NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere
-
Upload
bishop-kenny-njrotc-ns1ns2 -
Category
Education
-
view
2.173 -
download
0
description
Transcript of NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere
![Page 1: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHAPTER 1
OUR ATMOSPHERE
![Page 2: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Our atmosphere has many layers up to
about 1,000 miles above the Earth’s
surface.
TROPOSPHERE (UP to 11 MILES)
STRATOSPHERE (11 to 30 MILES)
MESOSPHERE (30 to 50 MILES)
THERMOSPHERE (50 to 3721 MILES)
EXOSPHERE (372 to 18,000 MILES)
![Page 3: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The gaseous envelope surrounding
the Earth; the air
Atmosphere
![Page 4: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Our atmosphere is a mixture
of different gases.
oxygen
nitrogen
argon 1%
21%
78%
![Page 5: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Scattered within the atmosphere is about
1 percent water vapor, called humidity.
![Page 6: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Amount of moisture in the air
Humidity
![Page 7: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Equatorial
Polar
Polar
The amount of water vapor is greater in
equatorial regions than in polar regions.
![Page 8: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Water is nearly incompressible. A cubic
foot of surface water weighs about the
same as a cubic foot taken from the
Marianas Trench.
![Page 9: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Not compressible
Incompressible
![Page 10: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
However, with air,
a cubic foot taken
from a lower
altitude weighs
more than a cubic
foot taken at a
higher altitude,
therefore it is
compressible.
![Page 11: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
To press together; force into less
space; to condense
Compressible
![Page 12: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
50 miles
30 miles
11 miles
3.5 miles
![Page 13: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Virtually all of the
Earth’s weather
(tempestuous air
ocean) occurs
within the first
3.5 miles of our
atmosphere.
![Page 14: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tumultuous; turbulent
Tempestuous
![Page 15: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
About 99% of the
atmospheric
gases lie below
20 miles.
20 MILES
Troposphere
![Page 16: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Beyond 45 miles, only
helium and hydrogen
exist in minute amounts.
322 MILES
11 MILES
20 MILES
20 MILES
![Page 17: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The atmosphere consists of five
principal layers.
THE TROPOSPHERE
THE STRATOSPHERE
THE MESOSPHERE
THE THERMOSPHERE
THE EXOSPHERE
39,600 MILES
322 MILES
20 MILES
20 MILES
20 MILESTHE
EARTH
![Page 18: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18,000
372
50
30
11 milesChemosphere
(Ozone)
Tropopause
![Page 19: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
18,000
372
50
30
11 milesChemosphere
(Ozone)
The tropopause lies between the
troposphere and the stratosphere.
![Page 20: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
18,000
372
50
30
11 miles
Tropopause
The chemosphere (ozone layer) lies
mainly between the stratosphere and
mesosphere.
![Page 21: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
18,000
372
50
30
11 milesChemosphere
(Ozone)
Tropopause
500
Ionosphere
The ionosphere is the whole area
encompassing the mesosphere
and the thermosphere.
![Page 22: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
What element or gas makes up the
majority of the Earth’s atmosphere?
a. Nitrogen
b. Oxygen
c. Argon
d. Carbon dioxide
![Page 23: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What element or gas makes up the
majority of the Earth’s atmosphere?
a. Nitrogen
b. Oxygen
c. Argon
d. Carbon dioxide
![Page 24: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The troposphere extends to a height
of about 11 miles above the equator,
some 7.5 miles in the temperate zones,
and only about 5 miles above the poles.
THE
EARTH 11 MILES
THE TROPOSPHERE
![Page 25: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The lowest layer of the atmosphere,
within which there is a steady drop
in temperature with increasing
altitude and within which nearly all
cloud formations occur and weather
conditions manifest themselves
Troposphere
![Page 26: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nearly all clouds are in the troposphere,
so it is here that weather occurs. Air
heated by the Earth rises, in a process
called convection.
![Page 27: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The transport of atmospheric properties
upward
Convection
![Page 28: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
In the troposphere,
the air automatically
changes about 5½°
for each 1,000 feet
traveled vertically.
This is called
adiabatic warming
or cooling.
Troposphere
56 °F (Sea level)
85 °F
![Page 29: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The constant rate change in temperature
with altitude
Adiabatic
![Page 30: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Swift movement of cold air masses
about the vast Antarctic continent is
a major factor in determining the
world’s weather.
![Page 31: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
New
Zealand South
America
Antarctica
![Page 32: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The tropopause is a transitional zone
between the troposphere and the near
void of the stratosphere. It starts just
above the troposphere (5 - 11 miles) and
is divided into three overlapping areas:
• Tropical • Extra-tropical • Arctic
50
30
11 miles
![Page 33: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The boundary, or transitional layer,
between the troposphere and the
stratosphere
Tropopause
![Page 34: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Located in the area between 20,000 and
40,000 feet is the jet stream. It is most
prominent above the extra tropical and
Arctic tropopause overlap.
Jet Stream
![Page 35: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Strong, generally westerly winds
concentrated in a relatively narrow
and shallow stream in the upper
troposphere of the Earth
Jet Stream
![Page 36: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The jet stream was discovered in WW II,
when B-29 bombers flying about 4 miles
high, found great assistance from
westerly winds of up to 300 mph.
![Page 37: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
It has been found that jet streams are
the strongest over Japan and the New
England states.
Summer Jet Stream
![Page 38: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Three major jet streams move over the
North American continent in winter, one
of which nearly blankets the United States.
![Page 39: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The jet streams move with cooler air
masses near the Earth’s surface. In
winter the jet streams are over the
temperate zones, while in summer, the
jet streams move much farther north,
out of most of the main commercial
lanes.
![Page 40: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
In which layer of the atmosphere is the
“jet stream” located?
a. Stratosphere
b. Ionosphere
c. Tropopause
d. Exosphere
![Page 41: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
In which layer of the atmosphere is the
“jet stream” located?
a. Stratosphere
b. Ionosphere
c. Tropopause
d. Exosphere
![Page 42: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The stratosphere lies just above the
tropopause and extends to an altitude
of about 30 miles. There is almost no
weather here due to the thin air and
few clouds.
THE
EARTH
30 MILES
THE STRATOSPHERE
![Page 43: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The region of the upper atmosphere
extending upward from the
tropopause to about 30 miles (50 km)
above the Earth, characterized by little
vertical change in temperature (a
fairly constant -40 to -50 °F)
Stratosphere
![Page 44: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Modern commercial airlines seek to fly
in the stratosphere when not using the
jet stream because there is so much
less air resistance. This makes for
better fuel mileage, little turbulence,
and flight at top speeds.
![Page 45: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Commercial airline pilots favor flying in
the ________ because there is less air
resistance and no turbulence.
a. tropopause
b. stratosphere
c. ionosphere
d. exosphere
![Page 46: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Commercial airline pilots favor flying in
the ________ because there is less air
resistance and no turbulence.
a. tropopause
b. stratosphere
c. ionosphere
d. exosphere
![Page 47: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
18,000
372
50
30
11 miles
500
The ionosphere is an area of electrically
charged ions lying above the
stratosphere. It begins 30 - 40 miles up
and extends to about 500 miles.
![Page 48: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The region of the Earth’s atmosphere
between the stratosphere and the
exosphere, consisting of several
ionized layers and extending from
about 50 - 250 mi. (80 - 400 km)
above the surface of the Earth
Ionosphere
![Page 49: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
An electrically charged atom or group
of atoms formed by the loss or gain
of one or more electrons
Ion
![Page 50: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Disturbances from the Sun can cause
changes in the ionosphere’s form.
These magnetic and electrical storms
cause the Northern Lights.
![Page 51: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The ionosphere
will reflect radio
waves of certain
frequencies.
By determining the
best frequencies
and times of day to
transmit messages,
communications are
greatly enhanced.
![Page 52: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
THE
EARTH
30 MILESTHE MESOSPHERE
11 MILES
The lowest level of the ionosphere, the
mesosphere, extends from 30 - 50 miles
above the Earth. Temperatures range
from a high of 32 °F to a low of minus
100 °F.
![Page 53: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The region between the ionosphere
and the exosphere, extending from
about 30 - 50 mi. above the surface
of the Earth
Mesosphere
![Page 54: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
THE
EARTH
322 MILES
THE THERMOSPHERE
The thermosphere is the highest layer
of the ionosphere. The principal radio
reflecting layers are here. Temperatures
in the thermosphere may reach 1,700 °F
at 300 miles up.
![Page 55: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The region of the upper atmosphere
in which temperature increases
continuously with altitude,
encompassing essentially all of the
atmosphere above the mesosphere
Thermosphere
![Page 56: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Starting below and extending into the
ionosphere is the chemosphere (ozone
layer). It begins at about 15 miles up
and shields the Earth from the harmful
ultraviolet rays of the Sun.
18,000
372
50
30
11 miles
![Page 57: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The region of the atmosphere most
characterized by chemical,
especially photochemical activity,
starting in the stratosphere and
including the mesosphere and
perhaps part of the thermosphere
Chemosphere
![Page 58: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The layer of the upper atmosphere
where most atmospheric ozone is
concentrated, from about 8 - 30 mi.
(12 - 48 km) above the Earth, with
the maximum ozone concentration
occurring at an altitude of about
12 mi. (19 km.)
Ozone Layer
![Page 59: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The ozone layer is being depleted by
fluorocarbons used as propellants for
aerosol cans and refrigerants used for
air conditioning systems.
![Page 60: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Any of a class of compounds
produced by substituting fluorine
for hydrogen in a hydrocarbon, and
characterized by great chemical
stability: used chiefly as a lubricant,
refrigerant, fire extinguishing agent,
and in industrial and other
applications in which chemical,
electrical, flame, and heat resistance
is essential; banned as an aerosol
propellant in the U.S. because of
concern about ozone layer depletion
Fluorocarbons
![Page 61: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
A compressed inert gas that serves
to dispense the contents of an
aerosol container when the pressure
is released
Propellant
![Page 62: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The ozone layer shields the Earth from
the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.
Another name for this layer is
the _________.
a. chemosphere
b. thermosphere
c. mesosphere
d. exosphere
![Page 63: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The ozone layer shields the Earth from
the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.
Another name for this layer is
the _________.
a. chemosphere
b. thermosphere
c. mesosphere
d. exosphere
![Page 64: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The exosphere
begins about 500
miles above the
Earth’s surface
and continues
out about 18,000
miles. Only light
hydrogen and
helium atoms
exist because of
intense cosmic radiation.
Temperatures may range from 4,500 °F
to near absolute zero.
18,000
![Page 65: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
The highest region of the atmosphere,
where the air density is so low that a
fast-moving air molecule is more than
50 percent likely to escape from the
atmosphere instead of hitting other
molecules
Exosphere
![Page 66: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Located within the exosphere are intense
radiation areas called the Van Allen
Radiation Belts.
Van Allen Radiation Belts
![Page 67: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Either of two regions of high-energy-
charged particles surrounding the
Earth
The Inner region is centered at an
altitude of 2,000 mi. (3,200 km) and
the outer region at an altitude
between 9,000 and 12,000 mi.
(14,500 and 19,000 km).
Van Allen Radiation Belt
![Page 68: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
The inner belt is located about 400 -
3,400 miles above the Earth. It contains
high-energy protons.
Van Allen Radiation Belts
Inner
Belt
![Page 69: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Van Allen Radiation Belts
Outer
Belt
The outer belt is located 8,000 - 40,000
miles above the Earth. It contains high-
energy electrons.
![Page 70: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Manned space
missions are
intentionally flown
well below the
lower limits of the
Van Allen Belts,
and satellites
operating in these
regions must be
shielded against
the radiation
encountered there.
![Page 71: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
What layer of our atmosphere has
intense cosmic radiation?
a. Tropopause
b. Stratosphere
c. Ionosphere
d. Exosphere
![Page 72: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
What layer of our atmosphere has
intense cosmic radiation?
a. Tropopause
b. Stratosphere
c. Ionosphere
d. Exosphere
![Page 73: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
The weight of the atmosphere varies
with the amount of water vapor present,
the temperature, and the height above
the Earth’s surface. A barometer
measures variations in atmospheric
pressure.
![Page 74: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Generally employed
for use at sea, the
mercurial type
barometer consists
of an accurately
calibrated glass tube
filled with mercury.
It is used at shore
activities to check
aneroid barometers
for accuracy.
Mercurial Barometer
![Page 75: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Containing the metal mercury
Mercurial
![Page 76: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Divided or marked with gradations,
graduations, or other indexes of
degree, quantity, etc., as on a
thermometer, measuring cup, or
the like
Calibrated
![Page 77: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Using no fluid
Aneroid
![Page 78: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Vacuum Chamber
Lever
Spindle
PointerAneroid Barometer
The aneroid, or
dry barometer,
contains a small
metallic cell that
atmospheric
pressure
increases and
expands when
pressure
decreases
moving a needle
that points to a
graduated scale.
![Page 79: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Marked with divisions or units of
measurement
Graduated
![Page 80: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Barometers can be graduated in either
inches of mercury or millibars. Millibars
are normally used on weather charts.
![Page 81: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
The metric unit of measurement for
air pressure
A centimeter-gram-second unit of
pressure equal to one thousandth
of a bar or 1000 dynes per square
centimeter, used to measure air
pressure
Millibar
![Page 82: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
The average atmospheric pressure at
the Earth’s surface is 29.92 inches, or
1,013.2 millibars.
![Page 83: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
An air mass is a large body of air with
the same temperature and humidity. It
generally takes on the characteristics of
the surface over which it forms but has
different characteristics.
![Page 84: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
A body of air covering a relatively
wide area, exhibiting approximately
uniform properties through any
horizontal section
Air Mass
![Page 85: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
It takes more heat to warm water
temperatures than soil temperatures.
![Page 86: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
In seawater, heat is absorbed to depths
in excess of 80 feet.
![Page 87: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Only a few inches of topsoil will
absorb radiation. This means oceans
are slower to warm up and cool down
than landmasses.
![Page 88: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
In winter, the United States is swept
by continental air masses from the
cold Arctic.
Winter
Air Masses
![Page 89: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
In summer, we are swept by warm,
moist maritime air masses.
Summer
Air Masses
![Page 90: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
When warm and cold air masses touch,
the boundary between them is called a
front.
![Page 91: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
An interface or zone of transition
between two dissimilar air
masses
Front
![Page 92: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
A warm front is formed when a warm air
mass moves over a cold air mass; when
the reverse occurs, it is called a cold
front.
Cold Front Warm Front
![Page 93: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
A transition zone between a mass
of warm air and the colder air it is
replacing
Warm Front
![Page 94: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
A transition zone between a mass
of cold air and the warmer air it is
replacing
Cold Front
![Page 95: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
When neither
mass advances
on the other, a
stationary front is
said to exist.
Cold
Front
Stationary
Front
Warm
Front
![Page 96: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
A front between warm and cold air
masses that is moving very slowly,
or not at all
When a warm or cold front stops
moving, it becomes a stationary
front.
Stationary Front
![Page 97: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Violent frontal weather systems can
be predicted from a chart showing
atmospheric pressures.
![Page 98: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Weather charts usually illustrate
barometric pressures as millibar reading
points. The lines on the above map,
drawn through points of equal pressure,
are called isobars, which never join or
cross.
![Page 99: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
A line drawn on a weather map
that connects points at which
the barometric pressure is the
same
Isobars
![Page 100: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Isobars give a rough indication of the
amount of wind in an area. The closer
the bars, the stronger the wind in that
area.
![Page 101: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
The weight of the atmosphere varies
from place to place depending on
which of the following?
a. Wind, temperature, pressure
b. Temperature, height, wind
c. Water vapor, temperature,
height
d. Water vapor, pressure, wind
![Page 102: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
The weight of the atmosphere varies
from place to place depending on
which of the following?
a. Wind, temperature, pressure
b. Temperature, height, wind
c. Water vapor, temperature,
height
d. Water vapor, pressure, wind
![Page 103: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Weather is the condition of the
atmosphere, expressed in terms of its
heat, pressure, wind, and moisture.
![Page 104: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
It is heat, and the transfer of heat, that
causes the weather. Without it there
would be no winds, varying air
pressures, storms, rain, or snow. All
weather changes are caused by
temperature changes in different parts
of the atmosphere.
![Page 105: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Fundamental natural laws determine
weather changes:
• Warm air is lighter
in weight and can
hold more water
vapor than cold
air.
• Cold air is heavier
and has a tendency
to flow toward the
rising warm air.
![Page 106: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Fundamental natural laws determine
weather changes:
• As air moves, wind
is created. This is
beginning of the
complex forces that
cause the changing
weather.
![Page 107: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
The Sun is our principal source of
energy:
• It bombards the Earth with 126 trillion
horsepower each second.
• Its energy waves, or radiation, travel
at 186,300 miles per second (speed
of light).
• About 43% of the radiation reaching
our planet is changed into heat.
![Page 108: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Solar energy is referred to as insolation.
![Page 109: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Solar radiation received at the
Earth’s surface
Insolation(INcoming SOLar radiATION)
![Page 110: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Clouds and other atmospheric influences
absorb some of the incoming radiation,
but they reflect much of it.
![Page 111: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
• Clouds reflect back 75% of sunlight.
• Earth’s average cloudiness is 52%.
• About 36% of the total insolation never
reaches Earth.
![Page 112: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Dense forests absorb 95% of insolation.
![Page 113: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Water reflects 60 - 96% of insolation,
depending on the angle the light hits the
surface.
![Page 114: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
In effect, the Earth’s
cloud cover acts like
the glass of a
greenhouse. It lets
short solar rays
pass through; the
Earth absorbs the
ones that get
through, then
re-radiates long
heat rays.
![Page 115: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Long heat waves
cannot all get
through the
atmosphere
because they are
absorbed by water
vapor, so they
stay within the
“greenhouse” in a
continual cycle.
Atmosphere
Earth
Heat
![Page 116: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Without atmosphere, the Earth would be
like the Moon with boiling temperatures
during the day and sub-freezing
temperatures during the night.
![Page 117: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Even though clouds and other
atmospheric influences absorb some of
the incoming radiation from the Sun,
____ percent of the sunlight is reflected
back into space.
a. 70
b. 75
c. 80
d. 85
![Page 118: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Even though clouds and other
atmospheric influences absorb some of
the incoming radiation from the Sun,
____ percent of the sunlight is reflected
back into space.
a. 70
b. 75
c. 80
d. 85
![Page 119: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
The Navy and most
civilians in America
use thermometers
with a Fahrenheit
(F) scale.
Steam Point
Ice Point 32°F
212°F
Fahrenheit
![Page 120: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Noting, pertaining to, or measured
according to a temperature scale in
which 32° represents the freezing
point and 212° the boiling point
Fahrenheit
![Page 121: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Temperatures in
meteorology and
most other sciences,
however, are usually
expressed according
to the Celsius (C)
scale.
Boiling
Point
Freezing
Point
Celsius
0°C
100°C
![Page 122: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Pertaining to or noting a temperature
scale in which 0° represents the
freezing point and 100° the boiling
point of water
Celsius
![Page 123: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
The Celsius scale is a metric system, which one
day is supposed to be the principal measurement
system used in the United States as it already is in
most of the rest of the world.
![Page 124: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
There are 5 °C temperature for every
9 °F.
Formula: C = 5/9 (F - 32)
Since 32 °F is equivalent to 0 °C, to
change a Fahrenheit reading to
Celsius, you subtract 32° and then
multiply the remainder by 5/9.
![Page 125: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
What is the temperature in Celsius
if it is 59 °F?
![Page 126: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
What is the temperature in Celsius
if it is 59 °F?
- 32 °
59 °
27 °
27 °
1
5
9= 15 °CX
![Page 127: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Conversion Formula
This process is reversed to convert
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
Formula: F = 9/5 C + 32°
![Page 128: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
What is the temperature in Fahrenheit
if it is 15 °C?
![Page 129: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
+ 32 °
27 °
59 °F
15 °
1
9
5= 27 °X
What is the temperature in Fahrenheit
if it is 15 °C?
![Page 130: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
If you compare these
thermometers, you will
note that the top of the
column of alcohol is in
the shape of a curve
called a meniscus. The
accurate reading for an
alcohol thermometer is
at the bottom of this
curve; for mercury it is
at the top.
Alcohol in Glass
Mercury in Glass
![Page 131: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
A crescent or a crescent-shaped
body
The convex or concave upper
surface of a column of liquid, the
curvature of which is caused by
surface tension
Meniscus
![Page 132: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Heat causes evaporation of millions of
tons of water daily.
![Page 133: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
A process called transpiration causes
additional huge amounts of water to enter
the air from the green leaves of plants.
![Page 134: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
The passage of water through a plant
from the roots through the vascular
system to the atmosphere
Transpiration
![Page 135: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
As warm, moist air rises, it expands and
cools, eventually reaching its saturation
level (100% relative humidity) and causes
the vapor to condense into a liquid. Water
droplets form in the clouds, and
precipitation occurs.
![Page 136: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Falling products of condensation in
the atmosphere, as rain, snow, or
hail
Precipitation
![Page 137: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
This hydrologic cycle of evaporation,
condensation, and precipitation is
continually in process.
Precipitation
on Land
Evaporation
from Land Evaporation
from Ocean
Precipitation
on Ocean
Moisture
over Land
![Page 138: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
The natural sequence through which
water passes into the atmosphere as
water vapor, precipitates to Earth in
liquid or solid form, and ultimately
returns to the atmosphere through
evaporation
Hydrologic Cycle
![Page 139: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Since warm air can hold more moisture than
cold air, relative humidity goes up when air
with a given amount of water vapor cools,
and drops when that air is heated.
![Page 140: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
The amount of water vapor in the air,
expressed as a percentage of the
maximum amount that the air can
hold at the given temperature
Relative Humidity
![Page 141: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
When air is cooled to its dew point temperature,
small water droplets condense on objects and
dew is formed.
![Page 142: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
The temperature to which air must
be cooled, at a given pressure and
water vapor content for it to reach
saturation
The temperature at which dew
begins to form
Dew Point
![Page 143: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Relative humidity
is measured using
a psychrometer.
Psychrometer
![Page 144: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
An instrument for determining the
atmospheric humidity by the reading
of two thermometers, the bulb of one
being kept moist and ventilated
Psychrometer
![Page 145: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Sling psychrometers are often used aboard
ship to speed up the process of getting
accurate wet and dry-bulb readings.
Sling Psychrometer
![Page 146: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
A psychrometer so designed that
the wet-bulb thermometer can be
ventilated, to expedite evaporation,
by whirling in the air
Sling Psychrometer
![Page 147: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
The process by which millions of tons
of water from the green leaves of plants
enter into the atmosphere is called
__________.
a. evaporation
b. transportation
c. perspiration
d. transpiration
![Page 148: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
The process by which millions of tons
of water from the green leaves of plants
enter into the atmosphere is called
__________.
a. evaporation
b. transportation
c. perspiration
d. transpiration
![Page 149: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Q.1. TRUE or FALSE. The harsh
Russian winter weather was a
factor that helped defeat Hitler
in World War II.
![Page 150: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
A.1. TRUE
Q.1. TRUE or FALSE. The harsh
Russian winter weather was a
factor that helped defeat Hitler
in World War II.
![Page 151: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Q.2. Who invented the
thermometer?
![Page 152: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
A.2. Galileo
Q.2. Who invented the
thermometer?
![Page 153: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Q.3. Who developed a system for
organizing weather
observations?
![Page 154: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
A.3. Leverrier
Q.3. Who developed a system for
organizing weather
observations?
![Page 155: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Q.4. Who developed air-mass and
polar-front theories of weather?
![Page 156: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
A.4. Bjerknes
Q.4. Who developed air-mass and
polar-front theories of weather?
![Page 157: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Q.5. What does synoptic
meteorology mean?
![Page 158: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
A.5. A general view of the weather
Q.5. What does synoptic
meteorology mean?
![Page 159: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Q.6. How do meteorologists use
satellites?
![Page 160: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
A.6. As observational tools
Q.6. How do meteorologists use
satellites?
![Page 161: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Q.7. What name is given to the
science of weather?
![Page 162: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
A.7. Meteorology
Q.7. What name is given to the
science of weather?
![Page 163: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Q.8. What was the first
meteorological instrument to
be developed?
![Page 164: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
A.8. A crude hygrometer
Q.8. What was the first
meteorological instrument to
be developed?
![Page 165: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Q.9. What is the troposphere?
![Page 166: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
A.9. An ocean of air immediately
above the Earth’s surface
Q.9. What is the troposphere?
![Page 167: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Q.10. What is the tropopause?
![Page 168: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
A.10. The transitional zone between
the troposphere and the near
void of the stratosphere
Q.10. What is the tropopause?
![Page 169: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Q.11. What is adiabatic warming and
cooling?
![Page 170: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
A.11. The consistent temperature
change due to change in
altitude
Q.11. What is adiabatic warming and
cooling?
![Page 171: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Q.12. What is a jet stream?
![Page 172: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
A.12. A current of air that moves
swiftly from west to east
around the Earth
Q.12. What is a jet stream?
![Page 173: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Q.13. In the Navy, what two types of
barometers are used?
![Page 174: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
A.13. Mercurial and aneroid
Q.13. In the Navy, what two types of
barometers are used?
![Page 175: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
Q.14. What is the topmost layer of
the atmosphere?
![Page 176: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
A.14. Exosphere
Q.14. What is the topmost layer of
the atmosphere?
![Page 177: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
Q.15. What is the lowest level of the
ionosphere?
![Page 178: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
A.15. Mesosphere
Q.15. What is the lowest level of the
ionosphere?
![Page 179: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Q.16. What is the highest level of the
ionosphere?
![Page 180: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
A.16. Thermosphere
Q.16. What is the highest level of the
ionosphere?
![Page 181: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Q.17. What is a front?
![Page 182: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
A.17. When warm and cold air
masses touch, the boundary
between them is a front.
Q.17. What is a front?
![Page 183: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
Q.18. What is an air mass?
![Page 184: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
A.18. A large body of air with the
same temperature, humidity,
and pressure
Q.18. What is an air mass?
![Page 185: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Q.19. Which layer shields the Earth
from the Sun's harmful
ultraviolet rays?
![Page 186: NS2 3.1 Our Atmosphere](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110119/5558f5cfd8b42a724c8b47e6/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
A.19. The chemosphere or ozone
layer
Q.19. Which layer shields the Earth
from the Sun's harmful
ultraviolet rays?