesarebrokendownintothefollowingcategoriesandexaminedseparately:

Conventionaltechnologies.

Downlights.

Emergingtechnologies.

Thesecategoriesareexaminedinthefollowingsub‐sections,andseparaterecommendationshavebeendevelopedforeach.

4.6.1. Conventional Technologies

Thissectiondescribestechnologyspecificationsastheymightapplytoconventionaltechnologies(i.e.non‐emergingtechnologies).Thesetechnologiesarefurtherbrokendownintovariouscommerciallightingtechnologysub‐categories,asfollows.

Fluorescent Lamps (Linear and CFLn)

AtechnologyspecificationforefficacyandCRIisnotconsiderednecessaryaslinearfluorescentlampsaresubjecttoMEPSfortheseattributes,andthistechnologyismature.

Recommendation

Donotrequireatechnologyspecificationforfluorescentlamps.

CFLi Lamps

AtechnologyspecificationisnotconsiderednecessaryasCFLilampsaresubjecttoMEPSincludingaminimumlamplifeof6000hours.NotethatminimumlightoutputandminimumlifetimerequirementsforCFLdownlightsaredealtwithseparatelyinsection4.6.2.

Recommendation

DonotrequireatechnologyspecificationforCFLilamps.

Fluorescent Ballasts

Anabsolutespecificationisnotconsiderednecessaryasmany(linear)fluorescentballastsaresubjecttoMEPSandthistechnologyismature.

Recommendation

Donotrequireatechnologyspecificationforfluorescentballasts.

Fluorescent/CFLn/CFLi Luminaires

Anabsolutespecificationcouldbeappliedtothelightoutputratioforfluorescentluminaires,althoughthisaspectshouldbetakenaccountofinthelightingdesignandAS/NZS1680complianceprocess.NotethatluminairesarenotcurrentlysubjecttoMEPS.


27

Recommendation

Donotrequireatechnologyspecificationforfluorescent/CFLiluminaires.

Incandescent/Halogen Lamps, Transformers and Luminaires:

AnabsolutespecificationisnotconsiderednecessaryasmanyoftheselampsandtransformersaresubjecttoMEPS,andthistechnologyismature.Notethatanincandescent/halogenluminairedoesnottypicallyhaveasignificantimpactonefficacyinacommerciallightingcontext.

Recommendation

Donotrequireatechnologyspecificationforincandescent/halogenlamps,transformersandluminaires.

HID Lamps, Ballasts and Luminaires

HIDlamps,ballastsandluminairesarenotcurrentlysubjecttoMEPS.Anabsolutespecificationfortheseitemsisnotconsiderednecessary,astheirperformanceshouldbetakenaccountofinthelightingdesignandAS/NZS1680complianceprocess.

Recommendation

DonotrequireatechnologyspecificationforHIDlamps,ballasts,andluminaires.

4.6.2. Downlights

Downlightsareconsideredaspecialcase,asthesearelikelytobeinstalledinsituationswhereasophisticateddesignprocessisunlikelytooccurorisunwarranted.Thusreplacementdownlightsfor50Whalogenunitsmightbenefitfromadherencetoanabsolutespecification.Currently,theESSRule,draftedin2009,includesaDefaultSavingsFactor(DSF)fordownlights(notethatthisisseparatefromtheCLF)–seeESSRuleclause9.3(b)(i).Thisclauseincludesasimplespecificationasfollows:

Downwardlightoutput≥500lm.

Lumenmaintenance≥80%.

Areviseddownlightspecificationhasbeendevelopedforthisreport,andisoutlinedinTable5(seeright‐handcolumns).IteffectivelyupdatesthecurrentDSFdownlightspecificationtotakeintoaccounttherecentemergenceofsophisticatedtestmethodsforLEDsandtheintroductionofMEPSforreflectorCFLs.ThetablealsoliststhekeyrequirementsofotherLEDspecificationprogramsforcomparison.Proofofcertificationbytheseotherprogramsmayreducecompliancecosts,particularlywhereprogramrequirementsareatleastasstringentasthoserequiredbyIPART.NotethattheIEAinitiativedoesnotcurrentlyincludeacertificationaspect.


28

Table5–downlightspecifications

Parameter

Energy Savings Trust LED Luminaire

Requirements V3.0

Energy Star Luminaires V1.1

IEA Downlights (tiers 1-3)

IEA Directional Lamps (MR16)

(tiers 1-3)

Recommended (LED Downlight)

Recommended (CFL Downlight)

Require proof of MEPS registration

- - - - - Yes (CFL lamp)

Minimum initial luminous flux (lm)

N/A – uses centre beam intensity

345-575 N/A – uses centre beam intensity

780 500 500

Minimum efficacy (lm/W)

N/A – uses centre beam intensity

42 40, 55, 70 lm/W (tiers 1-3)

40, 50, 60 lm/W (tiers 1-3)

No – the LCP in the CLF will encourage efficacy (low power)

No - covered by MEPS (lamp)

Power (W) - - - - Laboratory test to prove LCP

Laboratory test to prove LCP

Minimum lumen maintenance L70 (hours)16

35khrs 25khrs 30khrs, 35khrs, 40khrs (tiers 1-3)

15khrs, 15khrs, 25khrs (tiers 1-3)

35khrs (fixture) 25khrs (lamp-only)

No - covered by MEPS

Minimum life (hours)

35khrs Various 30khrs, 35khrs, 40khrs (tiers 1-3)

15khrs, 15khrs, 25khrs (tiers 1-3)

35khrs (fixture) 25khrs (lamp-only)

10khrs

Minimum CRI 80 80 70, 80, 80 (tiers 1-3)

70, 80, 80 (tiers 1-3)

80 80

Color temperature target (K) and tolerances

2700 3000 3500 4000 5000 6500 No tolerance

2700 3000 3500 4000 5000 7-step tolerance (ANSI C78.377)

2700 3000 3500 4000 5000 5700 6500 Various tolerances17

2700 3000 3500 4000 5000 5700 6500 Various tolerances

Harmonise with IEA

Covered by MEPS

Harmonics FCC requirements

FCC requirements FCC requirements IEC 61000.3.2 Covered by MEPS

Recommendation

RequireatechnologyspecificationforLED/CFLdownlightsasshowninTable5(RHcolumns).

16L70=operatinghoursatwhichlightoutputdepreciatesto70%ofinitial17Availablefromhttp://ssl.iea‐4e.org/task‐1‐‐‐quality‐assurance


29

4.6.3. Emerging Technologies

ThemostcommonLEDupgradeislikelytobefordownlights,andthesearecoveredintheprevioussection.Otheremergingtechnologycategoriesarecoveredinthefollowingsub‐sections.

LED linear replacement lamps

ItisconsideredthatLEDlinearreplacementlamps(ifretainedintheESS18)shouldbesubjecttoarelativelystringentabsolutespecification,reflectingthefactthatthefluorescentlampstheyreplaceareefficientandwellproven.ThekeyaspectsofDesignLights19andthedraftIEAspecifications20areshowninTable6(4‐footlamps)alongwithAustralianMEPSforlinearfluorescentlamps.ThetablealsoincludesarecommendationfortheESS(seeright‐handcolumn).NotethatEnergyStardoesnotcurrentlycoverLEDlinearreplacementlamps.

Table6–linearLEDlampspecifications(4‐footlamps)

Parameter Designlights

(4-foot lamps)

(Draft) IEA (tiers 1-3)

(4-foot lamps)

MEPS for linear fluorescent lamps

(4-foot lamps) Recommended

Minimum luminous flux (lumens)

Bare Lamp: 2200 lm. 2 lamps tested in fixture: 3750 lm

3000 N/A Either Designlights or IEA can be used by the ACP


Bare Lamp: 96 lm/W In fixture: 75 lm/W

Bare lamp: 80, 96, 120 lm/W (tiers 1-3)

Bare lamp: 80 lm/W Either Designlights or IEA (any tier) can be used by the ACP

Power (W) - - - Laboratory test to prove LCP in typical luminaire


50khrs 30khrs, 35khrs, 50khrs (tiers 1-3)

N/A 30khrs

Minimum life (hours) - 30khrs, 35khrs, 50khrs (tiers 1-3)

- 30khrs

Minimum CRI 80 80 79 80


≤ 5000

2700 3000 3500 4000 5000 5700 6500 Various tolerances22

- Either Designlights or IEA can be used by the ACP

Harmonics THD ≤ 20% FCC requirements

Complies IEC 61000.3.2 when fitted to luminaire

Recommendation

RequireatechnologyspecificationforLEDlinearreplacementlamps,asshowninTable6(right‐handcolumn).

18Notetherecommendationsinsection4.5regardinginstallationpermanence19http://www.designlights.org/20Finalspecificationsareimminent21L70=operatinghoursatwhichlightoutputdepreciatesto70%ofinitial22Availablefromhttp://ssl.iea‐4e.org/task‐1‐‐‐quality‐assurance


30

LED linear panel troffer luminaires

LEDlinearpaneltrofferluminairescouldbesubjecttoanabsolutespecification.ThekeyaspectsoftheDesignLights23specificationareshowninTable7alongwitharecommendation(seeright‐handcolumn).NotethatEnergyStardoesnotcurrentlycoverLEDlinearpaneltroffers.

Table7–linearpaneltrofferspecifications

Parameter Designlights (2 x 2’ troffer)

Designlights (1 x 4’ troffer)

Designlights (2 x 4’ troffer)

Recommended


3000 2000 4000 Use Designlights


60 lm/W 65 lm/W 65 lm/W Use Designlights

Power (W) - - - Laboratory test to prove LCP


35 khrs 35 khrs 35 khrs Use Designlights

Minimum life (hours) - - - -

Minimum CRI 80 80 80 Use Designlights


≤ 5000 ≤ 5000 ≤ 5000 Use Designlights

Harmonics - - - Luminaire complies IEC 61000.3.2

Recommendation

RequireatechnologyspecificationforLEDlinearpaneltroffers,asshowninTable7(right‐handcolumn).

LED highbay luminaires

LEDhighbayluminairescouldbesubjecttoanabsolutespecification.ThekeyaspectsoftheDesignLightsspecificationareshowninTable8alongwitharecommendation(right‐handcolumn).NotethatEnergyStardoesnotcurrentlycoverLEDhighbayluminaires.

Table8–LEDhighbayspecifications

Parameter

Designlights (High-bay and Low-bay

fixtures for Commercial and Industrial buildings)

Designlights (High-bay-Aisle Lighting)

Recommended


10,000 10,000 Use Designlights


70 lm/W 60 lm/W Use Designlights

Power (W) - - Laboratory test to prove LCP

Minimum lumen maintenance L70 (hours)

35 khrs 35 khrs Use Designlights

Minimum life (hours) - - -

23http://www.designlights.org/24L70=operatinghoursatwhichlightoutputdepreciatesto70%ofinitial


31

Parameter

Designlights (High-bay and Low-bay

fixtures for Commercial and Industrial buildings)

Designlights (High-bay-Aisle Lighting)

Recommended

Minimum CRI 70 70 Use Designlights


≤ 5700 ≤ 5700 Use Designlights

Harmonics - - Luminaire complies IEC 61000.3.2

Recommendation

RequireatechnologyspecificationforLEDhighbayluminaires,asshowninTable8(right‐handcolumn).

T5 adaptors and VRUs

IfretainedintheESS,anabsolutespecificationforT5adaptorsandVRUswouldrequiresignificantdevelopment,asthereisnoknowncrediblespecificationforthesetechnologies.

Recommendation

IntheabsenceoftechnologyspecificationsforT5adaptorsandVRUs(ifretainedintheESS)theseshouldberequiredtobetestedinordertoprovetheperformanceclaimedbythesupplier.

Induction lamps

Anabsolutespecificationforinductionlampswouldalsorequiresignificantdevelopment,asthereisnoknowncrediblespecificationforthistechnology.Giventhenatureofprojectsthatinductionlampswouldbeinstalledinto(largeindustrialapplications)theirperformanceshouldbetakenaccountofinthelightingdesignandAS/NZS1680complianceprocess.

Recommendation

Intheabsenceofatechnologyspecificationforinductionlamps,theseshouldberequiredtobetestedinordertoprovetheperformanceclaimedbythesupplier.


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4.6.4. Summary of Recommendations – Technology Specifications

Insummary,technologyspecificationsforthefollowingtechnologiesarerecommended:

LED/CFLdownlightsasshowninTable5(right‐handcolumns).

LEDlinearreplacementlamps,asshowninTable6(right‐handcolumn).

LEDlinearpaneltroffers,asshowninTable7(right‐handcolumn).

LEDhighbayluminaires,asshowninTable8(right‐handcolumn).

Astheydonotcurrentlyexist,developmentoftechnologyspecificationsforT5adaptors(ifretainedintheESS25),VRUsandinductionlampswouldrequiresignificantdevelopmenttime.IntheabsenceoftechnologyspecificationsforT5adaptors,VRUs(ifretainedintheESS)andinductionlamps,theseshouldberequiredtobetestedinordertoprovetheperformanceclaimedbythesupplier.

Notethattheserecommendationshavebeendevelopedinisolationofothersectionsofthisreport.Section4.13bringstogetherrecommendationsfromallsectionsofthischapter.

Forreference,thenumbersofmodelscurrentlycertifiedbytheUSDesignlightsprogramareshowninTable9.

Table9–numbersofregisteredDesignlightsmodels

Bollards 15

Display Case Lighting 14

Four-foot Linear Replacement Lamps 4

Fuel Pump Canopy 421

High-bay Aisle Lighting 36

High-bay and Low-bay Fixtures for Commercial and Industrial Buildings 292

Horizontal Refrigerated Case Lighting 191

Linear Panels (1x4 Troffer) 54



Outdoor Pole/Arm-mounted Area and Roadway Luminaires 6249

Outdoor Pole/Arm-Mounted Decorative Luminaires 1488

Outdoor Wall-Mounted Area Luminaire 3304

Parking Garage Luminaires 826

Refrigerated Case Lighting 391

Retrofit Kits for Outdoor Pole/Arm-mounted Area and Roadway Luminaires 560

Retrofit Kits for Outdoor Pole/Arm-mounted Decorative Luminaires 73

Track or Mono-point Directional Lighting Fixtures 356

Vertical Refrigerated Case Lighting 226

25Notetherecommendationsinsection4.5regardinginstallationpermanence


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4.7. Solution Element – Laboratory Testing to Prove Claimed Performance

4.7.1. Discussion and Recommendations

Thissolutionelementisbasedonrequiringsometechnologiestobelaboratorytestedinordertoprovetheirclaimedperformance.Itiseffectivelyalessstringentoptiontorequiringadherencetoatechnologyspecificationasdiscussedinsection4.6.Thatis,productswouldonlyberequiredtoproveperformanceagainsttheperformancevaluesnominatedbythesupplier,ratherthanagainstanabsolutevaluechosenbytheESS.

Notehoweverthatmanyoftherecommendationsinthissection(e.g.testmethods,samplesizes,laboratories,etc.)willalsoberelevantiftechnologyspecificationsareadopted(section4.6)–i.e.theyareusefulforprovingcompliancewiththetechnologyspecification.

Theanalysisofwhichtechnologiesshouldbesubjecttoarequirementtoproveclaimedperformanceissimilartothatcarriedoutinsection4.6andthetechnologychoiceconclusionsarethesame–i.e.thatdownlightsandLEDsshouldberequiredtoproveclaimedperformance.

Howeverinsection4.6,itwasrecommendedthatT5adaptors,VRUsandinductionlamps,intheabsenceoftechnologyspecificationsfortheseproducts,berequiredtoprovetheirclaimedperformance.

Inaddition,thequalityofCLFupgradeswouldbenefitfromrequiringallprojectstoproveaminimumlamp/luminairelifetime(bysitingtestreports)regardlessofwhethertheupgradeislamp‐onlyorpermanent.ThisshouldapplyregardlessofwhethertechnologyspecificationsarechosenasthepreferredoptionfortheESS(section4.6).Therecommendedminimumlifetimesareasfollows:

CFLi,CFLn,fluorescentandinductionlamps:10,000hours.Lifetimetestingtominimumof10,000hours.Seesection4.7.2belowforrecommendedtestmethods.

LEDlampsandfixtures:lifetimesasrecommendedinTable5toTable8.Seesection4.7.2belowforrecommendedtestmethods.

Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesoflaboratorytestingtoproveclaimedperformanceareasfollows.

Advantages

Providescertaintyofperformanceagainstsupplier‐claimedparameters.

Allowsahighdegreeofdesignflexibility(productsdonothavetomeetastringent“absolute”specification)whilstensuringthatproductsperformastheyclaimtoperform.

Disadvantages

Potentiallymayrequireahigherdegreeofprocessing.

Recommendations

FordownlightsandLEDs,thekeydecisiontobemadeisbetweentechnologyspecifications(section4.6)andprovingclaimedperformance(thissection).Ifthelatteroptionischosen,thesameperformanceparametersrecommendedfortechnologyspecifications(seesection4.6)shouldberequiredtobeproven.

Intheabsenceofatechnologyspecification,requireT5adaptorstoproveclaimedperformance–lightoutput,LCPandlamplife.

Intheabsenceofatechnologyspecification,requireVRUstoproveclaimedperformance.


34

Intheabsenceofatechnologyspecification,requireinductionlampstoproveclaimedperformance:lightoutput,LCP,lamplife,colourtemperature,CRIandharmonics.

Requireallprojectstoproveaminimumlifetimeasfollows:

o CFLi,CFLn,fluorescentandinductionlamps:10,000hours.Lifetimetestingtominimumof10,000hours.Seesection4.7.2belowforrecommendedtestmethods.

o LEDlampsandfixtures:lifetimesasrecommendedinTable5toTable8.Seesection4.7.2belowforrecommendedtestmethods.

Thefollowingsectionsprovidemoredetailastohowperformancewouldbeprovenusinglaboratorytesting.Thisdetailhasrelevancetotechnologyspecifications(section4.6)andprovingclaimedperformance(thissection).Theyincludedetailrelatedtotestmethods,samplesizes,laboratories,checktestingandleveragingfromexistingcertificationschemes.

4.7.2. Test Methods

Recommendedtestmethodsforthevarioustechnologiesandparametersarelistedbelow.Notethatnotallofthesemethodswillberequired,buttheyareprovidedhereforreference:

Alltechnologies:

o Colourtemperature:CIE15.

o CRI:CIE13.3.

o Luminairephotometry:AS/NZS1680.3.

Conventionaltechnology–fluorescentlamp:

o Lightoutput,lumenmaintenance,power,efficacyandlife:AS/NZS4782.1orIEC60081

Conventionaltechnology–CFLilamp:

o Allparameters:AS/NZS4847.1.

Conventionaltechnology–fluorescentballast:

o Allparameters:AS/NZS4783.1orEN50294.

Conventionaltechnology–incandescent/halogenlamp:

o Lightoutput,lumenmaintenance,power,efficacyandlife:AS/NZS4934.1.

Conventionaltechnology–halogentransformer:

o Allparameters:AS/NZS4879.1.

Conventionaltechnology–HIDlamp:

o Allparameters(metalhalide)‐IEC61167.

Conventionaltechnology–HIDballast:

o Allparameters:IEC62442‐2.

Emergingtechnology–LED:

o Lightoutput,powerandefficacy:LM79.


35

o Lumenmaintenance:IESNALM80togetherwithTM‐21(andLM‐82inordertotakeadvantageofcomponent‐leveltestingbeingtransferredtolamp/luminaireperformanceusingin‐situtemperaturetesting).

Emergingtechnology–T5adaptors:

o TestmethodsforT5adaptorswouldrequiresignificantdevelopment,butarelikelytoincludeprovingofphotometricandenergyperformancewheninstalledintoareferenceluminaire.

Emergingtechnology–VRUs:

o TestmethodsforVRUswouldrequiresignificantdevelopment.

Emergingtechnology–inductionlamps:

o Lightoutput,lumenmaintenance,power,efficacyandlife:IEC62639.

NotesonLEDlifetime:ThetypicalfailuremodeforLEDsisgraduallossoflightoutput,andthisparameterisreferredtoaslumenmaintenance.HencelumenmaintenanceiscommonlyusedasaproxyforLEDlifetime.FormanyoverseasLEDschemes,thetimeatwhichlightoutputdropsto70%oftheinitiallightoutput(referredtoastheL70life)iswhentheLEDisconsideredtohavereachedtheendofitslife.OverseasLEDcertificationschemestypicallyrequireminimumL70valuesofbetween15000and35000hours.

4.7.3. Laboratory Testing of Lamp Circuit Power

Lampcircuitpower(LCP)isthetotalcircuitpoweroftheluminaire,includinganycontrolgear,butexpressedperlamp.Nominallamppower(NLP)isthemanufacturer’sratedpowerforalamp(althoughinsomecasesIPARTrequirethatthisissupportedbytestreport).

LaboratorytestingofLCP(andpotentiallylamppower)isrequiredforemergingtechnologies,asthepowerdrawofthesetechnologiesisnotaspredictableasforconventionaltechnologies(forwhichthereareconsiderabledataandlongstandinginternationalstandards).ForemergingtechnologiesthereareotherperformanceparametersthatareequallyasimportantfortheCLF,andthesearediscussedelsewhereinthischapter.

TestingofLCPisrecommendedtobeundertakenbyarecognisedlaboratory,forthefollowingreasons:

Performanceclaimsforemergingtechnologiesarefrequentlyexaggeratedbysuppliers,andthismayincludepowerdraw.

Recognisedlaboratorieshaveadegreeofindependence.

Testingisperformedundercontrolledconditionsofsupplyvoltage,ambienttemperature,etc.

Testingofpowerisverystraightforwardandthuscanbeperformedalongsideotherphotometricandperformancetesting.

ItispossiblethatlaboratoryLCPtestsresultswilldifferslightlyfromreal‐worldinstallations,duetoreasonssuchassupplyvoltage.However,thisdisadvantageismitigatedbythefollowingfactors:

Boththeincumbenttechnology(viathestandardsthatunderpintheCLF)andtheupgradetechnologyaresubjecttothesame(orverysimilar)laboratorytestconditions.Itisthedifferenceinpowerbetweentheincumbentandupgradetechnologythatdeterminesenergysaving.Thisdifferenceislikelytobesimilarwhenexaminingeither


36

laboratoryresultsorreal‐worldresults,solongasonlyoneoftheseconditionsischosen(i.e.anapples‐with‐applescomparison).

LEDsandT5adaptorsuseelectroniccircuitrytocontrolcurrent.Thusslightdifferencesinvoltageareunlikelytosignificantlyaltercurrentflow.

Anyuncertaintyinherentinreal‐worldpower,versuslaboratorypower,shouldbeviewedinthecontextofuncertaintyinherentinothervariablesintheCLFequation,forexampleassetlifetime,operatinghours,etc.

ThusitisnotrecommendedtoalterthelaboratorytestrequirementforLCP,unlessaccuratereal‐worldpowerdataforbothincumbentandupgradetechnologiescanbeestablished.Thisislikelytorequireconsiderableresourcesandwouldstillbesubjecttosignificantuncertainty.

Notethat,fornon‐integral‐ballastfluorescentlamps,lamppowertestingisperformedusingareferenceballast.

Inaddition,ideallyLCPtestingshouldbeperformedforeachdiscretecombinationoflamp(includingLED)andcontrolgearthatmightbeencounteredinthemarketorisproposedforuseintheCLF.

4.7.4. Sample Sizes

RecommendedminimumsamplesizesandcompliancecriteriatobeappliedtotestmethodsarelistedinTable10.Thesewouldapplytoanytestsortestreports(e.g.toprovecomplianceagainstanabsolutespecificationortoproveclaimedperformance).Notethatthetestmethodsrecommendedin4.7.2donotallcontainsamplesizerequirements,andthatthesamplesizerecommendationsinTable10shouldtakeprecedence.

Table10–recommendedsamplesizesandcompliancecriteria

Parameter MinimumSampleSize ComplianceCriteria

Lightoutput,lamp/circuitpowerandefficacy 10 Mean≥requiredvalue

Lumenmaintenance(LED) SeeTM21

Lumenmaintenance(other) 10 Mean≥requiredvalue

ColourtemperatureandSDCM 10 Allsamples≤requiredSDCMvalue

ColourCRI 10 Mean≥requiredvalue

OtherCFLiparameters SeeAS/NZS4847.2

Lamplifetime 10Lifeofthemedianlamp(or6thofsamplesizeof10)shallbe≥requiredvalue

Transformer/ballastenergyperformance 1 Mean≥requiredvalue

Luminairephotometry 1 Mean≥requiredvalue

Harmonics 1 Mustcomplywithstandard


37

4.7.5. Recognised Laboratories

Inadditiontothespecificationandtestingissuesdiscussedinprevioussections,itisconsideredworthwhiletoincludesomerequirementswithrespecttoapprovedtestlaboratories.ItisrecommendedthattestingbeundertakenonlybyEnergyStarorNATA‐recognisedlaboratories.

Currentlytherewillbeveryfew,ifany,laboratoriesinAustraliafamiliarwithLEDtestingtoLM‐79,LM‐80,TM‐21andLM‐82.Thus,foralltestsinvolvingthesemethods,itisrecommendedthattestingbeundertakenonlybyanEnergyStarcertifiedlaboratory26.Othertesting(e.g.AS/NZS4847.1)canbeundertakenbyeitheranEnergyStarcertifiedlaboratoryoranindependentlaboratorywithNATAaccreditationorNATA‐recognisedaccreditation(seeMutualRecognitionAgreementswithinAPLAC27andILAC28).

4.7.6. Credibility of Test Reports

Themostcrediblemethodforcheckingwhetheratestreportiscredible(e.g.notaforgery)istoinvestigatethelaboratorywhosenameappearsonthereport,asfollows:

Doesthelaboratoryexist?

o Checklaboratory’swebsite.

o Callthelaboratory‐checkifthetestreportinquestionwascarriedoutbythatlaboratory.

CheckthatthelaboratoryisaccreditedbyanAPLACorILACsignatory‐checkthelaboratoryaccreditationnumber.

4.7.7. Check Testing

ItisrecommendthattheESSschemeembarkonachecktestingregimeinordertoverifyproductclaims,oratleasthavetheabilitytoundertakethistestingifrequired.Theadvantagesofachecktestingregimearetheabilitytoindependentlysampleproductsfromthefield,aswellastotestproductsatalaboratoryofIPART’schoice.

4.7.8. Leveraging from Existing Certification Schemes

KeyaspectsofexistingcertificationschemesforLEDsarecoveredinsection4.6.3.WherealignedwithESSrequirements,thesecanbeusedtoaddweighttoproductperformanceclaims.Forexample,ifaproduct(orparameterofaproduct)iscertifiedbyEnergyStar,thetestreportdoesnotrequireclosescrutiny.HenceitisrecommendedthatIPARTleveragefromexistingcertificationschemesinordertoaddweighttoproductclaims.

26Listavailablefromhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=news.nr_news&news_id=http://www.energystar.gov/cms/default/index.cfm/news‐and‐announcements/hidden‐articles/epa‐recognized‐bodies‐for‐lighting‐products/epa‐recognized‐laboratories‐for‐integral‐led‐lamps/27AsiaPacificLaboratoryAccreditationCooperation:www.aplac.org/aplac_mra.html28InternationalLaboratoryAccreditationCooperation:www.ilac.org/ilacarrangement.html


38

4.8. Solution Element - Proof of MEPS Registration

ForalltechnologiesthatarerequiredtomeetMEPS(includingconventionaltechnologies)itisrecommendedthatproductapplications(foremergingtechnologies)andlightingdesignrecords(forconventionaltechnologies)includeascreenshotoftheMEPSregistrationfromtheenergyrating.gov.auwebsite(notetheregistrationnumberisnotavailablefromthewebsiteandlinkstoindividualproductsarenotpossible).TechnologiesthatarerequiredtomeetMEPScurrentlyinclude:

Linearfluorescentballasts(excludingLEDdriversandballastsintendedtodriveT5lamps).

Linearfluorescentlamps.

ELVhalogentransformers.

CFLilamps.

Incandescent/halogenlamps.

ThepurposeoftherequirementtodemonstrateMEPSregistrationthisistoaddressthefactthatACPsmaynotbeawarethatsomeproductsaresubjecttomandatoryMEPSandmayinadvertentlyimportproductsthatarenotMEPSregistered.

4.9. Solution Element - Warrantee and Compatibility Requirements

Itisnotuncommoninthecommerciallightingmarketforsupplierstoofferawarranteeof2yearsonlampsandballasts,and5yearsonluminaires.Thesewarranteesareoftenhoweverproject‐specificanddependondetailssuchasoperatingenvironmentandlightingoperatinghours.InordertofurtherimproveCLFprojectquality,itmaybeprudenttorequirethatACPsorsuppliersofferwarranteesoftheabovedurations.NotethattheEnergyStarintegrallampsspecificationrequiresaminimumwarranteeof3years.

Additionally,allequipmentinstalledshouldbecertifiedbythesupplier/ACPascompatiblewithanyincumbentdimmers,controlgearorotherincumbentcontrolequipment.

Recommendation

Considerrequiringaminimumwarranteeoninstalledlightingequipment.

Itisrecommendedthatallinstalledlightingequipmentshouldbecertifiedascompatiblebytheequipmentmanufacturerwithanyincumbentdimmers,controlgearorotherincumbentcontrolequipment.


39

4.10. Solution Element - Approval per Model Rather than per ACP

Thissolutionelementcentresonapplicationandapprovalofproductsonthebasisofeachmake/model,ratherthanbytheACP.Approvedmodelswouldthenbeplacedonacentrallist/register(whichmayormaynotbepublic)andmaybeavailableforusebyotherACPs.

OneexampleofthisistheAEMOprocessforapprovalofroadlightingluminaires29.Thisprocessinvolvesthefollowingsteps:

Applicationsfromproductsuppliersmustbesponsoredbyalocalauthority‐e.g.localcouncilwhomaywhichwishtoinstallthoseproducts.

Thesupportingdocumentation(testreports,etc.)arepublishedontheAEMOwebsiteforcommentandapprovalbyindustry.Theperiodforcommentsontheproposedproductwillbe20businessdays.

Intheabsenceofanycommentsthatdisputetheproposal,AEMOwillaccepttheproduct.

ThenewproductwillbeapprovedandpublishedintheAEMOloadtableandmayonlybeusedexactlyastested,i.e.thecombinationofluminaire,controlequipment,andlampshallbeastested.

ThisexamplemaytranslatetotheCLFwherebyACPssponsorasupplier’sproductand,onceapproved,thatproductisabletobeusedinESS,VEET,etc.

Advantages

WouldrelieveduplicationbyIPART.

WouldpotentiallyreduceinconsistenciesbetweenACPsaccreditedforthesameproduct.

Apublicregister(oraccessibleonlybyACPs)wouldassistwithself‐regulationofperformanceclaimsforproducts.

Disadvantages

SomeACPsmaywanttokeeptheirproductanditsperformanceinformationconfidential.

Recommendation

ImplementapprovalpermodelratherthanperACP.Includeappropriategrandfatheringand/orsunsetclausesonexistingapprovals‐e.g.existingproductapprovalswillbeplacedonthepublicregisterwithin12months,unlesstheACPrequeststhattheproductisremovedfromthelistandnolongerused.Noproductsshallremainoutsidethepublicregistersystemattheendofthesunsetperiod.

29http://www.aemo.com.au/en/Electricity/Retail‐and‐Metering/Metrology‐Procedures/Update‐to‐NEM‐Load‐Table‐Unmetered‐Loads_Current‐Proposals


40

4.11. Solution Element - Outsource Design Approval and Product Approval

OnepotentialsolutiontoalleviateIPARTresourceconstraintsistooutsourcebothCLFlightingdesignandproductapprovaltasks(ascurrentlyundertakenbyIPART)toanindependenttechnicalbody.ThismodelisemployedbyoverseasenergyprogramssuchasEnergyStarwhouse3rdpartycertifiers30.

Insuchamodel,thetechnicaltasksofassessingbothlightingdesignandproductperformance(eitheragainsttechnologyspecificationsoragainstsupplierclaims)wouldbeundertakenbyanexternalbodywiththefollowingattributes:

Commercialindependence.

Possessappropriatetechnicalpersonnel.

Highlevelofunderstandingoflightingdesign.

Highlevelofunderstandingoflightingproductperformanceissuesincludingtestmethods,etc.

Centralised(i.e.onecentralbody).

Preferably,contracteddirectlytotheSchemeAdministratorratherthantoACPs.ACPscouldhoweverpayfeestotheSchemeAdministratoraspartofacost‐recoverymodel.

Inordertoinvestigatesuchanapproach,apilotprojectcouldbeconsidered–thiswouldaidinidentifyingthescope,boundariesandcosts,aswellasironingoutthepracticalandtechnicalissues.

Advantages

SignificantlyreduceworkloadforIPART.

Theorganisationengagedwouldhavesignificantexpertiseinlightingdesign,lightingproductsandtheircriticalassessment.

Disadvantages

Ensuringthattheorganisationengagedretainsongoingcompetency.

Cost–estimatedintheorderofseveralhundreddollarsperproduct(forproductapproval).

Recommendation

Consideroutsourcingofdesignapprovalandproductapproval.

30Seehttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=third_party_certification.tpc_index


41

4.12. Solution Element - Prove Emerging Technology Performance Post-Installation

Analternativemethodforrelievingresourceconstraintsistoremovetherequirementforemergingtechnologiestoprovetheirperformanceinadvance.Proofofmodelperformancecouldoccurpost‐installation,requiringapprovalorscrutinybyathirdpartysuchasIPART,anauditororotherindependentbody.

Advantages

SignificantlyreduceworkloadforIPART.

Disadvantages

Rectificationofinstallationspost‐installation,ifequipmentisfoundtofailinprovingitsperformance.

Recommendation

Thisisnothighlyrecommended,andshouldonlybeconsideredifastrongcontractualobligationcanbeputinplace,torectifyanyinstallationsfittedwithnon‐complyingproducts.


42


AllrecommendationsfromthischapterarebroughttogetherinTable11.Thestrengthofeachprimaryrecommendationisidentifiedusingaseriesoftickmarks,alongwithanalternaterecommendationiftheprimaryrecommendationisnottakenup.

Table11–analysisofrecommendations

Primary Recommendation Strength of

Recommendation Discussion / Notes

Alternate Recommendation (Strongly recommended if Primary Recommendation is not taken up)

Remove VRUs ✔✔✔

All upgrades must be permanent (would disallow or limit the use of T5 adaptors and LED linear replacement lamps)

✔✔ Non-permanent upgrades allowed only for small projects (energy saving limit of X hours – see section 4.5)

Technology specs for downlights ✔✔ Laboratory testing to prove performance

Technology specs for LED linear replacement lamps ✔✔ Laboratory testing to prove performance

Technology specs for LED linear panel troffers ✔ Laboratory testing to prove performance

Technology specs for LED highbay luminaires ✔ Laboratory testing to prove performance

T5 adaptors to prove performance – light output, LCP and lamp life (if retained in the ESS) ✔✔✔

If all upgrades required to be permanent, T5 adaptors will be less prevalent. Note that some further development of test methods is required.

Induction lamps to prove performance: light output, LCP, lamp life, colour temperature, CRI and harmonics

✔✔✔

VRUs to prove performance Remove from CLF – see above

All projects to prove a minimum lamp/fixture lifetime of X hours (see section 4.7.1) ✔✔

Consider allowing in-house manufacturer laboratories (who may already have conducted tests)

Require Energy Star or NATA-recognised lab testing ✔✔✔

Undertake check testing ✔✔✔

Leverage from existing certification schemes ✔✔✔

Proof of MEPS registration ✔✔

Equipment certified as compatible with incumbent dimmers, etc. ✔✔

Minimum warrantee for equipment ✔✔

Approval per model ✔✔✔

Outsource project and product approval ✔✔

Oncethefinalrecommendationshavebeensettledon,detailsofeachcanbefinalisedforinclusioninapublicdocument.Asthispointitisrecommendedthatafurtheriterationofthesedetailsbeundertaken,particularlyasdetailsmaybeinfluencedbyotherrecommendations.


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Chapter 5. SAFETY AND EMC REQUIREMENTS

5.1. Introduction

ThischaptercoverselectricalsafetyandEMCissues.Theobjectivesofthischapteraretoinvestigate:

TheincorporationofsafetyrequirementsintoCLFrequirements.

Howtechnologiesfitwithincurrentandemergingregulatoryrequirements.

Thisreportisnotacompletereviewofallpossiblesafetyissues.Itseekshowevertohighlightsafetyissuesastheyariseandintersectwiththeobjectivesofthisreport.Itispossiblethatfurtherspecialisedworkmayberequired,forexamplebyanOH&S/riskspecialistorelectrocutionexpert,inordertofullycanvassallsafetyaspectsofESScommerciallightingprojects.

Currently,IPARTrequirethatthefollowingitemsaresuppliedaspartoftheapplicationforeachemergingtechnologymodel:

Electricalsafety:(requiredforconnectiontomainspower)evidencetodemonstratethatequipmentmeetstheelectricalsafetyrequirementsoftheNSWElectrical(ConsumerSafety)Act2004,either:

‐ anAustralianCertificateofApproval31(ifitisaDeclaredArticle32)or

‐ aCertificateofSuitabilityissuedbyNSWFairTrading(ifitisaNon‐DeclaredArticle33)or

‐ DocumentationshowingtheRegulatoryComplianceMark(RCM34).

ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC):evidencetodemonstratethatequipmentmeetstheEMCrequirementsoftheRadioCommunicationsAct1992(administeredbyACMA).InformationacceptedasevidenceofcompliancewithelectricalsafetyandEMCregulatoryarrangementsincludes:EvidenceoftheRCMandverifiableregulatoryapprovalnumber,orsuppliercodeissuedbyACMAandACMAdeclarationofconformity.

5.2. Background Information

5.2.1. NSW - Electrical Safety Legislation – Appliances and Equipment

InNewSouthWales,NSWFairTradingadministerstheElectricity(ConsumerSafety)Act2004andtheElectricity(ConsumerSafety)Regulation2006.Thesecoverthesaleofmainssuppliedelectricalappliancesandequipment.Certainappliancesandequipment(knownasdeclaredarticles)mustbeapprovedbytheCommissionerforFairTradingorbyanapprovedequivalent.

Allapproveddeclaredarticlesmustcarrytheappropriateapprovalmarkandcomplywiththerelevantsafetystandardtoenabletheproducttobesold.Theremainingappliancesandequipment(knownasnon‐declaredarticles)mustcomplywithminimumsafetyrequirementscontainedinAustralianStandardAS/NZS3820:2009(asamended).

31AnAustralianCertificateofApprovalmaybeissuedbyNSWFairTrading,oranequivalentbody inanotherstate,orbyanindependentcertifier.32DeclaredArticlesincludeT5adaptorkitsandpowersupplies.33Non‐DeclaredArticlesincludevoltagereductionunits,LEDtubes,andinductionlamps.34AnRCMcoversbothelectricalsafetyandEMCrequirements.


44

ReciprocalagreementsareinplacebetweentheStateregulatorstoallowadeclaredarticleapprovedinitiallybytheapprovalauthorityinonejurisdictiontobesoldinallotherjurisdictionswithoutanyfurtherformality.NSWFairTradinghasalsogivenauthoritytoanumberofRecognisedExternalApprovalSchemes(REAS)tocertifyelectricalappliancesandequipment.TheREASthathavebeengivenauthorityare:SAIGlobalCertificationServices,TUVRheinlandAustralia,SGSSystemsandServicesCertification,theAustralianGasAssociation,SAAApprovalsandULInternationalNZ.

TheElectricity(ConsumerSafety)Act2004providesfortheprohibitionofanyarticlethatis,orislikelytobecome,unsafeandmaycompelsuchremedialaction(includingrecall)necessaryforpublicsafety.Itisanoffencetoselladeclaredarticleif:

NotapprovedbyNSWFairTradingortherelevantAuthorityorREAS.

NotmarkedwiththeapprovalmarkallocatedbytheapprovalorcertificationagencyortheRegulatoryComplianceMark(ifappropriate).

Itdoesnotcomplywiththerelevantclassand,ifapplicable,modelspecificationsorotherprescribedrequirementsforthatarticle.

Approvalmustbesoughtfordeclaredarticles.Declaredarticles(relevanttolighting)areasfollows:

BayonetandEdisonscrewlampholder/adaptor.

Decorativelightingoutfit:

o Fordecorative,displayorilluminationpurposes.

o Portable.

o Consistsof:

LampsincludingLEDorlampholdersinterconnectedbyflexiblecordoflessthan2.5mm2cross‐sectionalarea.

LampsincludingLEDwithinaflexibleenclosure.

o Maybeintegralwithaframeorsimilarsupportandincludesanyintegralpowersupplyorcontroldevice.

Fluorescentlampballast:

o Forcontrollingcurrentflowingthroughfluorescentlamp.

o Independentorbuilt‐intypeintendedforusewithluminaires(portableorfixed).

o Integraltype,ratedat60wattsorless,suchthatitformsanon‐replaceablepartofafluorescentlamp/ballastcombination.

o Adaptortypesuchthatitallowstheinsertionofafluorescentlampintotheballast.

Fluorescentlampstarter.

Inspectionhandlamp:

o Forinspectionpurposesusingillumination.

o Holdsincandescentordischargelamp

o Handheld.


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o Notincludinghandlampwithmagnificationfacility.

Luminaire–portabletype:

o Householdtype.

o Providesilluminationorfordecorativepurposes.

o Fittedwithflexiblecord,applianceinletsocketorapowersupplywithintegralpinsforinsertionintoasocketoutlet.

o Forstandingonatableorfloororisfittedwithaclamporsimilarforattachmenttoverticalorhorizontalsurfaces.

o Forusewithtungstenfilament,tubularfluorescentorotherdischargelamps.

o Constructedtorepresentamodel,personoranimalandbyitsdesignandmaterialsislikelytobetreatedbyachildasatoy.

o Hasmetalpartswhicharerequiredtobeearthedordoubleinsulatedfromliveparts(excludinglivepartsofanallinsulatedlampholder).

Powersupplyorcharger:

o Outputnotexceeding50voltsa.c.or120voltsripplefreed.c.

o Providesupplytoseparateluminaires.

o Forchargingbatteriesortosupplyequipment.

o IncludesLEDandotherlightingpowersupplies.

Non‐declaredarticlescanvoluntarilyseekapproval,whichmaybegrantedwhereitisshownthatthearticlecomplieswiththerelevantAustralianStandardasdeterminedbyNSWFairTrading.

ThemajorityoftheAustralianStandardsappliedtoelectricalarticlesarebasedonIECandEuropean(EN)Standards.TestreportstothesestandardsmaybeacceptedprovidedanydeviationsincludedintheapplicableAustralianStandardaresuitablyaddressed.FairTradingwillgenerallyaccepttestreportsfromlaboratoriesaccreditedby(butnotlimitedto):

NATA.

TheCertifyingBody(CB)scheme.

OrganisationswithareciprocalarrangementwithNATA.

Recognisedorcertifiedwithintheirowncountrybyanappropriatenationalbodyorinternationallybysimilarbodiesandwhichcanestablishthattheymeetstandardsnotinferiortothoseabove.


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5.2.2. Victoria - Electrical Safety Legislation – Appliances and Equipment

InVictoria,EnergySafeVictoria(ESV)administerstheElectricitySafetyAct1998andtheElectricity(Equipment)Regulations2009.Thesecoverthesaleoflegally“prescribed”electricalappliancesandequipment,andthelistofappliancetypesisharmonisedwithNSW–seesection5.2.1forlightingappliances.ESVapprovesprescribedelectricalequipmentbywayofa“certificateofapproval”whichremainsinforceforupto5years.SimilartoNSW,non‐prescribedappliancesinVictoriacanvoluntarilyapplyfora“certificateofcompliance”.

Testreports,fromapprovedlaboratories,mustaccompanyapprovalsandthesecanuseIECstandardswhereappropriate(addressinganyAustraliannationalvariationsinanaddendumreport).ApprovedlaboratoriesmustberecognisedbyNATAorIANZ(NewZealand).

5.2.3. NSW - Electrical Safety of Installation

TheNSWElectrical(ConsumerSafety)Act2004andtheElectrical(ConsumerSafety)Regulation2006includerequirementsfornotificationofelectricalworktoelectricitynetworkprovidersandtoNSWFairTrading.ACertificateofComplianceElectricalWork(ComplianceCertificate)isauniquelynumberedformwhichisrequiredtobecompletedbyanelectricalcontractoreverytimethecontractoradds,alters,disconnects,reconnectsorreplacesanelectricalinstallation.

ConsumersshouldbegivenacopyoftheComplianceCertificateatthecompletionofthejobandadvisedtoretainit.TheComplianceCertificateistheconsumer’sassurancethatalicensedcontractorhascompletedandtestedtheworktoensureitiseffectiveandcompliantwiththeAustralia/NewZealandwiringrulesforelectricalinstallationwork.

ElectricalcontractorsmustsubmitacopyoftheComplianceCertificatetotheelectricalnetworkprovideriftheworkinvolves:anewinstallation,workwhichrequirethenetworkprovidertodoextraworkforthenetworkconnectionorformeteringarrangements,workonelectricalswitchboardsorassociatedequipmentthateffectstheelectricalloading,methodofelectricalprotection,systemofearthingorthephysicallocationoftheswitchboard.

FortheESS,itisrecommendedthat,whereaComplianceCertificateisrequiredtobegenerated,thataphotocopyoftheComplianceCertificatebeheldbytheACPaspartoftherecordsforeachproject.

Currently,theESSRulerequiresthatDefaultAbatementActivitiesbeperformedbyanelectrician,iftheactivityinvolvesthemodificationorreplacementofelectricalwiring.ItisrecommendedthatIPARTconsiderextendingalicensedelectriciantoallESSactivitiesinvolvingelectricalwiring,subjecttoathoroughassessmentofthelegalandsafetyaspectsofESSactivities.

5.2.4. Victoria - Electrical Safety of Installation

SimilartoNSW,theVictorianElectricitySafetyAct1998andElectricitySafety(Installations)Regulations2009requireacertificateofelectricalsafety(COES)tobeissuedforallelectricalinstallationwork.Failuretocomplywiththeserequirementsisacriminaloffenceandlicensedworkerswhodosomaybesubjecttodisciplinaryaction.ESVhasintroducedanonlinesystemenablingelectricityprofessionalstopurchaseandlodgeCOESelectronically.


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5.2.5. ERAC

TheElectricalRegulatoryAuthoritiesCouncil(ERAC)isthepeakbodyofelectricalsafetyregulatorsinAustraliaandNewZealand.ERACactstoensureelectricalsafetyregulatorysystemsarecontemporaryandharmonisedwhereverpossible.ThemissionofERACistoprovidebenefitstoAustralianandNewZealandGovernments,industryandthepublicbystrivingforauniformregulatoryenvironmentforelectricalactivities,forthepurposeofachievingacceptablelevelsofelectricalsafety,supplyqualityandenergyuseefficiency.Itsprincipalobjectivesareasfollows:

Developmentofapolicyframeworkthatencouragesandprovidesforcoordinatedregulatorydevelopmentineachjurisdiction.

CoordinationofindividualState/Territory/NZprogramobjectivesandactivities,toensureuniformitywhereverpossible.

RepresentationofERAC’sagreedpoliciesatthenationallevelforthepurposeofsecuringsupportfromGovernments,industryandthepublic.

ActiveparticipationinpolicyandtechnicalcommitteesoforganisationssuchasStandardsAustraliaandStandardsNewZealandtoensurethatthecontentofnationaltechnicalstandardsisconsistentwithregulatorydirectionsandrequirements.

InNovember2011ERACreleasedaninformationbulletininrelationtoT5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlamps35.Thisbulletinissummarisedasfollows:

ERAChasseriousconcernswithelectricalsafetyissuesofboththeLEDlinearreplacementlampsandT5adaptors,includingwiththeproductsthemselvesandwiththemodificationstoexistingluminaires.

RecentenforcementactionsfortheseproductsbySafetyRegulatorsinAustralia,NewZealand,andEuropehaveshowninstanceswheretheseproductsdonotcomplywithessentialsafetyrequirements,suchasprotectionagainstelectricshock.InAustraliaandNewZealandthesesafetyprinciplesarespecifiedinAS/NZS3820EssentialSafetyRequirementsforLowVoltageElectricalEquipment.

Thefollowingreportsoffailureshavebeenmade:

o Failureofinsulationcausingthemetalenclosurebodyofsuchdevicestobecomeliveandpresentanelectricshockrisk.

o Accesstoliveparts.

o Whilebeinginstalled,withoneendofthetubeinsertedintheluminaire,theotherendmaybecomeliveandpresentsapossibleaccessibleelectricshockhazard.

Currentlythereisnospecificelectricalsafetystandardfortheseproductsthatcouldbeusedtocoverallelectricalrisks.Thereforedesigners,manufactures,importersandsupplierswouldneedtoapplyrequirementsfromseveralelectricalsafetystandardsandengageingoodengineeringdesignprinciplestoensuretheproductsaremadeinamannerthatiselectricallysafe.

Theseissues,anddevelopmentofstandards,areunderdiscussionbyERACandtheAustralianandNewZealandelectricalsafetystandardscommitteeforlightingproducts(EL‐041).Duringthesediscussionsconcernhasbeenraisedthatsomemanufacturers,

35Availablefromhttp://erac.gov.au/images/Downloads/0001%20‐%20T8‐T5%20flourescent%20lamp%20adaptor%20retrofits.pdf


48

importers,distributors,installersandretailersmaynotbefullyawareofthepotentialsafetyrisksrelevanttothereplacementtubestheysupply.

Inthebulletin,thefollowingrecommendationsweresuggestedbyERACasgeneralguidanceinformation:

LEDlinearreplacementlampsandT5adaptors:Suppliersareresponsibleforensuringthattheseproductsaresafeandcomplywithelectricalsafetyrequirements.

Modifiedluminaires:Foramodifiedluminaire,themanufactureroftheoriginalluminairewillnolongerberesponsibleforcomplianceofthemodifiedproduct.Anymodificationsmadetotheoriginalluminairemayalterthecharacteristicsoftheoriginalproduct,forexamplethesafetyaspectsoftheoriginalluminaire,hencecomplianceassessmentsoftheoriginalluminairemaynolongerbeapplicabletothemodifiedluminaire.Inthiscase,themodifiedluminairewillbeconsideredtobeanewluminaire.Personsplacingonthemarketmodificationkitsforincorporationintoanexistingluminairemustensurethatthemodifiedluminaireissafewhenthekitisinstalledinaccordancewiththeirsuppliedinstructions.Whenplacingamodifiedluminaireonthemarketormodifyingaluminaireonsite,themodifiedproductshouldcomplywiththerequirementsoutlinedbelowfornewluminaires.Thoseresponsibleforplacingsuchproductonthemarkethavethefullresponsibilityforensuringitssafetyandcompliancewithallapplicableelectricalproductsafetystandards.

Newluminaires(includingmodifiedluminaires):

o MustbesafeandcomplywithAS/NZS60598.1andanyapplicablepart2ofthatseriesofsafetystandards.

o Shouldbemarkedwithawarninglabelthatisvisiblewhilstreplacinglamps.Thiswarninglabelshouldbelegibleandindelibleandshowtheintentof:‘Warning‐notforusewithanyfluorescentlamps,useonly<Brand><ModelNumber><Type>Lamp’.

o Shouldhaveafusetoprotectagainstshortcircuits.

o Theluminairemustcontinuetobesafeifafluorescentlampisre‐installed,althoughitdoesnothavetofunction.

Retrofitluminaires:

o Nomodificationoftheoriginalluminaireisallowed.ItisassumedthattheoriginalluminairewillhavebeenfullycompliantwithsafetystandardAS/NZS60598.1andanyapplicablepart2ofthatseriesofsafetystandards.

o Thereplacementofaglowstarterwithotherdevicesdoesnotconstituteamodificationoftheluminaireitself.Howevertheuseofsuchdevicesshouldnotcompromisesafetywhenusedinluminaires.

LEDlinearreplacementlamps:

o LEDlinearreplacementlampshallcomplywiththerequirementsofsafetystandardsAS/NZS61347.1,IEC61347.2.13andrelevantrequirementsofAS/NZS60598.1.NotethatIEC62031maybeusedinlieuofIEC61347.2.13.

o Irrespectiveofthestandardsmentionedabove,wheretheproducthasuniquecharacteristics,assessmentsofsafetymusthaveadequatelycoveredallrisksoftheproduct.ThismayinvolvetheuseofseveralotherAustraliaandNewZealand


49

standardsand/orinternationalstandardsandotherassessmentstoensuretheproductiselectricallysafe.

o TheLEDlinearreplacementlampshouldbeassessedtoensurenoaccesstolivepartscanbeachievedduringinstallation.

o Fullinstallationinstructionsanddiagramsshallbeprovided.

o LEDlinearreplacementlampshallbecapableofbeingfittedintoanun‐modifiedluminaireswithoutcausingasafetyhazard,althoughitdoesnothavetofunction.

T5adaptors:

o Adaptorisaprescribed/declaredarticleandshallhaveanAustralianorNewZealandCertificateofApprovalasa‘Fluorescentlampballast’.

o AdaptorassemblyshallcomplywithsafetystandardsAS/NZS61347.1,AS/NZS61347.2.3andtherelevantrequirementsofAS/NZS60598.1.

o Irrespectiveofthestandardsmentionedabove,wheretheproducthasuniquecharacteristics,assessmentsofsafetymusthaveadequatelycoveredallrisksoftheproduct.ThismayinvolvetheuseofseveralotherAustraliaandNewZealandstandardsand/orinternationalstandardsandotherassessmentstoensuretheproductiselectricallysafe.

o Theadaptorshouldbeassessedtoensurenoaccesstolivepartscanbeachievedduringinstallation.

o Fullinstallationinstructionsanddiagramsshallbeprovided.

o T8/T5fluorescentlampadaptorassembliesshallbecapableofbeingfittedintoanun‐modifiedluminaireswithoutcausingasafetyhazard,althoughitdoesnothavetofunction.

5.2.6. Report - Review of Electrical Safety Issues for Lighting Technologies

IPARTrecentlycommissionedareportReviewofElectricalSafetyIssuesforLightingTechnologiesundertheNSWEnergySavingsScheme.Thekeyconclusionsandrecommendationsofthisreportaresummarisedasfollows:

SeekalegalopinionaboutIPART'slegalresponsibilityforsafety.

CommissionasafetyreviewoftheESStobeundertakenbyaspecialistriskconsultant.

ImposeanadditionalconditionofaccreditationthatrequiresACPstomaintainpublicliabilityinsuranceandinsurancecoverforproductreplacementandrectificationofworks.

ConsideramendingtheESSRuletospecificallyincludeelectricalsafetyrequirements.

IncludeintheACPauditscope:theactivitiesofACPscomplywithsafetyrequirements,recordsareavailabletodemonstrateproductsmeetrelevantsafetystandards,andrecordsareavailabletodemonstratethatrewiringwasundertakenbyalicensedelectrician.

IncludeintheACPannualreport:reportonhowtheyaremeetingtherevisedConditionsofAccreditationregardingsafety,whatsafetytraininghasbeenundertaken,thatanyelectricalwiringwasundertakenbyalicensedelectrician.

UpdateFactSheet3"MinimumRequirementsforInstallerConduct”toincludeaddressingsafetyofinstallationandproducts.


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MaintainandstrengthentherelationshipwithNSWFairTrading,includingprocesstofollowifelectricalsafetyissuesarise.

ItisrecommendedthattheserecommendationsbetakenupbyIPART.

5.2.7. EMC

ACMAenforcesEMCregulatoryarrangementsundertheRadiocommunicationsAct1992.Allproductsthatfallwithinthescopeoftheregulationaresubjecttocompliancewiththearrangementsandmustbeappropriatelylabeledwiththecompliancemark(C‐tick).

Thepurposeoftheregulationistominimiseelectromagneticinterferencebetweenelectronicproductswhichmaydiminishtheperformanceofelectricalproductsordisruptessentialcommunications.TheEMCregulatoryarrangementsintroducetechnicallimitsforemissionsfromelectrical/electronicproductsandcommunicationsservices.Toestablishcompliancewiththeregulatoryarrangements,suppliersmustdemonstratethatproductsmeetrelevantstandardsbeforesuchproductsaresuppliedintoAustralia.

ACMArecognisesanumberofEuropeanandinternationalEMCstandards.AlsoundertheTrans‐TasmanMutualRecognitionArrangement(TTMRA),theACMAhasharmonisedtheEMCregulatoryarrangementswithNewZealand.

Electriclightingproducts,suchasincandescentlamps,luminaires,magneticandelectronicballastsfallwithinthescopeofCISPR15.ACMAhaslimitedthelevelofradiofrequencyemissions(radiatedandconducted)fromalllightingequipmentwithaprimaryfunctionofgeneratingordistributinglightintendedforilluminationpurposes.

Dependingontheriskofinterferencefromtheproduct,compliancelevel1or2willapply.MostelectricalandelectronicproductsarecoveredbytheEMCregulatoryarrangements.Mostlightingequipmentwillbeundermediumrisk(compliancelevel2)withtheexceptionofincandescentlightsandbatterypoweredlightingwhicharelowrisk(compliancelevel1).

Whilecompliancewiththeapplicablestandardismandatory,therearenorequirementstoholdatestreport,labelormaintainaSupplier’sdeclarationofconformity(DoC)forlowrisk(compliancelevel1)devicessuchasincandescentlamps.

ACMAstatesthatsomechangesmadetoanexistingluminairewillaffecttheradiofrequencysignatureoftheoriginaldeviceandwillresultinwhatiseffectivelyanewproduct.Themostcriticalofthesechangesinclude:

Removalofpowerfactorcorrectioncapacitor.

Inclusionofablockinginductorintotheluminairecircuit.

Introductionofanelectronicballast.

Re‐configurationoftheluminairewiringlayout.

Introductionofanemergencyconversionpack.

NotethatCISPR15wasrecentlyupdatedsuchthattestingabove30MHzwillbemandatory36from9Feb2013.NotealsothatACMAmayallowsomegrandfatheringofproductapprovals.

36Seehttp://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_310707


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5.3. Discussion

Giventheissuesoutlinedintheprevioussections,thecurrentrequirementsimposedbyIPARTforsafetyandEMCcomplianceofemergingtechnologies(i.e.proofofregulatorycomplianceorvoluntarysafetycomplianceifproductisnotregulated)areconsideredappropriate.

However,theeffectofT5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlampswhenfittedtoexistingluminairesraisesfurtherissuesforbothsafetyandEMC.TheseproductscancreateelectricalsafetyandEMCcomplianceissues,wheninstalledintoexistingluminaireswithcontrolgear,thatmaynotbeapparenttotheproductsuppliersorinstallers.

Therearethreepotentialresponsestotheseissues:

EliminateT5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlampsfromtheCLF.Thisisalignedwithotherbenefits,suchasinstallationpermanence,thathavebeenraisedelsewhereinthisreport.

Implementprocedurestoensurethatanyas‐modified/retrofittedluminairesaresafeandEMCcompliant.Currently,IPARThaveinformedACPsthattheyareresponsiblefortheas‐modified/retrofittedluminaire.However,itmaybenecessarytoimplementprocedurestoensurethatACPsarecheckingandensuringcomplianceofinstalledproductsinexistingluminaires.Thisraisesdifficultiesastheseproductsarelikelytobeinstalledintomanydifferenttypesofluminaires,andcheckingofsafetyandEMCcomplianceforeachluminaire/controlgeartypeislikelytobeexpensiveandcomplex.ItwouldrequireasafetyandEMCtest(torelevantsafetyandCISPRstandards)tobeperformedforeachpermutationofT5adaptor/LEDlampwhencombinedwitheachmodelofluminaire.Thisislikelytobeimpracticalandprohibitivelyexpensive.

SimilartothecurrentpracticeofIPARTandERAC,provideinformationtoACPs,informingthemoftheirresponsibilitieswithregardtosafetyandEMC.Howevertheefficacyofthisapproachisunclear(i.e.ACPsmaysimplychoosetoignorethisadviceandimplementunsafepractices).

ThesafestapproachwouldbetoeliminateT5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlampsfromtheCLF(includingmodifiedandretrofitluminaires37).Ifthisisnotconsideredfeasible,itisrecommendedthatadetailedsafetyinvestigationofthesedevicesbeundertaken.


Therecommendationsformthischaptercanbesummarisedasfollows:

o WhereanelectricalwiringComplianceCertificateisrequiredtobegeneratedforaninstallation,aphotocopyoftheComplianceCertificateshouldbeheldbytheACPaspartoftherecordsforeachproject.

o ConsiderextendingalicensedelectricianrequirementtoallESSCLFactivitiesinvolvingwiring,subjecttoathoroughassessmentofthelegalandsafetyaspectsofESSactivities.

o TakeupthesafetyrecommendationsfromthereportReviewofElectricalSafetyIssuesforLightingTechnologiesundertheNSWEnergySavingsScheme.

o ConsidereliminatingT5adaptorsandLEDlineartubesandfromtheRule.Ifthisisnotfeasible,undertakeadetailedsafetyinvestigationofthesedevices.

37Modifiedandretrofitluminairescanbeconsideredluminaireswhichhavehadtheirlightsourcetechnologyaltered(e.g.fromT8toLEDorT5).


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Chapter 6. OTHER ISSUES

AnumberofissueshavealsobeenraisedbyIPART.Thesearediscussedinthischapter.

6.1. Extended Operating Hours

Currently,IPARTareexperiencinglargequantitiesofapplications(requiredinadvance)forextendedoperatinghours(EOH).IPARThaverecentlyproposedthefollowingforapprovalofextendedoperatinghours:

ACPsmustdevelopaprocedureformanagingEOH,includingidentificationandcollationofsupportingdocumentationandcalculationofthehourstobeclaimed.

ACPsshallsubmittheirEOHprocedureforapprovalbytheSchemeAdministrator.

OncetheEOHprocedureisaccepted,ACPswouldthenbeabletoclaimEOHatrelevantsitesandbeabletoinputthosehoursintoagenericCommercialLightingTool.

Notethat,tomeettherequirementsoftheESSRule,theEOHproceduredevelopedbytheACPmustincludeastepseekingSchemeAdministratorapprovaltoclaimEOH.IPARTenvisagesthatthisstepwouldinvolveanemailadvisingIPARToftheproposedEOHandadeclarationthattheapprovedEOHprocedurehasbeenimplementedandappropriaterecordsobtained.TheSchemeAdministratorwouldrespondapprovingtheEOH,withtheprovisothatthiswillbesubjecttoaudit.

Theinterpretationoftheaboveisthatapproval‐after‐the‐factwillbeallowedforEOHeachsite,onceapre‐approvedprocesshasbeenputinplacebytheACP.Thissolutionappearsappropriate,providedthatappropriateauditproceduresareinplace.Otherpotentialsolutionsinclude:

Requiretime‐of‐usemeteringdata,wheresuchmetersareinstalled.

OutsourceapprovalofEOHapplications,asdiscussedinsection4.11.

Requireapproval‐in‐advanceforEOHprojectsaboveacertainESCquantitythreshold(e.g.largeprojectsasdefinedinsection2.4.1).

ThesesolutionscanbeconsideredalongsidethecurrentIPARTtreatmentofEOH.

6.2. Application of the BCA in NSW

TheCLFincludesacalculationforlightingprojectswheretheupgradeissubjecttoSectionJoftheBuildingCode.Regulation94oftheNSWEnvironmentalPlanningandAssessmentRegulation2000statesthefollowing:

Consentauthority[e.g.Council]mayrequirebuildingstobeupgraded

(cfclause66BofEP&ARegulation1994)

(1)Thisclauseappliestoadevelopmentapplicationfordevelopmentinvolvingtherebuilding,alteration,enlargementorextensionofanexistingbuildingwhere:

(a)theproposedbuildingwork,togetherwithanyotherbuildingworkcompletedorauthorisedwithintheprevious3years,representsmorethanhalfthetotalvolumeofthebuilding,asitwasbeforeanysuchworkwascommenced,measuredoveritsroofandexternalwalls,or

(b)themeasurescontainedinthebuildingareinadequate:


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(i)toprotectpersonsusingthebuilding,andtofacilitatetheiregressfromthebuilding,intheeventoffire,or

(ii)torestrictthespreadoffirefromthebuildingtootherbuildingsnearby.

(2)Indeterminingadevelopmentapplicationtowhichthisclauseapplies,aconsentauthorityistotakeintoconsiderationwhetheritwouldbeappropriatetorequiretheexistingbuildingtobebroughtintototalorpartialconformitywiththeBuildingCodeofAustralia.

(3)Themattersprescribedbythisclauseareprescribedforthepurposesofsection79C(1)(a)(iv)oftheAct.

ThiseffectivelymeansthattheCouncilhasdiscretiontorequirethebuildingtocomplywiththeBuildingCode.Presumably,thisalsomeansthattheCouncilshavediscretionoverwhichsectionsoftheBuildingCodeshallbecompliedwith.Energyefficiencymayhoweverrepresentalowpriorityforsomecouncilsinthiscontext,i.e.relativetothesafetyaspectsmentionedinsection94oftheRegulation.TheimplicationofthisisthatCouncilsmayinfrequentlyrequirecommercialbuildingrenovationstocomplywithSectionJ.ThisconclusionmayneedtobetestedwithaselectionofCouncils.

6.3. Calculation of Energy Savings

Currentlythebusiness‐as‐usual(BaU)baselineforcommerciallightingupgradesdoesnottakeintoaccountanyfutureimprovementinBaUlightingefficiency.RegulatoryschemeswhichmightaffectbaselineassumptionsfortheactivitiesareeffectivelytheBuildingCodeandproductMEPS.Asdiscussedintheprevioussection,buildingcodesarenotlikelytohaveasignificantimpactontheenergyefficiencyoftheexistingbuildingstock.MEPSislikelytosignificantlyeffectonlytheELVhalogenactivities,whichinvolvesthephase‐outof50WELVreflectorlampsinfavourof35W.TheeffectoflampMEPScanbemodeledifrequired–forexamplemodelingofa2yearsunsetperiodfor50Wlamps,followedby8yearsof35Wlamps(overatotal10yeartimehorizon).


Therecommendationsfromthischapterareasfollows:

Extendedoperatinghours(forconsideration):

Requiretime‐of‐usemeteringdata,wheresuchmetersareinstalled.

OutsourceapprovalofEOHapplications.

Requireapproval‐in‐advanceforEOHprojectsaboveacertainESCquantitythreshold(e.g.largeprojectsasdefinedinsection2.4.1).

ModeltheeffectofELVlampMEPSifrequired.


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APPENDIX A – INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTING DESIGN SOFTWARE

A.1. Introduction

Lightingdesignandanalysissoftwarecancalculatelightinglevelsandotherparametersforinteriorandexteriorenvironments,takingintoaccount:

Electriclightingfromlamp/luminairedatafiles.

Dimensionsandsurfaceproperties(suchasreflectance)ofthearchitecturalenvironmentasspecifiedbybuildingplans.

Lightcontributionsfromdaylight(somesoftwarepackages).

Forelectriclighting,datafortheluminaireisprovidedintheformofmeasuredluminousintensitydistributions(“photometricdata”inanASCIIdelimitedtextfile).Thisinformationistypicallyprovidedbythelamp/luminairemanufacturerandcaneitherbeintegratedintothesoftwarepackagevialinkedoradd‐oncataloguesorbyimportingindividuallampfiles.Importablelampdatafileformatsinclude:

IES–astandardfileformatcreatedbytheIlluminatingEngineeringSociety(IES)fortheelectronictransferofphotometricdataquantitiesofluminousfluxandluminousintensitydistributionatanydesignatedangleastestedusingagonio‐photometer.

CIE–similartoIESformat,thisdatafilewasdevelopedbytheInternationalCommissiononIllumination(CIE);luminousintensitydistributionisprovidedforoveraspecificrangeofangles.

LDT–Eulumdat,anindustrystandardphotometricdatafilecommonlyusedinEurope,whichadditionallycontainslinesspecifyingcorrelatedcolourtemperature(CCT)andcolourrenderingindex(CRI)

Fornaturaldaylight,thereareseveral“skymodels”thataccuratelypredictthedistributionandintensityofdirectsunlightanddiffusedaylight,basedontimeanddate,geographiclocation,andweatherconditions.Historicalweatherdataatmostlocationscanalsobeintegratedforpredictionofannual,dailyandhourlyconditions.Thesoftwarepackagewillgenerallycontainanintegratedskymodelandwillofferinputoptionstochoosebetweentheseparametersasrequired.

Tocreatethemodelofthearchitecturalenvironment,thereistheoptiontomanuallycreatetheroomsusingthesoftwareeditororsimplyimporttwo‐orthree‐dimensionalcomputer‐aideddesign(2D/3DCAD)drawings.CADfileformatsinclude:

DWG–Drawingfile,abinaryfileformatforstoring2Dand3DdesigndataandmetadataandisthenativeformatforCADpackagessuchasAutoCAD

DXF–DrawingInterchangeFormat,developedbyAutodeskforenablingdatainteroperabilitybetweenAutoCADandotherprograms

3DS–a3Dvectorfileinbinaryformat,originallythenativeformatfortheoldAutodesk3DStudioDOS

STF–SetupInformationFile,similartoDWGwhichexportsroomgeometry,roomdesignations,windowanddoorpositions,reflectanceandalsolamppositions

WRL–afileextensionforaVirtualRealityModelingLanguage(VRML)fileformat,oftenusedbybrowserplug‐instodisplayvirtualrealityenvironments.VRMLfilesareknownas“worlds”,thisiswhatWRLstandsfor.


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JPG,PNG,BMP,HDR,WMF–imagefilescomposedofdigitaldata,thesehavevaryingdegreesofcompression(fidelityloss)

XLS–Excelspreadsheetformatwhichholdsdatainworksheets,chartsandmacros

Outputsprovidedbylightingdesignpackagesinclude:

Illuminance,E(lux)–aspointcalculations,isoluxcontourlinesandpseudocolours

Luminance,L(cd/m²)–inrenderedpseudocolour

UGR–UnifiedGlareRating,aninternationalindexpresentedbyCIEpublication117whichisusedtoevaluateandlimitthepsychologicaldirectglare(knownasdiscomfortglare)fromluminaires

STV–SmallTargetVisibility,usuallyusedinstreetlighting–isaweightedaverageofthevisibilitylevelofanarrayoftargetsonaroadwayconsidering(a)luminanceofthetargets,(b)luminanceoftheimmediatebackground,(c)adaptationleveloftheadjacentsurroundings,(d)disabilityglare.

DF–DaylightFactor,theratioofinternallightleveltoexternallightlevelusedtoindicatewhetherartificiallightingisrequiredinthespace.

U0–OverallLuminanceUniformity,Lmin/Lavg

UG–UniformityGradient,thehighestrateofchangeofvaluesbetweenadjacentmeasuringpoints,Emax/Emin

AsummaryofpopularsoftwarepackagesisprovidedinTable12.


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Table12–Summaryofsoftwarepackages

Software Minimum release date and version

Developed by

Mainly Used For Cost Links Inputs Outputs Level of Complexity

DIALux 6 July 2012, V 4.10

DIAL GmbH

Indoor & outdoor lighting, road lighting, sports complex lighting, emergency lighting

Free www.dial.com DXF, DWG, 3DS, STF, WRL, manufacturer lamp data

Complete project reports, Luminance diagrams, tabulated photometric data (intensity), PDF, WMF images, DWG, DXF, STF for architectural elements, UGR for observers, Energy evaluation report,

Simple

Relux Feb 2012, V 2012.2

Relux Informatik AG

Light simulation in 2D/3D; generation of isolines, pseudo colours and 3D light distributions (lux). Includes cost‐efficiency analysis of luminaires, analysis of daylight influence on iso‐lux diagrams, quotation module.

Free www.relux.com DXF, DWG, 3DS, WRL, JPG, PNG, manufacturer lamp data

Lux isolines, pseudo colours, 3D light distribution diagrams, Lux uniformity; DXF, DWG for scenes; HDR for simulations; XLS for lists; UGR for several observers; Luminance

Simple

AGi32 24 Jan 2012, V2.3

Lighting Analysts

Popular architectural lighting analysis tool which provides comprehensive lighting calculations; high‐quality rendering for interior and exterior environments, including daylighting. Computes illuminance in any situation; assists in luminaire placement and aiming, validates adherence to various lighting criterion. Point‐by‐point lighting, photometrically correct colour‐rendered visualisations. Uses radiosity simulation engine.

USD 895 www.agi32.com E (lux) ‐ horizontal, vertical, variable meter aiming, lighting power density (W/m²)

UGR, L (cd/m²) in rendered pseudo colour, pavement L, veiling L

UG, aiming diagrams

STV, DF

Advanced


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Developed by


Elum Tools 9 July 2012, V 2013 R1

Lighting Analysts

Fully integrated add‐in for Autodesk Revit, designed to calculate point by point illuminance on any work plane or surface utilising lighting fixture families and surface geometry already present in the Revit model. Radiosity based.

USD 549 www.elumtools.com

IES photometric files

Luminance point by point, Lux point by point and pseudo colour, mesh overlay of radiosity

Advanced

Optis N/A Optis Analysis and prediction of stray light, hot spots, uniformity, intensity, irradiance and illuminance. Simulation of ambient lighting conditions including daylighting. Efficiency analysis with active 3D ray tracing. Compliance checks with legislation and standards

EUR 30,000

www.optis‐world.com

LDT/IES photometric files, manufacturer plugin data, CAD files

Lux, Luminance, Intensity calculations. Photometry maps, cross‐sections, point measurements, colourimetry,

Intermediate

OptiWin 29 Sept 2009, V 2008.3

Glamox International

Light calculation of complete projects Free www.glamox‐international.com

DXF, DWG 2D files

DXF, 3DS, for 3D Manufacturer photometric files

glare calculations UGR, lighting power density (W/m²)

point illuminance calculations (lux)

isolux curves

economic calculations

Simple

Radiance 1 Nov 2011, V 4.1

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Predicts illumination, visual quality and appearance of lighting and daylighting design using ray tracing techniques. Advantage in that there are no limitation on the geometry or materials that may be simulated.

Free radsite.lbl.gov DXF, IES photometric files, material/object/model libraries available

Advanced


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Developed by


Visual 2.6 2 July 2012, V 2.6.0224

Acuity Brands Lighting

3D lighting analysis including Area tool to calculate pole spacing; Floodlight tool to calculate required number of luminaires for given lux criteria; Interior tool determines illuminance achieved by specified lighting power density; Template tool views iso‐lux contours and point‐by‐point lux; Economic tool to compare products, calculate retrofit projects, life cycle analysis, reporting.

USD 100 OR free basic edition

www.acuitybrandslighting.com

DWG/DXF files, IES/CIE/LDT photometric data files

Illuminance point by point, Isolines, filled contour, pseudo colour, and grey scale render, economic reports, U0, Intensity distributions,

Intermediate


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A.2. Example of Software: Relux

ThisexamplehasbeenmadewiththesoftwareReluxbutitwouldbeapproximatelythesameprocesswiththeothersoftwarementionedintheprevioussection

A.2.1. Room Characteristics

WhenstartinganewprojectonReluxtheseparameterscanbeset:

roomdimensions

heightofthereferenceplan

offsettothewall

Surfacereflectance,textureandcolour.

Anexistingplancanalsobeimported.

Figure3–Roomcharacteristics


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Figure4‐Surfacecharacteristics

Note:thecharacteristicsusedforthepurposeofthisexamplearedisplayedinFigure3andFigure4andthereflectanceandtheworkingplanheightchosenareintherangeofrecommendedvaluesinAS/NZS1680.1.

A.2.2. Luminaire Characteristics

TouseaspecificluminaireinaReluxproject,thephotometricdatacanbeobtainedbyuploadingtheIESfileintothesoftware.

Inthisexample,theluminaireusedisThornDIFFUSALUXIIG1X49WHFPSOP[STD]andthephotometricdatacomefromtheIESfileprovidedbyThorn.

Oncetheluminairesdatahavebeenuploadedinthesoftware,theycanbeplacedontheplan.Figure5‐Thornluminairesplacedontheofficeplan


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A.2.3. Light Calculation

Thefollowingparameterscanbeset:

Prevailingtypeofluminaires(direct/indirect).

Rasterspacing.

Maintenancefactor:itissetbydefautat0.8foraverycleanroom,withlowyearlyusage,accordingtothestandardiseddatafromCIEdocumentMaintenanceofindoorelectriclightingsystems,2005.Neverthelessthisvalueneedstobemanuallychangeddependingonthetypeofroom,ofluminairesandoflamps(RefertoFigure7).

Figure6‐Lightcalculationsettings

Figure7‐Manualsettingofmaintenancefactor


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A.2.4. Software Output and First Approximation of Compliance

Oncetheparametersareset,ReluxcanpopulateanIsoluxassessmentandatechnicalreport,asdispayedonFigure8andFigure9.

Thiskindofsoftwaremodellingisawayofobtainingtheoricalandroughvaluesofaveragemaintainedilluminance,uniformity,powerdensityandglareindex,inafirstapproach,andtocontrolthecompliancewiththecurrentregulations.

Figure8‐Isoluxassessment

Figure9–Technicalreport


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Inthisexample,onlythegenerallightingistakenintoaccount.Therefore,thislightingtreatmentmust:

Reachanaveragemaintainedilluminanceof320lux,therecommandedmaintainedilluminancevalueforroutineofficetasksinAS/NZS1680.1.

Reachthethresholdof0.5fortheuniformityofilluminanceg1overthespace(MinimumIlluminancetoAverageilluminance),thresholdgiveninAS/NZS1680.1.

Notexceedanilluminationpowerdensityof9W/m2,themaximumilluminationpowerdensityallowedbytheBuildingCodeofAustralia2012foranofficeartificiallylittoanambientlevelof200luxormore.

AccordingtothereportdisplayedinFigure9,thislightingtreatmentcomplieswithAS/NZS1680.1recommendationsconcerningmaintainedilluminanceanduniformity,withamaintainedilluminanceof369lux,andauniformityof0.81overthespace,aswellaswiththeBuildingCodeofAustralia,withapowerdensityof8.37W/m2.

WithRelux,anapproximationoftheUnifiedGlareRating(UGR)canalsobeobtained.BysettingthepositionofanobserverandtheorientationofhisviewasshowninFigure10,ReluxwillpopulateanevaluationoftheUGRinthefieldofviewofthisobserver(refertoFigure11).

Figure10‐PositioningofanobserverforUGRcontrol


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Figure11‐UGRintheobserver’sfieldofview

Typicalmaximumvaluesofglareindex(UGR)aregiveninAS/NZS1680.Inthisexample(Normalrangeofofficetasks,onlygenerallighting),theUGRmustbeinferiorto19tocomplywiththisstandard.WithaUGRofaround18,thislightingtreatmentcomplieswithAS/NZS1680.1recommendationsinfirstapproximation,andfromthisworkstation.

NSW Energy Savings Scheme: Review of Commercial Lighting · NSW Energy Savings Scheme: Review of...

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