NR 422: Topology
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Transcript of NR 422: Topology
NR 422: Topology
Jim Graham
Fall 2010
See: http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/geodatabase-topology.pdf
Topology
• Relationships between features:– Polygons can share parts of boundaries– Polylines can share endpoints
• Supposed to prevent:– Gaps– Slivers– Overlaps
Problems without Topology
• Common problems:– Slivers– Gaps
• Caused by:– Reprojecting– Different sources– Editing or digitizing without snapping– Any tool that changes the values of
coordinates in vector data
Arc Data Storage
Shapefiles Coverages GeoDatabases
Collection of datasets
Folder of Shapefiles
ArcInfo Workspace
GeoDatabase
Dataset Folder of Shapefiles
Coverage Feature dataset
Collection of features
Shapefile Feature class Feature class
Features Point, Multipoint, Polygon, Polyline
Point, Polygon, Polyline, etc.
Point, Multipoint, Polygon, Polyline, Network Annotation
Data Storage Tradeoffs
• Coverages– Data is tightly defined
• GeoDatabases– Data is loosely defined– Special editing tools– Addition of tolerances and rules– Run validations and fix or except errors
• Shapefiles– Data is loosely defined– Can use topology tools!
Levels of Topological Control
• No Control
• Snapping with manual editing
• Topological Rules– GeoDatabase
• Fixing large numbers of errors– GeoDatabase
• Topological Structure– Only available in coverage's which are
going away!
Snapping
• Turn on snapping!
• Task: Modify Edge
• Tool:
• Move first edge
• “Snap” second edge to first
Editing Topological Structures
• Open the topology tool bar
• Task: Modify edge
• Tool: Topology Edit Tool
• Click on the vertex to edit
• Drag to new location
Advantages
• Makes data consistent
• Editing can be done on shared geometries
• “Snapping” does the same thing but requires moving both points.
New Polygons
• Turn on Snapping!
• Task: Auto Complete Polygon
• Tool: Sketch Tool
• Click to start polygon on existing edge
• Click for each new point
• Click back on old boundary to complete
Note: Remember to check task, target, and folder we are editing in
Introduction to Databases
• Tables like Excel• Relationships between the tables
X Y DBH Type
-105.34210 40.32450 1.2 PP
-105.30345 39.93954 .92 LP
-105.23210 40.02132 .82 LP
-105.34292 40.12843 1.1 LP
Abrve Name BFCost
PP Ponderosa Pine .98
LP Lodge Pole 1.10
GeoDatabases
• Why?– Puts an entire collection into one place– Easy to distribute data– Make it relatively easy to edit and maintain
topologies
• Why not?– Complex, buggy, slow
• Advice:– Use them when told to or need topology– Otherwise, use standard files
Types of GeoDatabases
• Personal GeoDatabase:– Microsoft Access file (*.mdb)
• File GeoDatabase:– Folder
• There are non-ESRI spatial databases:– SQL Server 2008– Oracle– PostgreSQL w/PostGIS
GeoDatabase
• Feature dataset (folder)
• Feature class (Shapefile)
• Relationship class
• Table
• Raster class
Topologies in GeoDatabases
• Live within Feature Dataset
• Can have multiple per dataset
• Can affect multiple feature classes
• Each feature class can be in only one topology
Note: All feature classes in a feature dataset must have the same spatial reference
Topology
• Cluster Tolerance– Distance that vertices and line segments will
be snapped together– Make it about 1/10 the accuracy of the data
• Relative ranks for each feature class– Features in classes with larger ranks will be
snapped to features in classes with lower ranks
• Rules– Must not overlap– Must be contained within
Validating Topology
• Dirty areas – have not been checked
• Validate Topology– Vertices and boundaries are snapped– Checks data against rules
• Marks errors
– User can:• Fix errors• Mark as exceptions
Fixing Topological Errors• Gap:
– Create Feature– Merge features
• Overlap:– Merge...
• For lots:– Open "Error Inspector“– Search for errors– Set a length/area ratio– Anything over 0.2 is probably a sliver (and have
higher IDs)– Create features for all– Data Management Tools -> Generalization ->
Eliminate– Based on largest shared border
2 Levels of Topology
• Within one layer– States share boundary– Streams and roads should meet at ends
• Between multiple layers– National Park and Forest share part of a
boundary– Interstates join with highway– Park boundary follows the center of a river
Fixing Many Topological Errors
• The following procedures will allow you to remove large numbers of overlaps and gaps when merging datasets
• The instruction must be followed closely• Notes:
– You cannot create or edit topologies when ArcMap is open if it has contained the layers
– You cannot use ArcToolbox functions during an edit session (bad things happen)
– You cannot delete a Feature Class that is participating in a Topological Class
– Only one topology problem can be removed at a time
Fixing lots of overlaps1. Merge the shapes into a single Feature Class in a GeoDatabase
using ArcToolbox -> Data Management Tools -> General -> Merge2. Create a new Topology for the Feature Class with the rule “Must not
overlap”3. Validate the Topology4. Load the Topology into ArcMap with it’s associated feature class5. Start an edit session6. Click on the Map Topology icon in the Topology task bar7. Select the merged layer and click OK8. Select the layer in the Topology tool bar (it will have been reset)9. Select the Fix Topology Error Tool10. Select the overlaps 11. Right click on one of the selected overlaps and select “Create
Feature…”12. Open the attribute table and select the new features13. Set an attribute in the new features to match the same value in the
feature they should be merged into (i.e. set the state name to Minnesota)
14. Make sure you clear the selection AND stop the editing session15. Select Toolbox -> Generalization -> Dissolve and dissolve the
topology features into one of the main features
Fixing lots of gaps
1. Follow the instructions for overlaps except select the rule “Must not have gaps”
2. When selecting features to create only select the gaps that should be filled (not the outside of the boundaries or lakes between shapes)
3. You will need to close ArcMap to create the topology if ArcMap has had the Features Classes loaded into it
GIS Lessons
• Don’t give up!
• Keep trying different approaches
• Write down what works and what to avoid
• Break processes into simple steps
• Look for folks who can help
• Arc is just a tool – it’s up to you to figure out how to use it to get the task at hand completed
• PS: Arc is not the only tool