NSERC/Manitoba Hydro NSERC/Manitoba Hydro Alternative Energy ChairAlternative Energy Chair

CENTRE FEST June 9, 2006, Assiniboine Park, Winnipeg Manitoba

Dr. Eric BibeauDr. Eric BibeauMechanical & Manufacturing Engineering DeptMechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Dept

Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Alternative Energy Chair Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Alternative Energy Chair

OutlineOutlineWhy alternative energyDistributed generationManitoba Hydro/NSERC Research Chair in alternative energy – Kinetic turbines– PHEV– Icing of wind turbines– Biopower– Anaerobic digesters

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment ReportArctic Climate Impact Assessment Report

““Arctic will lose 50Arctic will lose 50--60 per cent of its ice distribution by 2100”60 per cent of its ice distribution by 2100”

“one model predicts that the North Pole in summer will be comple“one model predicts that the North Pole in summer will be completely tely iceice--free by 2070”free by 2070”

“Projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chan“Projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ge estimates that if global greenhouse gas emissions double their pestimates that if global greenhouse gas emissions double their prere--industrial levels, melting ice will raise sea levels between 10 industrial levels, melting ice will raise sea levels between 10 and 90 cm and 90 cm in this century”in this century”

Human activity adds 30 Billion tonnes of new CO2 per year

Green House GasesGreen House GasesNatural processes generating 770 BT/yr What is effect of adding 30 BT/yrPerturb the system by 3.9% each year

CO2 levels in atmosphere – 1850: 250 ppm Now: 350-400 ppm

Add new ball every 2 years Time

What is Canada doingWhat is Canada doing

Alternative Alternative Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

Electricity (highest form)

Heat (lowest form)

Gas & Liquid Fuels

WindOcean δT

BiomassSteam

PVCollectorsHydro

GeothermalFission

Processing

Sola

r

Mech/Turbo Generator

Nuc

lear

Drivers Favoring Alternative EnergyDrivers Favoring Alternative EnergyPopulation growth Sustainable developmentEnvironmental– global warming

Fossil fuel extraction rates– may be approaching peak

Technical development– costs are decreasing

Drivers Favoring Drivers Favoring AlternativeAlternative EnergyEnergy

Future gas production

Oil production Future oil production

Why alternative energy in Manitoba?Why alternative energy in Manitoba?

Export

Manitoba Energy Node

Node

Primary

Energy

Fossil Fuel

Renewable Energy

Renewable Fuels

Heat

TransportationElectricity

Node Needs

118 PJ

Distributed Generation (DG) Distributed Generation (DG) using alternative energyusing alternative energy

Many Canadians live in northern communities2.0 Billion without power– Local employment– Poverty alleviation– Better health

Non-centralized grid – New grid installation to rural areas have

significant costs– DG makes rural electrification possible

Alternative Energy ChairAlternative Energy ChairKinetic turbinesPHEVBiomass energy conversionIcing of wind turbinesAnaerobic digesters

Heater

Recuperator

Cooler

Flue Gas

Coolant

90°C

60°C

1010°C

222°C

343°C

65°C

104°C

160°C

269°C

Power Unit

Kinetic TurbinesKinetic Turbines

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

4

Shroud (cut away)

Turbine, Huband Generator

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

Anchoring System

To Power Distribution

What are Kinetic What are Kinetic Turbines?Turbines?

Convert flow kinetic energy into powerLow environmental impact – does not require head, dam, or impoundment– minimizes fish impact: screens; air; slow RPM

Limited data – long term deployment; cold weather impact– cost information; not commercially demonstrated

Modular Rapid DeploymentModular Rapid Deployment

600 kW twin unit (base load)Water velocity = 4.0 m/sWater density = 1000 kg/m3

1,800 kW (0.33 CF)Air velocity = 10 m/sAir density = 1 kg/m3

Water Air

150 m3.0 m

Unit does not exist yet

Power increases by: Velocity3 Density Area

Commercialization Commercialization ObjectivesObjectives

Prove year-long operationEvaluate the applicability of kinetic turbines Establish operation and cost-effectiveness in all seasonsProve kinetic turbines can– achieve high capacity factor/

high availability – deliver base load power

Commercial Testing Commercial Testing of Kinetic Turbines of Kinetic Turbines

Positive step towards SustainabilityEnvironmental breakthrough for remote communitiesNew source of renewable energy Support distributed generation industry Show DG can workConnect alternative power to grid

Why Kinetic Turbines in ManitobaWhy Kinetic Turbines in ManitobaManitoba resource– vast river system– requires flow velocities above 2.5 m/s

Renewable energy technologyRemote communities applicationFits hydro-base cultureRapid deployment and modularBase load generationLikely cost effective distributed energyEnhance and build research capacity at the University of Manitoba

Commercialization Commercialization and R&D Objectivesand R&D Objectives

0

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.1 2.3 2.6 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.2 7.2

Flow velocity (m/s)

Pow

er (k

W)

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Thou

sand

s

Flow velocity (Knots)

Forc

es (l

bf)

Power (kW)

Drag (lbf)

Torque (lbf)

Ocean/Demos

60 kW DemoProject

UofM R&D/targets

UEK 8 feet and shrouded turbine

Kinetic Turbine Research at UofMKinetic Turbine Research at UofMNumerical modelingExperimental analysis

Shroud DesignShroud Design

9

Shroud DesignShroud Design

10

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Area ratio

Pow

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W]

Variable: Area ratio

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Diffuser Angle [degrees]

Pow

er [k

W]

No diffuser case (shroud included)

Variable: Angle

3.8703.3612.8512.3421.324 1.8330.814-0.204 0.305-0.714

Axial velocity [m/s]

Numerical Results

Validation

Station

River

Bridge

FlowSpillway

Proposed Kinetic Turbine Proposed Kinetic Turbine Demo ProjectDemo Project

Kinetic Turbine ProjectKinetic Turbine Project

Will test for the first time a kinetic turbine for commercialization – 1 year period; cold climate; higher power density– River application; grid connected– Higher flow velocity UEK kinetic turbine (2.5 m/s)– Develop Safety and procedures protocols– Want proven technology for cold weather climates and

high river flow velocities

May prove new viable small-hydro application for remote communities

Flow Measurements Flow Measurements Velocity downstream walkway Pointe du Bois June 13, 2005

0.00

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Vel

ocity

(m/s

)

5.0 m8.0 m10.8 m13 m16 m

ADCP Flow Measurements

Turbine Flow Meter

Testing of UEK Testing of UEK Kinetic TurbineKinetic Turbine

UPS/ Surge Protection

Oil heaters 3 kW

Data Tracker

110V

220V

Boat Battery

DAQ Battery

Zodiac Battery Light

Grd to Zinc Plugs

12V

Alternator

60 kW load bank

Shaft Power

600 V 3 phase 100 Amps

60 kW power controller

Gearbox

To air/water heat exchanger

Air Flow Cooling

220 V 30 Amps

Video Camera 1 Motion

Camera 2

600 V 3 phase 60 Hz

Lcell

P1

P3 P4

P2

Jboat

Jturbine

TboatTwater Talt

Mflow

Vgrid Egrid

Valt Ialt Falt Eal

t

Tgbox

NEXUS1250

Water Light

100V

Grid 2,400 V

From bridge (600 V 3-phase)

Laptop

Bus bar

Lcell wireless Battery

Battery Charger(trickle charge)

Hard Disk

ATCO

Sonar

Oil heaters 3 kW 220V

Jsonar

more

more

Computer RadioAntenna to tower

Radio Tower

Strong wireless

Isolation Transformer

CT

T1 line

T1 line

Piezo (24 V) Apiezo

UPS/ Surge Protection

220V

220V PHEV

Expected BenefitsExpected BenefitsProves a DG technology for commercializationInvest in support of sustainabilityPotentially less costly than wind – remote applications

Develop required experience – anchoring, deploying/retrieving– safety and deployment protocols

Provide a viable technology for IPP’s Allows off-grid applications

PHEVPHEVTransportation Industry– In 2005, there were

19.0 million vehicles of all types in Canada

–They drove 154.9 billion passenger-km that year

Source: Canadian Vehicle Survey (2005), Stats Canada

1000 times!

32 times!

Sun

EmissionsEmissionsIt is estimated vehicle exhaust is responsible for20% of greenhouse gasses

Who has the answer?

Source: Online databases, Office of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources Canada http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/

Vehicle GHG Emissions in Canada

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

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120.0

140.0

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1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Year

GH

G's

(Mt)

GasolineDieselTotal

50 times the weight of all Canadians

1000 times!

SunWhat is the goal?What is the goal?Have a few of these trips with ZEV– Do not account for up-streaming

Replace the majority of these trips with renewable energyMinimize overall emissions– Account for up-streaming

Low cost solution and efficient use of renewable energy

©Corbis

©Corbis

©Corbis

Manitoba Energy NodeNode

Primary

Energy

Fossil Fuel

Renewable Electricity

Renewable Fuels

Heat

TransportationElectricity

Energy

Conversion

Station

Node Needs

118 PJ

Renewable Energy– 5.5 GW

Hydro reserves– 5.0 GW

Farmland – 77,321 km2

Manitoba: 1.15 million people

Conversion EfficiencyConversion EfficiencyWell-to-wheel efficiency

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

ICE:Gasoline

ICE: Diesel ICE: Naturalgas

ICE: eH2 FCV: H2 NG FCV: eH2 BEV PHEV (40%Gas)

Displacing FF used for transportation Displacing FF used for transportation

Cost

Effic

ienc

y

BioPHEV

Importance of demonstrating Importance of demonstrating PHEV’s as a base technologyPHEV’s as a base technology

Is PHEV technology practical?– battery issues– how much RE can be used

Can Manitoba be energy self-sufficient in transportation?Does wasted renewable power result in GHG and air emission attribution?How do you calculate emissions when new Marginal Power is all renewable?

MB Winter Load

0

1000

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5000

6000

7000

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Day Hours

Load

(MW

)

WinterWinter + FCVWinter + BEVWinter + PHEV

Daytime Nightime

Manitoba Grid Infrastructure WinterManitoba Grid Infrastructure Winter

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Power FCX FCV

Power Rav4 EV

Power PHEV New MW power

Vehicles in Manitoba cars 662,200Driving mileage per day km/day 50

Generating Capacity GHG/Emissions?

0

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300

Gasoline (nobiofuels)

BEV PHEV (1/3gasoline)

PHEV (1/3 biofuel;1.65 FF ratio)

FCV (electrolysisH2)

GH

G (g

/km

)

Renewable H2

Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy

Gasoline

0

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300

Gasoline (nobiofuels)

BEV PHEV (1/3gasoline)

PHEV (1/3 biofuel;1.65 FF ratio)

FCV (electrolysisH2)

GH

G (g

/km

)

Renewable H2

Electrical Mix

Electrical Mix Electrical Mix

Gasoline

Average MarginalExcludes CH4 and N2O Includes CH4 and N2O

Newfoundland and Labrador 0.02 0.00Prince Edward Island 0.50 0.81Nova Scotia 0.74 0.54New Brunswick 0.50 0.81Québec 0.01 0.00Ontario 0.24 0.54Manitoba 0.03 0.00Saskatchewan 0.83 0.54Alberta 0.91 0.54British-Columbia 0.03 0.00Territories 0.36 0.91Total Canada 0.22 0.43

Average CO2North Dakota 1.02Minnesota 0.69Total US 0.61

Canadian Power Emission Factor (tonnes/MWhr)

United States Power Emission Factor (tonnes/MWhr)

Network MethodNetwork Method

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Gasoline (nobiofuels)

BEV PHEV (1/3gasoline)

PHEV (1/3 biofuel;1.65 FF ratio)

FCV (electrolysisH2)

GH

G (g

/km

)

Renewable H2Electrical MixNetwork (PHEV base case)

Gasoline

PlugPlug--in Highway Programin Highway Program

Target 10 BioPHEV in Manitoba– Ford Escape– Parallel Hybrid– 85% ethanol (E85 engine)– 40 to 100 km electrical autonomy– 65% electrical / 30% biofuel/ 5%Gas– Monitor over 2 years vehicle performance

32 Trips to the sun (MB)32 Trips to the sun (MB)1.1 Billion L of gasoline replaced with– 500 MWe of renewable power (21 trips)– 330 million Leq of bio-fuel (9 trips)– 55 million L of gasoline (2 trips)

BioPHEVGas Tank

Renewable Electricity

Bio-Fuel

Low cost, high efficiency and low overallemissions solution

Gas

32 times!

Why PlugWhy Plug--in Highway Programin Highway ProgramPossible 90% reduction in gasolineManitoba ideal location for BioPHEV’s Canada needs to demonstrate real solutions No infrastructure costsMake renewable transportation a realityHelp overcome inertia of automotive industryInformation for utilities to adjust power growth rates V2G

PlugPlug--in Highway in Manitobain Highway in ManitobaOptimal use of renewable energy sources – without new infrastructure and lifestyle sacrifices

University of Manitoba– Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative Energy– Husky/NSERC Chair in BioFuels– Research in the production of biofuels from ag wastes – REVS: Renewable Energy Vehicle Simulator

REVS

PlugPlug--in Highway in Manitobain Highway in ManitobaEvolution of transportation– efficient home refueling using renewable hydro

Investigate battery life, costs and cold weather issuesGovernment/private cost-shared programIntegrate distributed renewable energy generation with PHEV– wind, kinetic turbines, biomass

Energy savings– $1.00/l rising vs $0.30/l stable

Icing of wind turbine bladesIcing of wind turbine bladesManitoba Hydro – large wind farms

plannedsouthern Manitoba highest incidence of icing in Manitoba

Ice issues– accretion causes

reduction in turbine efficiency

– load imbalance from uneven shedding

Impacts personnel safety– increase stresses on

wind turbine

Icing of wind turbine bladesIcing of wind turbine bladesIcing research– experimental investigation of icing on wind turbine blades– numerical modelling of ice accretion– ice mitigation strategies

Icing of wind turbine bladesIcing of wind turbine bladesExperimental Work– test models

fixed wing3 blade rotating model

– test mitigation techniques

– instrumentationforce balancePIVheat transfer rates at interface

-60

-40

-20

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20

40

60

80

0 100 200 300 400 500

T2

T8

T7

T4

T3

T1

T6

T5

T19

T11

T12

T10

T9

T1

T17

T16

T15

T14

T13

T20

h1

h10 h9 h8

h7

h6

h5

h4h3

h2

Current Current R&DR&D

0

200

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1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

-0.6 -0.3 0 0.3 0.6 0.9

N on-dim ensional chord position

Nux

R e=186,000 R e=330,000

R e=478,868 R e=620,112

R e=757,878 R e=897,117

R e=1,037,270 R e=1,170,358

R e=1,435,573 R e=1,304,821

0

800

1600

2400

3200

4000

0.0E +00 4.0E +05 8.0E +05 1.2E +06 1.6E +06

R e

Nu

M easured (P r=0.7195)

M easured (P r=0.7152)

Flat P late (low R e)

Flat P late (high R e)

C ylinder (C hurchill correlation)

C ylinder (H ilpert correlation)

1

3

g r g-th-an r-th-an g-th-de r-th-de0

5

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20

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40

Forc

e [lb

s]

Samples: Y, B, W

Adhesion Force

grg-th-anr-th-ang-th-der-th-de

(a) Plain Surface (b) Icephobic Coated (c) Hydrophobic Coated

Distributed CHP TechnologiesDistributed CHP Technologies

Brayton Hybrid Cycle (BHC)

Entropic Rankine Cycle (ERC)

Distributed CHP– Waste: forestry and agriculture biomass residues– Industrial waste heat

Target: $2,500 /kW Turnkey

Manitoba

Heat

Fossil fuels

Re-Electricity

Re-Fuels

Transport Electricity

- 118 PJ/yearWhy biomass energy in Manitoba?

Energy node Needs

BioEnergyBioEnergy

Bioenergy Thermal ConversionBioenergy Thermal Conversionin Manitobain Manitoba

BioEnergy in a Northern CommunityBioEnergy in a Northern Community

2 MWe Community Subsidized Power System BioPower SystemPower (2 MWe) tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

Heat (10 MWth) tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

Total tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

115532305534,608

Power: Diesel Fuel Turbion™ CHPNorthern Community

Heat: Oil Biomass (local or pellets)2 BD tonne/MWe-hr

Power

Heat

~233 liters/ MWe-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~93 liters/ MWth-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~1 MWe-hr~No GHG

~5 MWth-hr~No GHG

BioPower SystemSubsidized Power System

(Biomass district heat already installed)

CHOICES?

Energy Energy CostsCosts

NYMEX Crude PricingContract 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1/2/

97

1/2/

98

1/2/

99

1/2/

00

1/2/

01

1/2/

02

1/2/

03

1/2/

04

1/2/

05

1997 - 2005

US$

/ ba

rrel

CHP and CHPCCHP and CHPC

Is biomass a clean fuel?Is biomass a clean fuel?

CO2 no change except for composting

CH4 is 21 times worst of a GHG than CO2; biomass energy production makes sense

Natural way has more NOx

SO2 no influence of technology

Does nature do a better job?

Chair Bioenergy ProjectsChair Bioenergy ProjectsDistributed CHP biopower– Brayton Hybrid Cycle (BHC)– Entropic Rankin Cycle (ERC)Biopower and nutrient removal– MESH, Ducks, MRAC, SDIF, IISD

Anaerobic DigestionModelling– NSERC/Manitoba Hydro Chair

Using Wetlands & Biopower to Partially Using Wetlands & Biopower to Partially Address Nutrient Loading in Lake WinnipegAddress Nutrient Loading in Lake Winnipeg

Can removal nutrient loading by– Accessing wetlands

Ecological sensitive area

– Harvest cattails and bulrushesBiomass feedstocks contains P and N

– Thermally convert = Power and HeatFate of P and N

– Overall emissions

BioEnergy and BioEnergy and Nutrient RemovalNutrient Removal

2001

Vegetation Class Area Covered Hectares (ha)

% of Total Marsh Area

Bulrush (Scirpus) 317.1 1.2 River Rushes 166.3 0.6 Cattail (Typha) 4533.8 17.6 Giant Reed (Phragmites) 522.6 2.0

Vegetation maps Netley-

Libau Marsh 2001

From: Evaluation of a wetland-biopower concept for nutrient removal and value recovery from the Netley-Libeau marsh at Lake Winnipeg, N. Cicek, S. Lambert, H.D. Venema, K.R. Snelgrove, and E.L. Bibeau

BioEnergy and BioEnergy and Nutrient RemovalNutrient Removal

Netley 1979 Area Moisture HHVPlant Available kJ/kgSpecies (ha) min max (%) min max DryCattail 4987 8,528 118,267 17.1 7,070 98,043 18,229Bulrush 3247 3,215 32,584 18.2 2,629 26,653 17,447Reed Grass 650 1,112 1,170 12.8 969 1,020 17,285Rushes, Sedges.. 922 954 6,638 12.4 836 5,819 15,838Sum 9,806 13,808 158,659 11,505 131,535Weighted average 16.7 18,024

Harvest Biomass(Wet tonne) (Dry tonne)

Nutrient Removal (Winter)Nutrient Removal (Winter)Netley-Libau Results Parameters Cattail Bulrush River Rushes Giant Reeds

Moisture, % as fed 13.2 12.7 12.8 11 TN, % dry matter 1.72 1.32 0.9 0.64 TP, % dry matter 0.32 0.11 0.1 0.08 Heating Value, KJ/kg 18,229 17,417 17,285 NA

2001 Vegetation Class Total N

Removed (ton) Total P

Removed (ton) Bulrush 4.1-42.0 0.3-3.5 River Rushes 1.5-10.8 0.2-1.2 Cattail 133.3-1849.3 24.8-344-1 Giant Reed 5.7-6.0 0.7-0.8 Total 144.8-1908.1 26.0-349.5 Average 1026.5 187.8

From: Evaluation of a wetland-biopower concept for nutrient removal and value recovery from the Netley-Libeau marsh at Lake WinnipegN. Cicek, S. Lambert, H.D. Venema, K.R. Snelgrove, and E.L. Bibeau

Nutrient RemovalNutrient RemovalNutrient from Red River to Lake Winnipeg– 32,765 ton/yr of N– 4,905 ton/yr of P

Early estimates of N and P removal by harvesting marsh– 3.1% - 4.2% of N– 3.8% - 4.7% of P

Winter harvest

BioEnergy and Nutrient BioEnergy and Nutrient Removal R&DRemoval R&D

Develop harvest methodsDetermine best time for harvest versus practical time Fate of N and P during thermal conversionBiomass feedstock costsOptimal use of feedstock for bioenergy for cost recovery

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerPower produced from estimated Power produced from estimated marsh harvestmarsh harvest

Small

Condensing Steam

Small steam with

cogeneration

Organic Rankine

Cycle

Air Brayton

cycle

Entropic cycle Gasification1

Heat recovery loss (MW)

8.0 8.0 7.8 12.3 5.3 11.0

Cycle loss (MW)

15.2 16.5 15.3 12.1 7.2 10.5

Power generated (MWe)

3.03 1.75 3.13 1.83 3.68 4.71

Cogeneration heat (MWth)

0.0 15.0 14.5 0.0 16.4 0.0

1Assumes Producer gas has heat value of 5.5 MJ/m3 and cooled down to room temperature

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerCHP Revenue CHP Revenue Chart (Manitoba)Chart (Manitoba)20% MC20% MC

$0.06 per kWhr$11.65 per GJ

Power (90% use) Heat (60% use) TotalSmall Steam $18 $82 $100Air Brayton $25 $57 $83ORC $33 $78 $112Entropic $39 $88 $127Large Steam $84 $0 $84

Electical Power (Cnd)Natural Gas (Cnd)

Revenue (per BDTon)

Anaerobic DigestersAnaerobic DigestersBiological degradation– Mesophilic bacteria (25oC-38oC)

Bio-Gas CH4 & CO2

Heat and powerReduction in – CH4 from manure & heating– N20 from manure & heating– CO2 from displaced electricity and heating– Water usage– Odour from barn, lagoons & land

Can address phosphates soil build-upOrganic fertilizer

Slurry In

Heat In

Heat InHeat In

Slurry In

Slurry In

Slurry In

Covered Lagoon

TPAD

Plug Flow

Complete Mix

Effluent Out Effluent Out

Effluent Out

Effluent Out

Applications (Denmark)Applications (Denmark)Community ownedCo-mixingFavorable policiesFertilizerCHP

Anaerobic Digester ModelAnaerobic Digester ModelDevelop numerical model for swine anaerobic digester– heat transfer (Phase 1)– anaerobic digestion coupled to flow (Phase 2)– two-phase, liquid and mechanical mixing (Phase 3)

Demonstrate numerically simple AD systems can operate economically in cold climatesDesign and optimize cost-effective anaerobic lagoon-type swine digester for cold climates

Develop tool Design system

UofM Lagoon DesignUofM Lagoon Design

Power

Gas

Digester Gas

Recycled Plastic Linked Boxes

Tsolid = 35 Co

Recirc Compressor

Flexible Membrane

Hay

Distributer Pipe2 Clay Layers

Flax Straw

Recirc GasMixing+Heating

Liquid/Solid Manure

Warm Recirc Gas

Wind Compressor

BurnerGlycol Loop

Hot Glycol

Glycol Return Recirc Heat Exchanger

IC Engine

Modeling of digestersModeling of digesters

05

1015202530354045505560

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Height above ground (m)

Hea

t los

s (k

W)

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

HLB

CoverFloorWallTotal heat lossHLB

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25

50

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100

125

150

175

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250

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Hea

t los

ses

(kW

)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Radius (m)

HLB

(hea

t los

s to

bio

gass

hea

t rat

io)

CoverFloorWallTotal Q% HHV

Depth

Radius

Biogas

Unfrozen Soil

Cover

Frozen Soil

Manure

Straw

Waterproof Membranes

Ambient AirSolar Radiance

Qcover

Qwall

Qfloor

Qsolar

Qin

Qout

Qheating

T frozen

Tunfrozen

Tambient

Digester ModelDigester Model

NSERC/Manitoba Hydro Chair in Alternative Energy

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

Presentations on alternative energyPresentations on alternative energyhttp://www.umanitoba.ca/engineering/mech_and_ind/prof/bibeau/