NP/PA MD Students Amnesia

8/16/2019 NP/PA MD Students Amnesia

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Med-Student’s Amnesia A transient selective loss of memory during anexam that prevents one from remembering the eponymically-named diseasesdiscovered by old, dead doctors.

Addison’s Disease 1. Primary adrenocortical defciencyAddisonian Anemia 2. Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic actor or parietal

cells IF Vit B 12 mealoblastic anemia!

Albri"t’s #yndrome $. Polyostotic fbrous dysplasia% precocious puberty% ca& aulait spots% s"ort stature% youn irls

Alport’s #yndrome '. ereditary nep"ritis )it" ner*e deanessAl+"eimer’s ,. Proressi*e dementiaAryll-obertson Pupil /. 0oss o li"t ree constriction (contralateral or bilateral!

3. 4Prostitute’s 5ye6 7 accommodates but does not react8. Pat"onomonic or $ #yp"ilis

9. 0esion pretectal reion o superior colliculusArnold-:"iari;alormation

1<. :erebellar tonsil "erniation t"rou" oramen manum =see t"oracolumbar meninomyelocele

Barrett’s 11. :olumnar metaplasia o lo)er esop"aus ( ris> oadenocarcinoma!- constant astroesop"aeal reuBartter’s #yndrome 12. yperreninemiaBec>er’s ;uscularDystrop"y

1$. #imilar to Duc"enne% but less se*ere (mutation% not adefciency% in dystrop"in protein!

Bell’s Palsy 1'. :?VII palsy (entire ace@ recall t"at ;? lesion onlyaects lo)er ace!

Berer’s Disease 1,. IA nep"ropat"y causin "ematuria in >ids% usuallyollo)in inection

Bernard-#oulier Disease 1/. Deect in platelet adhesion (abnormally lare platelets Clac> o platelet-surace lycoprotein!

Berry Aneurysm 13. :ircle o illis (subarac"noid bleed! Anterior:ommunicatin artery

18. Eten associated )it" ADPDBo)en’s Disease 19. :arcinoma in situ on s"at o penis ( ris> o *isceral ca!

Gcompare )H ueyratJBrill-Kinsser Disease 2<. ecurrences o ric>ettsia pro)a+a>i up to ,< yrs laterBriLuet’s #yndrome 21. #omati+ation disorder

22. Psyc"oloicalM multiple p"ysical complaints )it"outp"ysical pat"oloy

Broca’s Ap"asia 2$. ;otor Ap"asia (area '' C ',! intact compre"ensionBro)n-#eLuard 2'. emisection o cord (contralateral loss o pain C temp H

ipsilateral loss o fne touc"% ;? H ipsi loss o consc.Proprio!

Bruton’s Disease 2,. N-lin>ed aammalobinemia (↓ B cells!

Budd-:"iari 2/. Post-"epatic *enous t"rombosis = ab pain@"epatomealy@ ascites@ portal O?@ li*er ailure

Buerer’s Disease 23. Acute inammation o medium and small arteries oetremities → painul isc"emia → anrene

28. #een almost eclusi*ely in youn and middle-aed men)"o smo>e.



Bur>itt’s 0ymp"oma 29. #mall nonclea*ed cell lymp"oma 5BV$<. 8M1' translocation$1. #een commonly in a)s% abdomen% retroperitoneal sot

tissues$2. #tarry s>y appearance

:aisson Disease $$. ?itric as emboli:"aas’ Disease $'. Orypansoma inection - cardiomealy )it" apical

atrop"y% ac"lasia

:"edia>-ias"iDisease

$,. (A! P"aocyte Defciency = deect in microtubulepolymeri+ation

$/. ?eutropenia% albinism% cranial C perip"eral neuropat"yC repeated inections )H strep C stap"

:onn’s #yndrome $3. Primary AldosteronismM O?@ retain ?aQ C 2E@"ypo>alemia (causin al>alosis!@ ↓ renin

:ori’s Disease $8. Oype III Rlycoenosis 7 Rlycoen storae disease(debranc"in en+M amylo 1%/ lucosidase de. ↑ Rlycoen!

:reut+eldt-Sa>ob $9. Prion inection → cerebellar C cerebral deeneration:riler-?aar #yndrome '<. :onenital "yperbilirubinemia (unconuated!

'1. Rlucuronyl transerase defciency. :an proress toernicterus'2. 0ess se*ere orm )ill respond to P"enobarbital t"erapy

:ro"n’s '$. IBD@ ileocecum% transmural% s>ip lesions% cobblestones%lymp"ocytic infltrate% ranulomas

''. (contrast to :M limited to colon% mucosa C submucosa%crypt abscesses% pseudopolyps% colon cancer ris>!

',. :linicallyM ab pain C diarr"ea@ e*er@ malabsorption@fstulae bHt intestinal loops C abd structures

:urlin’s lcer '/. Acute astric ulcer associated )it" se*ere burns:us"in’s '3. DiseaseM ypercorticism 2° to A:O rom pituitary

(basop"ilic adenoma!'8. #yndromeM "ypercorticism o all ot"er causes (1° adrenal

or ectopic!'9. - moon ace@ bualo "ump@ purple striae@ "irsutism@

O?@ "yperlycemia:us"in’s lcer ,<. Acute astric ulcer associated )it" :?# traumade uer*ain’s O"yroiditis

,1. #el-limitin ocal destruction (subacute t"yroiditis!

DiReore’s #yndrome ,2. Failure o $rd C 't" p"aryneal pouc"es ormationM O"ymus C Parat"yroid

,$. O"ymic "ypoplasia → O-cell defciency

,'. ypoparat"yroidism OetanyDo)n’s #yndrome ,,. Orisomy 21 or translocation 7 #imian :reaseDressler’s #yndrome ,/. Post-;I Fibrinous Pericarditis autoimmuneDubin-So"nson#yndrome

,3. :onenital "yperbilirubinemia (conjugated! = bilirubintransposrt is deecti*e not conuation

,8. #tri>in bro)n-to-blac> discoloration o t"e li*erDuc"enne ;uscularDystrop"y

,9. Defciency o dystrop"in protein → ;D N-lin>edrecessi*e

5d)ards’ #yndrome /<. Orisomy 18



/1. oc>er-bottom eet% lo) ears% small lo)er a)% "eartdisease

5"ler’s-Danlos /2. Deecti*e collaen5isenmener’s :omple /$. 0ate cyanotic s"unt ( 0! pulmonary O? C V 2 to

lon-standin V#D% A#D% or PDA5rb-Duc"enne Palsy /'. Orauma to superior trun> o brac"ial pleus aiter’s Oip5)in #arcoma /,. ;alinant undierentiated round cell tumor o bone in

boys T1,yoa - t11@225yrt"roplasia oueyrat

//. :arcinoma in situ on lans penis

Fanconi’s #yndrome /3. Impaired proimal tubular reabsorption 2° to leadpoisonin or Oetracycline (lycosuria% "yperp"osp"aturia%aminoaciduria% systemic acidosis!

Felty’s #yndrome /8. "eumatoid art"ritis% neutropenia% splenomealyRardner’s #yndrome /9. AD = adenomatous polyps o colon% osteomas C sot

tissue tumorsRauc"er’s Disease 3<. 0ysosomal #torae Disease lucocerebrosidase

defciency 7 lucocerebroside accumulation

31. epatosplenomealy% emoral "ead C lon bone erosionanemiaRilbert’s #yndrome 32. Benin conenital "yperbilirubinemia (unconuated! =

↓d lucuronyl transerase acti*ity

Rlan+mann’s O"rombast"enia

3$. Deecti*e lycoproteins on platelets = defcient plateletaggregation

Roodpasture’s 3'. AutoimmuneM ab’s to lomerular C al*eolar basementmembranes. #een in men in t"eir 2<’s

Rra*e’s Disease 3,. Autoimmune "ypert"yroidism (O#I!M IR Ab reacti*e )H O# receptors. 0o) O# C O 7 i" O$ H O'

Ruillain-Barre 3/. Polyneuritis ollo)in *iral inectionH autoimmune

(ascendin muscle )ea>ness C paralysis@ usually sel-limitin!

amman-ic"#yndrome

33. Idiopat"ic pulmonary fbrosis. :an see "oney comb lun.

and-#c"uller-:"ristian 38. :"ronic proressi*e "istiocytosisas"imoto’s O"yroiditis 39. Autoimmune "ypot"yroidism. ;ay "a*e transient

"ypert"yroidism. 0o) O$ HO' C i" O#as"itoicosis 8<. Initial "ypert"yroidism in as"imoto’s O"yroiditis t"at

precedes "ypot"yroidismenoc"-#c"onleinpurpura

81. ypersensi*ity *asculitis = alleric purpura. 0esions"a*e t"e same ae.

82. emmor"aic urticaria ()it" e*er% art"ralias% RI Crenal in*ol*ement!

8$. Associated )it" upper respiratory inectionsirsc"prun’s Disease 8'. Aanlionic meacolonorner’s #yndrome 8,. Ptosis% miosis% an"idrosis (lesion o cer*ical sympat"etic

ner*es oten 2° to a Pancoast tumor!untinton’s(:"romosome '!

8/. ADM Proressi*e deeneration o caudate nucleus%putamen (striatum! C rontal corte ↓ RABA

Sac>sonian #ei+ures 83. 5pileptic e*ents oriinatin in t"e primary motor corte



(area '! Sob’s #yndrome 1. Immune defciencyM neutrop"ils ail to respond to

c"emotactic stimuli2. Deecti*e neutrop"ilic c"emotactic response = repeated

inections$. :ommonly seen in li"t-s>inned% red-"aired irls88. ↑’d I5 le*els

aposi #arcoma 89. ;alinant *ascular tumor (V8 in "omoseual men!artaener’s #yndrome 9<. Immotile cilia 2 to deecti*e dynein arms inection%

situs in*ersus% sterilitya)asa>i Disease 91. ;ucocutaneous lymp" node syndrome in >ids (acute

necroti+in *asculitis o lips% oral mucosa!lineelter’s #yndrome 92. '3% NNUM 0on arms% #terile% ypoonadismlu*er-Bucy 9$. Bilateral lesions o amydala ("yperseuality@ oral

be"a*ior!ru>enber Oumor 9'. Adenocarcinoma )it" sinet-rin cells (typically

oriinatin rom t"e stomac"! metastases to9,. t"e o*aries

0aennec’s :irr"osis 9/. Alco"olic cirr"osis0esc"-?y"an 93. RPO defciency98. Rout% retardation% sel-mutilation

0etterer-#i)e 99. Acute disseminated 0aner"ans’ cell "istiocytosis0ibman-#ac>s 1<<. 5ndocarditis )it" small *eetations on *al*e leaets

1<1. Associated )it" #050ou Re"ri’s 1<2. Amyotrop"ic 0ateral #clerosis deeneration o upper C

lo)er motor neurons;allory-eis #yndrome 1<$. Bleedin rom esop"aoastric lacerations 2° to

)retc"in (alco"olics!;aran’s 1<'. :onnecti*e tissue deectM deecti*e Fibrillin ene

Dissectin aortic aneurysm% subluation o lenses;cArdle’s Disease 1<,. Oype V Rlycoenosis - Rlycoen storae disease (muscle

p"osp"orylase defciency = ↑ Rlycoen!

;ec>el’s Di*erticulum 1</. ule o 2’sM 2 inc"es lon% 2 eet rom t"e ileocecum% in2 o t"e population

1<3. 5mbryonic duct oriin@ may "a*e ectopic tissueMastricHpancreatic remnant o *itteline ductHyol> stal>

;ei’s #yndrome 1<8. OriadM o*arian fbroma% ascites% "ydrot"ora 7 associated)H fbroma o o*aries

;enetrier’s Disease 1<9. Riant "ypertrop"ic astritis (enlared ruae@ plasmaprotein loss!

;onc>eber’sArteriosclerosis

11<. :alcifcation o t"e media (usually radial C ulnar aa.!

;unc"ausen #yndrome 111. Factitious disorder (consciously creates symptoms% butdoesn’t >no) )"y!

?elson’s #yndrome 112. 1° Adrenal :us"ins → surical remo*al o adrenals → losso neati*e eedbac> to pituitary → Pituitary Adenoma

?iemann-Pic> 11$. 0ysosomal #torae Disease (sp"inomyelinasedefciency 7 sp"inomyelin accumulation!

11'. 4Foamy "istiocytes6



Esler-eber-endu#yndrome

11,. ereditary emorr"aic Oelaniectasia. #een in t"e;ormon’s o ta".

Paet’s Disease 11/. Abnormal bone arc"itecture (t"ic>ened% numerousractures → pain!

Pancoast Oumor 113. Bronc"oenic tumor )it" superior sulcus in*ol*ement → orner’s #yndrome

Par>inson’s 118. Dopamine depletion in nirostriatal tractsPeut+-Se"er’s#yndrome (AD!

119. ;elanin pimentation o lips% mout"% "and% enitalia Q"amartomatous polyps o small intestine

Peyronie’s Disease 12<. #ubcutaneous fbrosis o dorsum o penisPic>’s Disease 7 2Dierent Diseases -

121. 1. Proressi*e dementia similar to Al+"eimer’s122. 1. :onstricti*e pericarditis 7 seLuel to mediastinal

tuberculosis12$. :alcium-rostin% unyieldin layer 7 "eart c"ambers may

be unable to dilate to recei*e blood durin diastolePlummer’s #yndrome 12'. ypert"yroidism% nodular oiter% absence o eye sins

(Plummer’s = Rra*e’s - eye sins!Plummer-Vinson 12,. 5sop"aeal )ebs C iron-defciency anemia% spoon-

s"aped nails% #::A o esop"aus

Pompe’s Disease 12/. Oype II Rlycoenosis 7 Rlycoen storae disease → cardiomealy (α 1%' Rlucosidase defciencyM ↑ Rlycoen!

Pott’s Disease 123. Ouberculous osteomyelitis o t"e *ertebraePotter’s :omple 128. enal aenesis → olio"ydramnios → "ypoplastic luns%

deects in etremitiesaynaud’s 129. DiseaseM recurrent *asospasm in etremities = seen in

youn% "ealt"y )omen1$<. P"enomenonM 2° to underlyin disease (#05 or

scleroderma!eiter’s #yndrome 1$1. ret"ritis% conuncti*itis% art"ritis non-inectious (but

oten ollo)s inections!% 0A-B23% polyarticulareye’s #yndrome 1$2. ;icro*esicular atty li*er c"ane C encep"alopat"y

1$$. 2° to aspirin inestion in c"ildren ollo)in *iral illness%especially VKV

iedel’s O"yroiditis 1$'. Idiopat"ic fbrous replacement o t"yroidotor #yndrome 1$,. :onenital "yperbilirubinemia (conjugated!

1$/. #imilar to Dubin-So"nson% but no discoloration o t"eli*er

#e+ary #yndrome 1$3. 0eu>emic orm o cutaneous O-cell lymp"oma (mycosisunoides!

#"a*er’s Disease 1$8. Aluminum in"alation lun ibrosis

#"ee"an’s #yndrome 1$9. Postpartum pituitary necrosis = "emorr"ae C s"oc>usually occurred durin deli*ery

#"y-Draer 1'<. Par>insonism )it" autonomic dysunction C ort"ostatic"ypotension

#immond’s Disease 1'1. Pituitary cac"eia 7 can occur rom eit"er pituitarytumors or #"ee"an’s

#ipple’s #yndrome 1'2. ;5? type IIa = p"eoc"romocytoma% t"yroid medullary:A% "yperparat"yroidism

#oren’s #yndrome 1'$. OriadM dry eyes% dry mout"% art"ritis ris> o B-cell



lymp"oma#pit+ ?e*us 1''. Su*enile melanoma (al)ays benin!#tein-0e*ent"al 1',. Polycystic o*aryM see amenorr"ea@ inertility@ obesity@

"irsutism = ↑↑0 secretion

#te*ens-So"nson#yndrome

1'/. 5ryt"ema multiorme% e*er% malaise% mucosal ulceration(oten 2 to inection = mycoplasma or sula drus!

#till’s Disease 1'3. Su*enile r"eumatoid art"ritis (absence o r"eumatoidactor!

Oa>ayasu’s arteritis 1'8. Aortic arc" syndrome1'9. 0oss o carotid% radial or ulnar pulses = pulseless

disease. ?i"t s)eats.1,<. :ommon in youn Asian emales

Oay-#ac"s (A! 1,1. Ranliosidosis ("eosaminidase A defciency → R;2 anlioside! :"erry ed #pots o t"e ;acula

Oetraloy o Fallot 1,2. 1.V#D% 2.o*erridin aorta% $.pulmonary artery stenosis%'.ri"t *entricular "ypertrop"y

Oourette’s #yndrome 1,$. In*oluntary actions% bot" motor and *ocal Ot )HPimo+ide

Ourcot’s #yndrome 1,'. :olon adenomatous polyps plus :?# tumors Ourner’s #yndrome 1,,. ',% NE = most common cause o Primary Amenorr"ea.

?o Barr body on buccal smear.Vincent’s Inection 1,/. 4Orenc" mout"6 7 acute necroti+in ulcerati*e ini*itis

due to FusobacteriumVon Rier>e’s Disease 1,3. Oype I Rlycoenosis 7 Rlycoen storae disease

(R/Ptase defciency! 7 Rlycoen accumulaitonVon ippel-0indau 1,8. emanioma (or "emanioblastoma! = cerebellum%

brain stem% C retina1,9. Adenomas o t"e *iscera% especially ↑ enal :ell

:arcinoma

1/<. :"romosome $pVon ec>lin"ausen’s 1/1. ?eurofbromatosis C ca& au lait spots C 0isc" nodules

(:"romosome 13!Von ec>lin"ausen’sDisease o Bone

1/2. Esteitis fbrosa cystica (4bro)n tumor6! 2° to"yperparat"yroidism = osteoclastic resorption )H

1/$. fbrous replacementVon illebrand’sDisease (AD!

1/'. Deect in platelet ad"esion 2° to defciency in *F.

↑aPPO% ↑ Bleed time

aldenstrom’smacrolobinemia

1/,. Prolieration o I;-producin lymp"oid cells in men ,<-3< yoa@ PA#(Q! Dutc"er bodies

allenber’s #yndrome 1//. Posterior Inerior :erebellar Artery (PI:A! t"rombosis4;edullary #yndrome61/3. IpsilateralM ataia% acial pain C temp@ :ontralateralM

body pain C tempater"ouse-Frideric"sen

1/8. Adrenal insuWciency 2° to DI:1/9. DI: 2° to meniniococcemia

eber’s #yndrome 13<. Paramedian Inarct o ;idbrain131. IpsilateralM mydriasis@ :ontralateralM ;? paralysis

(lo)er ace C body!eener’s 132. ?ecroti+in ranulomatous *asculitis o paranasal



Rranulomatosis sinuses% luns% >idneys% etc.eil’s Disease 13$. Icteric 0eptospirosis non-icteric prresses to renal ailure

C myocarditis13'. Dar> feld microscopy or d

ermer’s #yndrome 13,. ;5? type I = t"yroid% parat"yroid% adrenal corte%pancreatic islets% pituitary

ernic>e’s Ap"asia 13/. #ensory Ap"asia impaired compre"ensionernic>e-orsa>o#yndrome

133. O"iamine defciency in alco"olics@ bilateral mamillarybodies (mediodorsal nucleua! (conusion% ataia%op"t"almopleia!

"ipple’s Disease 138. ;alabsorption syndrome ()it" bacteria-ladenmacrop"aes! C polyart"ritis

ilson’s Disease 139. epatolenticular deeneration (copper accumulationGOt )H Penicillamine J C decrease in ceruloplasmin!

18<. ;allory Bodies in t"e 0i*er C also )H alco"olic "epatitisC yaline c"ane

181. :"romosome 1$is>ott-Aldric"

#yndrome

182. ImmunodefciencyM combined B- CO-cell defciency

(t"rombocytopenia C ec+ema!18$. ↓ I; )H ↑ IA

ol-:"ai>o 5ect 18'. i" iodine le*el (−!’s t"yroid "ormone synt"esisKen>er’s Di*erticulum 18,. 5sop"aeal@ cricop"aryneal muscles abo*e 5#Kolliner-5llison 18/. Rastrin-secretin tumor o pancreas (or intestine! → acid

→ recurrent ulcersoer’s Disease 183. Inter*entricular septal deectBarlo)’s #yndrome 188. Floppy *ale syndrome 7 )omen bHt 2<-'< yoaBrac"t-ac"ter 0esions 189. ;inute abscesses ound in subacute bacterial

endocarditis0utembac"er’s

#yndrome

19<. :ombination o septum secundum atrial septal deect )H

mitral stenosis#c"midt’s #yndrome 191. Autoimmnue t"yroid Disease (as"imoto’s ! C insulin-

dependent diabetes

allmar> FindinsAlbumino-:ytoloicDissociation

192. Ruillain-Barre (mar>edly increased protein in :#F )it"only modest increase in cell count!

Antiplatelet Antibodies 19$. Idiopat"ic t"rombocytopenic purpuraArac"nodactyly 19'. ;aran’sAsc"o Bodies 19,. "eumatic e*erAuer ods 19/. Acute promyelocytic leu>emia (A;0 type ;$!Autosplenectomy 193. #ic>le cell anemiaM s)itc" a lu *al in β c"ain

198. 0o) E2 ↑ sic>lin199. Aplastic crisis )H B19 (Par*o*irus ssD?A! inection2<<. #almonella osteomyelitis2<1. Vaso-occlusi*e painul crisises2<2. ydroyurea as Ot (↑ bF! C Bone marro) transplant

Babins>i 2<$. ;? lesionBasop"ilic #tipplin oB:s

2<'. 0ead poisonin



Bence Sones Protein 2<,. ;ultiple myeloma ree li"t c"ains (eit"er >appa orlambda!

2</. aldenstrom’s macrolobinemiaBirbec> Rranules 2<3. istiocytosis N (eosinop"ilic ranuloma!Blue Bloater 2<8. :"ronic Bronc"itis (at least $ mont"s or at least 2 years

o ecessi*e mucus secretion C c"ronic recurrent producti*ecou"!

Boot-#"aped eart 2<9. Oetraloy o FallotBouc"ard’s ?odes 21<. Esteoart"ritis (Proimal IP oint o t"e fners!Boutonniere’sDeormity

211. "eumatoid art"ritis e proimal C etend distal IP oints

Bro)n Oumor 212. yperparat"yroidismBrus"feld #pots 21$. Do)n’s:all-5ner Bodies 21'. Rranulosa cell tumorM associated )H endometrial

"yperplasia C carcinoma21,. Rranuloma-O"eca cell tumor

:ardiomealy )it"Apical Atrop"y

21/. :"aas’ Disease

:"ancre 213. 1° #yp"ilis:"ancroid 218. Haemophilus ducreyi

:"arcot Oriad 219. ;ultiple sclerosis = nystamus% intention tremor%scannin speec"

:"arcot-0eyden :rystals 22<. Bronc"ial ast"ma:"eyne-#to>esBreat"in

221. :erebral lesion

:"ocolate :ysts 222. 5ndometriosis:"*oste>’s #in 22$. ypocalcemia acial spasm in tetany:lue :ells 22'. Rardnerella *ainitis:odman’s Orianle 22,. Esteosarcoma

:old Alutinins 22. !ycoplasma pneumoniae223. Inectious mononucleosis

:ondyloma 0ata 228. 2° #yp"ilis229. ?e) coee a*or at Bael C Bael

:otton ool #pots 2$<. O?2$1. A>a% cytoid bodies seen )H #05 (yello)is" cotton )ool

undal lesions!:ouncilman Bodies 2$2. Dyin "epatocytes 7 epB:rescents In Bo)man’s:apsule

2$$. apidly proressi*e (crescentic lomerulonep"ritis!

:urrant-Selly #putum 2"#. $lebsiella

:ursc"mann’s #pirals 2$,. Bronc"ial ast"maDepimentation E#ubstantia ?ira

2$/. Par>inson’s

Dono*an Bodies 2$3. Rranuloma inuinale (#OD!5burnation 2$8. Esteoart"ritis (polis"ed% i*ory-li>e appearance o bone!5ctopia 0entis 2$9. ;aran’s5ryt"ema :"ronicum;irans

2'<. 0yme Disease

Fatty 0i*er 2'1. Alco"olism



Ferruinous Bodies 2'2. Asbestosis - C Iron ladenR"on Focus H :omple 2'$. Ouberculosis (1° C 2°% respecti*ely!Rlitter :ells 2''. Acute Pyelonep"ritisRo)er’s ;aneu*er 2',. Duc"enne’s ;D use o arms to standeberden’s ?odes 2'/. Esteoart"ritis (Distal IP oint o t"e fners!ein+ Bodies 2'3. R/PD Defciencyeterop"il Antibodies 2'8. Inectious mononucleosis (5BV!

irano Bodies 2'9. Al+"eimer’sypersemented P;?s 2,<. ;ealoblastic anemiaypoc"romic ;icrocyticB:s

2,1. Iron-defciency anemia or β O"alassemia

Sarisc"-er"eimereaction

2,2. #yp"ilis o*er-aressi*e treatment o an asymptomaticpt. t"at causes symptoms 2 to rapid lysis

Soint ;ice 2,$. Esteoart"ritis (ractured osteop"ytes!aussmaul Breat"in 2,'. Acidosis H Diabetic etoacidosiseratin Pearls 2,,. #Luamous :ell :A o s>in Actinic eratosis is a precursoreyser-Fleisc"er in 2,/. ilson’simmelstiel-ilson

?odules

2,3. Diabetic nep"ropat"yM ?odular Rlomerulosclerosis

nodules o mesanial matrioilocytes 2,8. PV / C 11 (condyloma acuminatum - benin! and PV

1/ C 18 (malinant association!opli> #pots 2,9. ;easles0e)y Bodies 2/<. Par>inson’s (eosinop"ilic inclusions in damaed

substantia nira cells!0ines o Ka"n 2/1. Arterial t"rombus0isc" ?odules 2/2. ?eurofbromatosis (*on ec>lin"ausen’s disease! =

pimented iris "amartomas0umpy-Bumpy IFRlomeruli

2/$. Poststreptococcal lomerulonep"ritis 7 prototype onep"ritic syndrome

;allory Bodies 2/'. Alco"olic "epatitis;cBurney’s #in 2/,. Appendicitis (;cBurney’s Point is 2H$ o t"e )ay rom t"e

umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine!;ic"ealis-RutmannBodies

2//. ;ala>opla>ia lesion on bladder due to macros Ccalcosp"erites (;-R Bodies!M usually due to 5. :oli

;onoclonal Antibody#pi>e

2/3. ;ultiple myeloma t"is is called t"e ; protein (usuallyIR or IA!

2/8. ;R#;yedema 2/9. ypot"yroidism?eri Bodies 23<. abies

?euritic PlaLues 231. Al+"eimer’s?eurofbrillary Oanles 232. Al+"eimer’s?on-pittin 5dema 23$. ;yedema

23'. Ant"ra Ooin?otc"in o ibs 23,. :oarctation o Aorta?utme 0i*er 23/. :F = causin conested li*erE)ls 5ye :ells 233. :;V

238. eed #ternbur :ells (od>ins 0ymp"oma!239. Asc"o cells seen )H "eumatic Fe*er

Painless Saundice 28<. Pancreatic :A ("ead!



Pannus 281. "eumatoid art"ritis% also see mornin stines t"at ↓ )H oint use% 0A-D'

Pautrier’s;icroabscesses

282. ;ycosis unoides (cutaneous O-cell lymp"oma!% #e+ary

P"iladelp"ia:"romosome

28$. :;0

Pic> Bodies 28'. Pic>’s Disease2 types o :EPD 28,. Pin> Puer 7 Oype AM 5mp"ysema

28/. Blue Bloater 7 Oype BM Bronc"itis283. 5mp"ysema :entroacinar 7 smo>in Panacinar -

1-antitrypsin defciencyPodara 288. Rout (;P oint o "allu!Port-ine #tain 289. emaniomaPosterior AnteriorDra)er #in

29<. Oearin o t"e A:0

Psammoma Bodies 291. Papillary adenocarcinoma o t"e t"yroid292. #erous papillary cystadenocarcinoma o t"e o*ary29$. ;eninioma

29'. ;esot"eliomaPseudo"ypertrop"y 29,. #een )H Duc"enne muscular dystrop"y X t"e clamuscles% due to ↑ at

Punc"ed-Eut Bone0esions

29/. ;ultiple myeloma

as" on Palms C #oles 293. 2 #yp"ilis

298. ;#F299. :osac>ie *irus inectionM and-Foot-;out" Disease

ed ;ornin rine $<<. Paroysmal nocturnal "emolobinuria. Uou )ould useam’s test to confrm.

eed-#ternber :ells $<1. od>in’s Disease

eid Inde Increased $<2. :"ronic bronc"itis = ↑d ratio o bronc"ial land tobronc"ial )all t"ic>ness

ein>e :rystals $<$. 0eydi cell tumorouleau Formation $<'. ;ultiple myeloma B:’s stac>ed as po>er c"ips#$ eart #ound $<,. 0 #"unt (V#D% PDA% A#D!

$</. ;itral eur$<3. 0V Failure

#' eart #ound $<8. Pulmonary #tenosis$<9. Pulmonary O?

#c")art+man eaction $1<. %eisseria meningitidis impressi*e ras" )it" bus

#mit" Antien $11. #05 (also anti-dsD?A!$12. ;alar as"% ire loop >idney lesions% Soint pain% False(Q! syp"ilis test (VD0!

$1$. 9< 1'-', yo emales$1'. also seen )H use o I?@ Procainamide@ ydrala+ine =

#05-li>e syndrome#oap Bubble on N-ay $1,. Riant cell tumor o bone#pi>e C DomeRlomeruli

$1/. ;embranous lomerulonep"ritis = ?ep"rotic syndrome$13. #pi>e = basement membrane material C Dome =

immune comple deposits (IR or:$!



#trin #in on N-ray $18. :ro"n’s bo)el )all t"ic>enin Oaret :ells $19. O"alassemia in α O"alassemia

)H no α eneM ydrops Fetalis C Intrauterine deat"associations = bBarts

Oendinous Nant"omas $2<. Familial yperc"olesterolemia O"yroidi+ation o idney $21. :"ronic pyelonep"ritis Oop"i $22. Rout

Oram-Orac> Rlomeruli $2$. ;embranoprolierati*e R?M ?ep"ritic syndrome 7basement membrane is duplicated into 2 layers Orousseau’s #in $2'. Visceral ca% classically pancreatic (miratory

t"rombop"lebitis!$2,. ypocalcemia (carpal spasm!"2. &hese are t'o entirely di(erent disease processes and

di(erent signs, but they unfortunately have the samename.

Virc"o)’s ?ode $23. #upracla*icular node enlarement by metastaticcarcinoma o t"e stomac"

art"in-Fin>eldey Riant

:ells

$28. ;easles

B: :asts $29. Pyelonep"ritis"ipple’s Oriad $$<. :?# disunction 7 ypolycemic episodes 7 lu inection

re*erses :?# #ympt’sire 0oop Rlomeruli $$1. 0upus nep"ropat"y% type IV (diuse prolierati*e orm!

AFP in amniotic uidor mot"er’s serum

$$2. #pina Bifda$$$. Anencep"aly

ric Acid $$'. Rout$$,. 0esc" ?y"an$$/. ;yeloprolierati*e Disorders$$3. Diuretics (0oop C O"ia+ides!

F5V1HFV: $$8. :EPD4Rround Rlass6 onc"est -ray (yaline!

$$9. Due to Pneumocystis carinii$'<. #een )H Atelectasia

oney :ombin o t"elun

$'1. #een )H Asbestosis (a restricti*e lun disease!

:rescents $'2. Roodpastures syndrome (pneumonia )H "emoptysis Crapidly proressi*e lomerulonep"ritis!

0inear I Deposits $'$. Roodpastures syndrome', Deree Branc"Points

$''. Asperillosis

PA#(Q! Dutc"er Bodies $',. aldenstrom’s ;acrolobulinemia = ↑I; =yper*iscosity

4Rround Rlass6 inAbdomen(yaline!

$'/. #een in t"e "epatocytes o "ealt"y carriers o BsA inli*er biopsies

4#inet in6 :ells $'3. :ells t"at replace t"e o*aries% due to ru>enber’stumor t"at "as metastasi+ed rom t"e stomac"

Rround RlassAppearance (yaline!

$'8. #een )H Proressi*e ;ultiocal 0eu>oencep"alopat"yoliodendrocytes

$'9. ?uclei seen in Papillary :A o t"e t"yroid (malinant!



:ono ed $,<. #"o)s amyloid deposition in plaLues C *ascular )alls;eniniomas CProesterone

$,1. #ome meniniomas "a*e Proesterone receptors =rapid ro)t" in prenancy can occur

Ouberous #clerosis Oriad $,2. #ei+ures@ ;ental retardation@ 0eu>oderma (conenitalacial )"ite spots or macules!M aniofbromas

:o)dry A Inclusions $,$. #een )H erpes #imple 5ncep"alitis 7 in oliodendroliaDe*ic’s #yndrome $,'. 4?euromyelitis Eptica6

$,,. A *ariant o multiple sclerosisM rapid demyelination ot"e optic ner*e C spinal cord )H parapleia

c-erb B2 $,/. Breast :ancer associationFoster-ennedy#yndrome

$,3. A tumor causin blindness C loss o smell )Hpapilloedema

oman’s #in $,8. Flic>in o t"e middle fner’s nailed ?ucleusDestruction

$,9. Intention tremors o t"e arm

Ventral #pinocerebellartr.

$/<. nconscious proprioception o lo)er etremities

Dorsal #pinocerebellar

tr.

$/1. nconscious prorpioception C fne motor mo*ements

:uneocerebellar tr. $/2. nconscious proprioception C fne motor mo*ements oupper etremities

Dorsal :olumn $/$. :onscious proprioception o t"e body0ateral #pinot"alamictr.

$/'. Pain C Oemperature sensation

Ventral #pinot"alamictr.

$/,. 0i"t touc" perception

#VA $//. Oaste C #mellR#5 $/3. ;uscles o t"e eye C o t"e tonue##A $/8. Vision@ earin@ 5Luilibrium

RVA $/9. #ensation o tonue@ sot palate. :arotid Body C #inusinner*ation

RV5 $3<. 5diner estp"al = parasympat"etic eye inner*ation$31. Rland inner*ation = secretions$32. Viscera

R#A $3$. Pain C temperature o ace$3'. #ensation o eternal ear

#V5 $3,. Inner*ation o muscles o masticaiton% acialepressions% laryn C p"aryn

0;? 0esion $3/. erndi oman (proressi*e inantile muscularatrop"y!

$33. Poliomyelitis#ensory Pat")ay 0esion $38. #ubacute :ombined Deeneration = Friedric"’s Ataia =

B12 defciency$39. Oabes Dorsalis (?eurosyp"ilis!

Bot" ;? C 0;? 0esion $8<. A0# = 0ou R"eri’s DiseaseBot" #ensory C ;otor0esion

$81. Bro)n #eLuard$82. Anterior #pinal artery Ecclusion

#uprac"iasmatic?ucleus

$8$. :ontrols circadian r"yt"m



Ventromedial ?ucleus $8'. #atiety center. #a*ae be"a*ior C obesity )"en lesioned0ateral ?ucleus $8,. Induces eatin. #tar*ation )"en lesionedArcuate ?ucleus $8/. eleases PIF (dopa-eric neurons!;amillary Body $83. :an "a*e "emorr"aes as seen in ernic>e’s

5ncep"alopat"yAcant"ocytes $88. B#c )H spiny proections. #een in Abetalipoproteinemia.

;ost :ommonY1o Oumor arisinrom bone in adults

$89. Esteosarcoma

Adrenal ;edullary Oumor 7 Adults

$9<. P"eoc"romocytomaM , P’sM ↑ Pressure@ Pain (eadac"e!@Perspiration@ Palpitations@ PallorHDiap"oresis

Adrenal ;edullary Oumor 7 :"ildren

$91. ?euroblastoma

Aent o se*ere *iralencep"alitis

$92. erpes simple

Aressi*e luntumor

$9$. #mall cell or oat cell

Associated )it"allstones

$9'. Adenocarinoma

Bacterial ;eninitis7 adults

$9,. )trep pneumoniae C in youn adults = %eisseriameningitidis

Bacterial ;eninitis7 elderly

"*. %eisseria meningitidis

Bacterial ;eninitis7 ne)borns

$93. +. coli H Rroup B#trep.

Bacterial ;eninitis7 toddlers

$98. ib

Benin epit"elial

tumor o oralmucosa

$99. Papilloma

Benin allopiantube tumor

'<<. Adenomatoid

Benin o*ariantumor

'<1. ;ature(?ati*e! Oeratoma = benin dermatoid

Benin tumor o sottissue

'<2. 0ipoma

Benin tumor o t"ebreast T2,yoa

'<$. Fibroadenoma

Benin tumor o t"eli*er

'<'. emanioma

Benin tumor o t"e*ul*a

'<,. idroadenoma

Benin uterinetumor

'</. 0eiomyomaM estroen sinsiti*eM c"anes si+e durinprenancy C menopause

Bone Oumors '<3. ;etasteses rom Breast C ProstateBrain Oumor 7 :"ild '<8. ;edulloblastoma (cerebellum!Brain Oumor 7Adult '<9. Astrocytoma (includin Rlioblastoma ;ultiorme! t"enM

mets% meninioma% #c")annoma



Breast :arcinoma '1<. In*asi*e Duct :arcinomaBreast ;ass '11. Fibrocystic :"aneM premenopausic )omen (:arcinoma is

t"e most common in post-menopausal )omen!Bu in Acute5ndocarditis

#12. )taph aureus

Bu in debilitated%"ospitali+edpneumonia pt

#1". $lebsiella

Bu in 5pilottitis '1'. ibBu in RI Oract '1,. Bacteroides (2nd 7 5. coli!Bu in IV dru userbacteremia Hpneumonia

#1. )taph aureus

Bu in PID '13. ?. Ronnorr"oeaeBu in #ubacute5ndocarditis

#18. )trep iridans

:A o urinarycollectin system

'19. Oransitional cell :A (assoc. )H ben+idine@ βnap"t"ylamine@analine dyes@ lon term tt )H cyclop"osp"amide!

:ardiac 1ry

Oumor 7Adults

'2<. ;yomaM 4Ball Val*e6

:ardiac 1ry Oumor 7:"ild

'21. "abdomyoma 7 associated )H Ouberous sclerosis

:ardiac Oumor 7Adults

'22. ;etasteses

:ardiomyopat"y '2$. Dilated (:onesti*e! :ardiomyopat"yM Alco"ol% BeriBeri%:ocaine use% :osac>ie B% Doorubicin

'2'. #ystolic Dysunction:ause o 2ry O? '2,. enal Disease:ause o Addison’s '2/. Autoimmune (2nd 7 inection!

:ause o breastlumps

'23. :A o t"e breast

:ause o c"ronicendometriosis

'28. OB

:ause o :onenitalAdrenal yperplasia

'29. 21-ydroylase DefciencyM ?a:l lost C ypotension (t"en%11- ?a:l retention C O?!

:ause o :us"ins '$<. 5oenous #teroid O"erapy (t"en% 1ry A:O% AdrenalAdenoma% 5ctopic A:O!

:ause o Deat" inAl+"eimer pts

'$1. Pneumonia

:ause o Deat" inDiabetics

'$2. ;I

:ause o Deat" inpremature

'$$. ?D# = "yaline membrane disease

:ause o Deat" in#05 pts.

'$'. 0upus ?ep"ropat"y Oype IV (Diuse Prolierati*e! = enalDisease

:ause o Dementia '$,. Al+"eimer’s:ause o Dementia(2nd most common!

'$/. ;ulti-Inarct Dementia

:ause o D)arfsm '$3. Ac"ondroplasia



:ause o Foodpoisonin

#"8. )taph aureus

:ause oematosalpyna

'$9. 5ctopic prenancy

:ause oypoparat"yroidism

''<. O"roidectomy

:ause oypot"yroidism

''1. :orrecti*e surery I$1 treatment

:ause o idneyinections

''2. 5. coli

:ause o 0i*erdisease in #

''$. Alco"ol consumption

:ause o ;alinancyin c"ildren

'''. Acute leu>emia

:ause o ;entalretardation

'',. Do)n’s

:ause o ;entalretardation (2nd most

common!

''/. Fraile N

:ause o ?a:l lossand ypotension

''3. 21 "ydroylase defciency

:ause o PID ''8. ?. "onorr"ea:ause o Portalcirr"osis

''9. Alco"ol

:ause oPre*entableBlindness

',<. :"lamydia (serotypes A%B%Ba%:!

:ause o PulmonaryO?

',1. :EPD

:ause o #econdaryypertension

',2. enal disease

:ause o #IAD ',$. #mall :ell :arcinoma o t"e 0un:ause o OEbstruction in men

','. BPyperplasia

:ause PerniciousAnemia

',,. :"ronic atrop"ic astritis = no production o intrinsic actor

:"romosomalDisorder

',/. Do)n’s

:ommon Oumor ot"e Appendi

',3. :arcinoid tumorM us"in@ diarr"ea@ bronc"ospasm@ eart*al*ular lesions

',8. OtM ;et"yseride (,O antaonist!:onenital :ardiacAnomaly

',9. V#D (membranous Z muscular!

:onenital 5arly:yanosis

'/<. Oetraloy o Fallot =ri"t to let s"unt

:oronary Artery O"rombosis

'/1. 0AD arteryM ;I

DemyelinatinDisease

'/2. ;ultiple #clerosisM (:"arcot Oriad = nystamus% intentiontremor% scannin speec"!



'/$. Peri*entricular plaLues )H ↓ Eliodenrocytes

'/'. ↑ IR in :#F% Eptic ?euritis% ;0F #yndorme = InternuclearEp"t"almopleia% bladder incontinence

Dental Oumor '/,. EdontomaDietary Defciency '//. IronDisease o t"eBreast

'/3. Fibrocystic disease

DisseminatedEpportunisticInection in AID#

'/8. :;V (neumocystis carinii is most common o*erall!

5sop"aeal :ancer '/9. #::AFallopian Oube;alinancy

'3<. Adeno:A

Fatal Renetic Deectin :aucasians

'31. :ystic Fibrosis (c"romosome 3L!

Female Oumor '32. 0eimyomaForm o Amyloidosis '3$. Immunoloic (Bence Sones protein in multiple myeloma is

also called t"e Amyloid 0i"t :"ain!

Form o Oularemia '3'. lcerolandularRerm :ell Oumor o Oestes

'3,. #eminoma (analoous to dyserminoma o o*aries!

Rynecoloical;alinancy

'3/. 5ndometrial :arcinoma

RynecoloicalFindin

'33. 5ndometrial :A

eart ;urmur '38. ;itral Val*e Prolapseeart Val*e inBacterial5ndocarditis

'39. ;itral

eart Val*e inBacterial5ndocarditis in IVdru users

'8<. Oricuspid

eart Val*e in*ol*edin "eumatic Fe*er

'81. ;itral t"en Aortic

ereditary BleedinDisorder

'82. Von illebrand’s Disease

ormone secreted inPituitary Adenoma

'8$. Prolactin

In"erited disease ot"e idney '8'. Adult polycystic >idney diseaseM associated )H polycysticli*er% Berry aneurysms% ;itral prolapse'8,. APD1 7 c"romosome 1/

Intracranial tumor inadults

'8/. Rlioblastoma mulitorme

Islet Oumor '83. Insulinoma = β cell tumor

0i*er 1ry Oumor '88. epatoma0i*er Disease '89. Alco"olic 0i*er Disease0ocation oAdenocarcinoma o

'9<. ead (99!



t"e Pancreas0ocation o AdultBrain Oumors

'91. Abo*e Oentorium

0ocation o:"ild"ood Brain Oumors

'92. Belo) Oentorium

0un Oumor%malinant or benin

'9$. ;alinant

0un Oumor% primaryor secondary

'9'. #econdary

0ysosomal #toraeDisease

'9,. Rauc"er’s

;alinancy inomen

'9/. 0un (2nd breast!

;alinancy o t"e0aryn

'93. Rlottic :A (sLuamous cell!

;alinancy o t"e#mall Intestine

'98. Adenocarcinoma

;alinancy Vul*a '99. #Luamous cell :A;alinant 5ye Oumor in ids

,<<. etinoblastoma

;alinant Oumor ot"e 0i*er

,<1. epatocellular :A

;otor ?euronDisease

,<2. A0#

;uscular Dystrop"y ,<$. Duc"enne’sM Dystrop"in deletion. Presents T,yoa )ea>nessat pel*ic irdles )H up)ard proression

?asal Oumor ,<'. #Luamous cell :A?eoplasm 7 :"ild ,<,. 0eu>emia

?eoplasm 7 :"ild(2nd most common!

,</. ;edulloblastoma o brain (cerebellum!

?eoplasm o t"eest

,<3. Adeno :A o t"e rectum andHor colon

?eoplastic Polyp ,<8. Oubular adenoma?ep"rotic #yndromein Adults

,<9. ;embranous Rlomerulonep"ritis

?ep"rotic #yndromein :"ildren

,1<. ;inimal :"ane (0ipoid ?ep"rosis! Disease (responds )ellto steroid tt!

?on od>in’s0ymp"oma

,11. Follicular small clear cell

?umber o Deat"sper year in omen

,12. 0un :A

#>in tumor ,1$. Basal cell :AEpportunisticinection in AID#

,1'. P:P

E*arian ;alinancy ,1,. #erous :ystadenocarcinomaE*arian Oumor ,1/. amartomaPancreatic Oumor ,13. Adeno (usually in t"e "ead!Patient )it" A00 H ,18. A00 7 :"ild H :00 7 Adult o*er /< H A;0 - Adult o*er /< H :;0



:00 H A;0 H :;0 7 Adult $,-,<Patient )it"Roodpasture’s

,19. Uoun male

Patient )it" eiter’s ,2<. ;alePituitary Oumor ,21. Prolactinoma (2nd 7 #omatotropic 4Acidop"ilic6 Adenoma!Place or Primary#Luamous :ell :A o esop"aus

,22. ;id 1H$

Place or Pepticlcer Disease

,2$. 0esser cur*uture in antrum 7 associated )H blood roup E

Primary Benin#ali*ary Oumor

,2'. Pleomorp"ic Adenoma (;ied! 7 9< locali+ed to t"eparotid

Primaryyperparat"yroidism

,2,. Adenomas (ollo)ed byM "yperplasia% t"en carcinoma!

Primary ;alinancyo Bone

,2/. Esteosarcoma

Primary ;alinancy

o #mall Intestine

,23. 0ymp"oma

Pt. )it" od>in’s ,28. Uoun ;ale (ecept ?odular #clerosis type 7 Female!Pt. )it" ;inimal:"ane Disease

,29. Uoun :"ild

enal ;alinancy ,$<. enal cell :Aenal ;alinancy o5arly :"ild"ood

,$1. ilm’s tumor (neo"roblastoma! 7c"romosome 11p

#ali*ary Oumor ,$2. Pleomorp"ic adenoma#econdaryyperparat"yroidism

,$$. ypocalcemia o :"ronic enal Failure

#eually Oransmitted Disease

,$'. :"lamydia (sero types D-!

#ite o Di*erticula ,$,. #imoid :olon#ite o 5mbolicEcclusion

,$/. ;iddle cerebral aaM contralateral paralysis@ ap"asias@ motorC sensory loss

#ite o ;etastasis ,$3. eional 0ymp" ?odes#ite o ;etastasis(2nd most common!

,$8. 0i*er

#ites oAt"erosclerosis

,$9. Abdominal aorta Z coronary Z popliteal Z carotid

#>in :A o Fair#>inned People

,'<. ;alinant melanoma

#>in :ancer ,'1. Basal :ell :arcinoma#mall Intestine:onenital Anomaly

,'2. ;ec>el’s di*erticulum

#tomac" :ancer ,'$. Adeno 7 associated )H blood roup A Oesticular Oumor ,''. #eminoma = malinant painless testes ro)t" O"yroid Anomaly ,',. O"ryolossal duct cyst O"yroid :A ,'/. Papillary :A Orac"eoesop"aeal ,'3. 0o)er esop"aus oins trac"ea H upper esop"aus 7 blind



Fistula pouc" 7 poly"ydramnios association Oumor in men T2< ,'8. Rerm cell tumor Oumor o Inancy ,'9. Benin *ascular tumor = port )ine stain = emanioma Oumor o t"e#tomac" Z,< yearso ae

,,<. :A o stomac" (adeno :A!

Oype o od>in’s ,,1. ;ied :ellularity (*ersusM lymp"ocytic predominance%lymp"ocytic depletion% nodular sclerosis!

Oype o ?on-od>in’s

,,2. Follicular% small clea*ed

Oype o Portal:irr"osis

,,$. ;icronodular

Oype o #ot Oissue Oumor o :"ild"ood

,,'. "abdomyosarcoma

Vasculitis (omedium C smallarteries!

,,,. Oemporal Arteritis (branc" o :arotid Artery!

Viral 5ncep"alitis ,,/. #V

orm Inection in# ,,3. Pin)orm (2nd

7 Ascaris!

orst Pronosis in O"yroid :as

,,8. Follicular :A

:ause o 0obarPneumonia

,,9. #trep. Pneumoniae

:ause o Deat" bHt2'-'' yoa

,/<. AID#

:ause o Pneumoniain :ystic Fibrosis

,/1. Pseudomonas

:ause o

Esteomyelitis in IVDru sers

,/2. Pseudomonas

:ause o Inection inBurn Pts

,/$. Pseudomonas

;ental Problem in;ales

,/'. #pecifc p"obia

Intellience Oest ,/,. #tanord Binet (aes / C under!,//. IP#I (aes '-/!,/3. I#- (or aes /-13!,/8. AI#- (or Z 13 yoa!

Parap"ilia ,/9. Pedop"ilia

;etabolite seen )HP"eoc"romocytoma

,3<. V;AM *anillylmandelic acid (?5 metabolite!

#e*ere #"iella ,31. DysenteriaeBu in Etitis ;ediaC #inusitis in ids

,32. #trep. Pneumoniae

:ause o a #olitaryBrain Abscess

,3$. A. Israelli

:ause o BacterialDiarr"ea in .#.

,3'. :ampylobacter euni



#"iella Oype ,3,. #. #onnei:ause o ?on-R"onococcalret"ritis

,3/. :"lamydia tric"omonas

Pneumonia ,33. #trep. Pneumoniaeret"ritis ,38. ?. "onorr"ea:ause oRlomerulonep"ritis

,39. IA ?ep"ropat"y = Berer’s Disease

:ause o ViralPneumonia

,8<. #V 7 inants,81. Parainuen+a 7 >ids,82. Inuen+a *irus 7 adults,8$. Adeno *irus 7 military recruits

:omplication o:EPD

,8'. Pulmonary inections

:ause o Deat" )H#05

,8,. enal ailure

Atrial #eptal Deect ,8/. Estium #ecundum Oypearm Antibody ,83. ;ost common orm o immune "emolytic anemia

,88. IR auto antibodies to B:,89. #ee sp"erocytosis@ (Q! :oombs’ test@ complication to :00Immunodefciency ,9<. IA Defciency:onenital RIOAnomaly

,91. ;ec>el’s Di*erticulumM persistence o *itelline ductHyol> sacstal>

:ause o :onenital;alormation

,92. Fetal Alco"ol #yndrome

P"armacoloyAutonomic ?er*ous #ystem5pinep"rine 1. α1% α2% β1% β2

?orepinep"rine 2. α1% α2% β1 (no β2 acti*ity!RABA $. :auses an in"ibitory cell "yperpolari+ation;uscarinic-r '. ses DAR C IP$ as 2nd messeners

,. Parasympat"etic controlBet"anec"ol /. :"olineric. ↑ RI C Bladder motility. Ot atonic bladder post-opPilocarpine 3. :"olineric. Pupillary constriciton= miosis. :iliary constriction=

accomodation.8. Ot acute laucoma

Isourop"ate 9. Eranop"osp"ate. Irre*ersible acetylc"olinesterase (-!rPralidoime 1<. 42PA;6. e*erses oranop"osp"ate bindin to

acetylc"olinesterase?eostimine 11. e*ersible acetylc"olinesterase (-!r

12. Ot ;yast"enia Rra*is;yast"eniaRra*is

1$. Anitbodies to Ac"-r. ↑’ muscular )ea>ness due to Ac"’s )ea>postsynaptic eect X ?;S. Inacti*ates-r

Oubocurium 1'. ?ondepol. :ompetiti*e c"olineric ?-r (-!r.1,. Pre*ents Ac" bindin but does not acti*ate ?;S1/. ↑ istamine release= ↓ BP C ↑ bronc"ospasm

Orimet"ap"an 13. ?onselecti*ely binds ?-r o t"e P#- and #?#Pancurium 18. ;ore potent t"an tubocurium )Ho "istamine release



#uccinylc"oline 19. Depol. ?on competiti*e (-!r o muscle aciton2<. Epens ?a :".= asciculations. :loses ?a :".= paralysis.

:ontinuous inusion.

α1 C 5ye 21. ;ydriasis due to norepinep"rine. Pra+osin (-!.

;-r C 5ye 22. ;iosis due to Ac". Atropine (-!.#ympat"etic 2$. Post anlionic symapt"etic fbers releases norepinep"rineParasym. 2'. Post anlionic parasympat"etic fbers release Ac";$-r C 5ye 2,. :ontracts sp"incter = miosis. :ontracts ciliary =

accomodation.;2-r C eart 2/. ?eati*e c"ronotropyM ↓ = *aal arrest

23. ?eati*e inotropyM ↓ contractility;$-r C 0un 28. Bronc"ospasm ↑secretions;$-r C RI 29. ↑ motility (cramps C diarr"ea!. In*oluntary deecation Oacrine $<. Acetylc"oline esterase (-!r. Ot Al+"eimer’sAtropine $1. DE: )H *aal arrestRlycoperrolate $2. ;-r(-!. Antispasmodic. Ot peptic ulcers.Piren+epine $$. ;-r(-!. Antispasmodic. Ot peptic ulcers.Doacurium $'. ;ost potent competiti*e non-depol ?;S (-!r. ?o cardio*ascular

side eects. ?o istamine release.β bunarotoin $,. Pre*ent t"e releasal o Ac" rom *esicles X t"e pre synaptic

ner*e endin

α bunarotoin $/. Irre*ersible ?-r (-!r = ↓ action potentials

α1 C 5ye $3. :ontracts radial muscle = mydriasis (pupil dilation!

α1 C Arterioles $8. :onstictionM ↑ OP = ↑ Diastolic pressure = ↑ Aterload

α1 C Venules $9. :onstrictionM ↑ Venous return = ↑ Preload

α1 C #eFunction

'<. 5aculation

↑ Diastolic '1. ↑ α1 = ↑ OP

↓ Diastolic '2. ↑ β2@ Direct actin *asodilators@ (Q!:"olinerics

β1 C eart '$. (Q!c"ronotropism = ↑.

''. (Q!inotropism = ↑ contractility@ ↑#V@ ↑:E@ ↑E2 consumption.

',. ↑ conduction *elocityP"enylep"rine '/. α1 (Q! ?asal deconestant.

β2(Q! AsmaDrus

'3. ;etaproterenol@ Albuterol@ Oerbutaline@ itodrine@ #almeterol

itodrineHOurbutaline

'8. elaes myometrium used in pre-mature labor pains

P"entolamine'9. 5pi re*ersal. Bloc>s α% *asodilation occurs. Pt oes romyperO? to ypoO?.,<. Ot p"eoc"romocytoma = ↓BP

Oera+osin ,1. Ot BP Uo"imbine ,2. ↑ sympat"etic outo) = α2 (-!. Ot impotence.:ardioselecti*e?;S

,$. Pancuronium = ↑ due to atropine-li>e anti muscarinic*aolytic eect C Rallamine (-!r

5cot"iop"ate ,'. Irre*ersible c"olinesterase (-!r.Pyridostimine ,,. :"olinomimetic t"at ↑s ; C ?-r eects. (-!



acetylc"olinesterase C plasma c"olinesterase,/. DE: or t"e oral Ot o ;R

:ardioDioin 1. ↓ AV nodal conductionH in". ?aHHAtpase = inc. :a conc. in "eart cells =

inc. contraction orceDiltia+em 2. Ot blac> men. Ot AV nodal re entranceuinidine $. ↓ AV nodal conduction. :inc"onism. Antic"olineric= ara*ate ;R.

ypotension= α bloc>Verapamil '. ↓ AV nodal conduction. ↓ BP. ?eati*e inotrope= no :F usePropranolol ,. ↓ AV nodal conduction. ↓ BP. ?eati*e inotrope(= β bloc>! Ara*ates

Ast"ma and Diabetes ;elitus *ia β2 bloc>.Dia+oide /. Balanced *asodilator.?iroprusside 3. Balanced *asodilator. nloads "eart. ↑s cyanide= pre-tt )H

t"iosulate. Ot Acute O?’* :risiseserpine 8. Ot se*ere C resistant O?. Depletes :A. #ee stuy nose. ?o to pts )H

peptic ulcers.Dobutamine 9. At "i" doses β2(Q! osets α1 = β1 ↑ :E )Ho systemic *ascular

resistanceDopamine 1<. At lo) doses Ot #"oc>= dilates renal and mesenteric aa= maintain

urine output5smolol 11. #"ort actin β(-!:aptopril 12. Balanced *asodilator. Ot Eutpt. :F see dry cou"(brady>inin

induced!Dioin 1$. Ot :F C Atrial Flutter - inotropic - ↓ Q le*els= di. OoicityDi. Ooicity 1'. Fatal *entricular arr"yt"mias )H se*er AV bloc>uinidine 1,. :lassIa anti arr"yt"mic. ;oderate ?a :". Bloc>0idocaine 1/. :lassIb anit arr"yt"mic. ?ormali+es conduction. Ot initial ;I=

control arr"yt"miasFlecanide 13. :lassIc anti arr"yt"mic. ;ar>ed conduction slo)inAmiodarone 18. 0on t1H2= need potent doses to obtain desired le*el or action. #ee

blue s>in% ocular deposits% Pulmonary Fibrosis.?5 19. ↑ AV nodal conduction *ia β1. ;etoprolol(-! β1Ac" 2<. ↓ AV nodal conduction *ia ; receptor. Atorpine(-! ;-rAtenolol 21. :ontrols catec"olamine induced arr"yt"miasBretylium 22. Ot ;alinant Ventricular Arr"yt"mias but causes passin

catec"olamine release t"at can ara*ate arr"yt"mias briey?imodipine 2$. Ot Acute subarac"noid "emorr"ae by pre*entin post

"emorr"aic *asospasmAtropine 2'. ↓ ecess *aal tone as seen in #inus Bradycardia?itrates 2,. ↓ preload= *enous poolin. ↓ ;VE2= ree tac"y. ↑ *entr )or>=

dec E2 demandPropranolol 2/. Bloc>s ree tac"y but causes ecess brady= ↑ diastole time= ↑

5DVVerapamil 23. ↑ E2 supply *ia ↓ in *asospasm Ot Prin+metal’s *ariant aninaAspirin 28. Pre*ents arterial platelet ad"esion (not DVO"rombi!. Inacti*ates

:EN= ↓ platelet production o OA2% a potent *asoconstictor



ararin 29. (-!Vit. dependent amma carboylation o clottin actors=anticoaulation state

eparin $<. Dependent on Antit"rombin III acti*ation OPA $1. Binds to fbrin clots C acti*ates plasminoen on t"e spot. #"ort t1H2%

i*en IV.$2. Does not discriminate bHt fbrin-based clots= bleedin C stro>e

complications arise#trepto>inas

e

$$. From bacteria= alleries arise. :an see ecess bleedin in post-op

pts.ro>inase $'. uman source. ↑ plasmin. :an see ecess bleedin in post-op pts.:olestipol $,. Bile acid seLuestrants. Interrupt bile acid reabsorption= ↑↑ 0D0

upta>e. :"olestyramine same ;EA.0o*astatin $/. ;R:oA reductase(-!= ↑ 0D0-r synt"esis. Pra*astatinH ;e*astatin

same ;EA.0osartan $3. ↓ Aldosterone. ↑ enin 2-$’sDia+oide $8. Ot insulinomas. ?ot balanced *asodilator= onlt dilates arterial

smoot" muscle:lonidine $9. :entral α2(Q!. ↓ OP *ia ↓ symapt"etic eect

;et"yldopa '<. :entral α2(Q!. (QQ! :oombs= emolytic anemiaP"enytoin '1. :lassIb. e*erses mild AV bloc> due to diitoin toicityProcainamide

'2. :lassIa. #05 li>e syndrome.

Indopamide '$. Enly O"ia+ide t"at )ill "a*e no eect on c"olesterol le*els O"ia+ides ''. Elder blac> men )H O? due to ↑ enin.

β(-! ',. Uoun )"ite men )Ho ast"ma (cause bronc"ospasm!

A:5Is '/. (-! c"ane AI AII. (-! Brady>inin inacti*ation. :aptoprilH 5nalapril'3. :ause renal ailure = use )H caution in t"e elderly

5pinep"rine '8. ↑ contraction rate C orce *ia β1.

'9. ↑ systolic but ↓ diastolic BP.,<. ↓ perip"eral resistance *ia β2 *asodilaiton

?orepi. ,1. ↑ "eart rate and ↑ systolic and diastolic BP

,2. ↑ perip"eral blood *essel resistance;et"yldopa ,$. DE: or prenancy induced O?uinidinepre-tt

,'. Atrial arr"yt"mia prett )H a dru t"at )ill ↓ *entricular responseM

Di.@β(-!@ :a :".(-!:lassII ,,. β(-! ↓ris> o reinarction C sudden deat" ollo)in ;I4Rray man6 ,/. AmiodaroneM :lassIII antiarr"yt"miaBeperidil ,3. :a :"(-!. 0imited clinical use due to Oorsades de Pointes

A:5Is ,8. Vasodilate renal eerents Z t"an aerent arteriolesM ↓RF CFiltration pressure

,9. ↓ Diabetic renal ailure proressionAdenosine /<. Its receptor is bloc>ed by ;et"ylant"ines (ieY O"eop"yline!

/1. Fa*ored or t"e Ot o eentrant #upra Ventricular Oac"ycardia5noaparin /2. 0o) molecular )ei"t "eparin = Eral anticoaulantIsoproterenol /$. ↑ C ↓;APVariantanina

/'. se :a :". (-!r ieY ?iedipine



:ontraindicated in :F

/,. β (-!r = you don’t )ant to ↓ t"e "eart’s pumpin strent"

:?#4OE;6 1. #"ort 7actin BDKsM

2. Oria+olam$. Ena+elam'. ;ida+olam

Butyrop"enone

,. aloperidol C Droperidol

Atypical D' /. :lo+apine 7 O"iorida+ine 7 Elan+epine 7 isperidone = Do not cause5P#

Fluma+enil 3. BDK antidote or ED;et"ylp"enidate

8. Ot attention defcit disorder

P"enytoin 9. :auses aplastic anemiaH ini*al "yperplasiaH clet lip C palate O"iopental 1<. #"ort actin Barb:arbama+epine

11. DE: trieminal neuralia. Ot lenno estaut sei+ures in >ids

Atypical D'-r 12. O"iorida+ine@ Elam+apine@ :lo+apinePimo+ide 1$. Ot Oourette’sisperidone 1'. Rood or neati*e symptoms O"iorida+ine 1,. ;ost anti c"olineric neurolepticaloperidol 1/. ?euroleptic malinant "ypert"ermia due to c"ronic D2 bloc>.

i*e Dantrolene and BromocriptineImirpamine 13. 5nurisis:lomirpramine

18. Ot E:D #ee aressi*e be"a*ior )H use

Ora+adone 19. Priapism

Bupropion 2<. elps to Luit smo>in##Is 21. Primarily used or E:DFluoetine 22. Rood or neati*e symptomsP"enel+ine 2$. Irre*ersible ;AEI0it"ium 2'. Ot manic p"ase o Bipolar Disorder

2,. :auses oiter by (-! con*ersion o O' to O$2/. ?ep"roenic diabetes insipidus23. 0o) salt diet )ill lead to 0i toicity

Alpra+olam 28. DE: stae ri"tPropranolol 29. #ocial p"obia

κ -r $<. #pinal analesia. 5up"oria. QQeup"oria. QQsedation.

:onstipation.µ-r $1. #upraspinal analesia. Dysp"oria. Qrespiratory depression.

Qsedation.;orp"ine CE2

$2. Admin. is contraindicated to pts on morp"ine sedation= ↓ :E2 sensiti*ity and E2 admin. can stop breat"in.

;orp"ine $$. ↑ I:P = do not i*e to pt. )it" "ead trauma;orp"ine ED $'. 1.pinpoint pupils 2.↓’d respiraiton $.coma;eperidine $,. Anest"etic used durin laborydromorp"o $/. µ(Q! used in renal ailure



ne Oramadol $3. Ambulatory tt or mod. to se*ere pain?aloone $8. Ot opioid ED. e*erses respiratory depressionPenta+ocine $9. Part κ (Q! C part µ(-!Butorp"enol '<. Part κ (Q! C part µ(-!?albup"ene '1. Part κ (Q! C part µ(-!

↓ RABA '2. ↓ sei+ure ocus= Barbs C BDKs

↓ Fast ?a :". '$. ↓ electrical acti*ity spread = P"enytoin C :arbama+epine;et"oyurane

''. :an be nep"rotoic. ?eeds lo) ;A: or anest"etic induction.

5nurane ',. :an cause tonicHclonic muscle spasmsIsourane '/. :an cause bronc"ospasmalot"ane '3. :an cause *entricular etrasystoles C ;alinant "ypert"ermia C

epatitis?itric Eide '8. ?o eect on . ?eeds "i" ;A: or anest"etic induction. O"iopental '9. #"ort actin Barb.entamine ,<. Dissociati*e anest"eticDroperidol ,1. :an be used in combo )H Fentanyl or neuroleptoanalesic eect

,2. ?euroleptic tranLuili+er. as mild alp"a bloc>Fentanyl ,$. :an be used on combo )H Droperidol or neuroleptoanalesic

eect,'. sed transdermally or c"ronic pain

;ida+olam ,,. Pre anest"etic. Induces amnesiaPrimidone ,/. Biotransormed to P"enobarb.: C A deltaFibers

,3. First fbers to be bloc>ed )H anest"esia

5sters ,8. Procaine% Oetracaine% Ben+ocaine,9. Bro>en do)n and ma>e PABA (alleren!

Amides /<. 0idocaine% ;epi*aciane% Bupi*aciane% 5tidocaine= 4i6 beore4caine6 al)ays an amide/1. ;etaboli+ed in t"e li*er

Amp"etamine /2. DA reupta>e (-!’r. ;AEI. Par>inson’s ttBromocriptine /$. D2(Q!. sed )H 0-Dopa or 4on-o6 p"enomenon o Par>inson’sBen+tropine /'. Ant ; )H some DA reupta>e (-!. Par>inson’s ttAmantidine /,. ↓ DA reupta>e. :an cause li*ido reticularis= s>in mottlin.Dip"en"ydramine

//. Ot early Par>inson’s staes

Perolide /3. Z 5ecti*e C loner actin t"an Bromocriptine5t"osuimide /8. DE: or Absence sei+ures

Oranylcypromine

/9. ;AEI = antidepressant

##I C ;AEI 3<. Fatal combo% especially seen )it" t"e use o Paroetine orFluoetine (##Is! and Oranylcypromine (;AEI!

0abor opioids 31. ;eperidine C ?albup"ineDesipraminecauses

32. #udden cardaic deat" in c"ildren

Anti-Inecti*ePrimaLuine '. ;alaria proylais



,. sed or etraeryt"rocytic orms Plasmodium *i*a or P.o*ale

:iporoacin /. uinolone deri*ati*e#ulonamides 3. PABA structural analos

8. In"ibit Folic acid synt"esis Oertacyclines% anuria C t"eeception

9. #"ould not be used in anuric pt due to production o (-!?itroen balance C ↑d B? le*els.

1<. Doycycline is t"e eception:etria+one 11. $rd eneration cep"alosporin

12. DE: or bacterial meninitis in >ids (ieY iB!1$. Ene dose tt o onorr"ea

epatic coma DE: 1'. ?eomycin (aminolycoside! 7 it supresses t"e normalora = ↓ ?' production = ↓ ree nitroen le*els int"e bloodstream.

:la*ulanic acid 1,. Irre*ersible (-!r o β lactamases% but ot o

transpeptidase = use )H a β lactamase sensiti*epenicillin

Piperacillin 1/. Ot Pseudomonas aeruinosa C lebsiella

13. Broad spectrum antibiotic#treptomycin(aminolycoside!

18. Ot ;ycobacterium tuberculosis

Isonia+id 19. ;ost commonly used dru or OB.2<. sually combined )H iampin andHor 5t"ambutol21. Pre Ot )H Pyridoine (Vit B/! can pre*ent perip"eral

neuritis[Pyrantel Pamoate 22. Ot o oo>)orm disease

2$. Depolari+in ?;S (-!rBuy 4AO6 $<% 4:5006 at ,< 2'. A = Aminolycosides

2,. O = Oetracyclines

2/. : = :"loramp"enicol23. 5 = 5ryt"romycin (macrolide!28. 0 = :lindamycin29. 0 = 0incomycin

:eoitin $<. Ot intraabdominal inections (ieY )H Bacteroidesrailis!

$1. Oraditional tt "as been :lindamycin C Rentamycin:"loramp"enicol $2. Broad spectrum antibiotic

$$. Bone marro) depression (common! 7 Aplastic anemia(rare!

$'. Rray baby syndrome (c"loramp"enicol cannot be

conuated!$,. DE: Oyp"oid Fe*er (symptomatic #almonella

inection!$/. DE: iB meninitis in >ids 7 especially resistant strain

to ampicillin?iurtimo $3. Ot trypanosomiasis;etronida+ole $8. Ot 0eis"maniasis C Amebiasis

$9. Rood or anaerobic bacteria = Bacteroides railis'<. DE: Oric"omoniasis



'1. DE: Riardia lamblia Ot P. carinii '2. O;P-#;N C Pentamidine Oetracycline '$. Ot o Brucellosis C :"olera

''. Ot oc>y ;ountain #potted Fe*er',. Ot spiroc"ete inections = 0yme disease (Borrelia

burdoreri! O;P-#;N '/. (-! di"ydroolate reductase acti*ityBen+at"ine Penicillin R '3. 0on duration o action = i*en once e*ery $-' )ee>s

or Ot o #yp"ilisPra+iLuantel '8. Ot #c"istosomiasis (trematode Gu>eJ inections!;elarsoprol '9. Ot Orypanosomiasis t"at "as neuroloical symptoms#tiboluconate ,<. Ot 0eis"maniasisFlucona+ole ,1. Ot unal encep"alitisAmp"otericin B ,2. Polyene antifnaletocona+ole ;EA ,$. (-! unal erosterol synt"esis = disrupts membraneRriseoul*in ;EA ,'. Accumulates in >eratini+ed layers o t"e s>in = used

in dermatomycoses inections;eoLuine ,,. Anti malarial

,/. Ot :"loroLuine resistant strains = P. alciparum:"loroLuine ,3. Ot or ;alaria )"en inside B:?iurtimo ,8. DE: :"aas disease due to Orypanosoma cru+i5ryt"romycin ,9. sed in pts alleric to penicillins?ystatin /<. Oopical tt o superfcial mycotic inections =

:andidiasisAcyclo*ir /1. Ruanine analo

/2. Ot erpes inectionsImipenem /$. sed )H :ilastatin

/'. :an cause sei+ures:eopera+one side eects /,. Bleedin due to *it le*el alterations

//. :ontraindicated in pts )H bleedin disordersVancomycin /3. sed or ;## (met"icillin resistant #tap". Aureus!

/8. 4ed nec>6M due to "istamine release causes acialus"in

;eropenem /9. used )H :ilastatin3<. Does not cause sei+ures (c )H Imipenem!

?acillin 31. Enly penicillin t"at does not need dose adustment inrenal impairment

Perip"eral neuropat"y 32. #een )H use oM3$. ;etronida+ole 7 Isonia+id 7 Vincristine 7 ddI 7 AKO 7

Allopurinol

#ulonamides C ne)borns 3'. ernicterus can occur4E.?.5.6 or onorr"ea 3,. FluoroLuinolones used in a one dose deal or

onorr"eaM3/. E = Eoacin33. ? = ?oroacin38. 5 = 5noacin

iba*irin 39. Ot #V (espiratory #yncytial Virus!

Anti-?eoplastics:yclosporine 8<. Protects aainst reections rom oran



transplants81. Does not induce bone marro) depression

:yclop"osp"amide

82. Al>ylatin aent o bot" purine C pyrimidinebases o D?A

8$. Ot :00:isplatin’stoicities

8'. ?ep"ro- C Etotoicity

;et"otreate 8,. Antimetabolite o olic acidM (-!di"ydroolate

reductase0euco*orinescue

8/. :an bloc>Hreduce ;et"otreate = ↑ olic acid *iaa reduced olate

Bleomycintoicities

83. Pneumonitis C pulmonary fbrosis

A+at"iorine 88. sed in oran transplantation = >idney allorats89. Allopurinol can ↑ its acti*ity by (-! its

biotransormation to ant"ine oidase;EPP 9<. :"emot"erapy used in t"e tt o od>in’s

disease

91. ; = ;ec"loret"amine 7 nitroen mustard92. E = Enco*in (Vincristine! 7 pre*ents microtubuleassembly

9$. P = Procarba+ine9'. P = Prednisone 7 lucocorticoid% inducin

apoptosis Oamoien 9,. (-! estroen receptor

9/. Ot o breast tumors% can see associatedendometrial :A

Flutamide 93. Antiandroenic98. sed )H 0euprolide (0- analo!

99. Ot prostatic :A;eestrol 1<<. (-! proesterone receptor1<1. Ot endometrial :A

Fluoymesterone

1<2. Androenic steroid1<$. Ot mammary :A in postmenopausal )omen

;et"otreate 1<'. Folic acid analo t"at (-! tetra"ydroolatesynt"esis by (-! di"ydroolate reductase

1<,. Ot o A001</. Ot o Psoriasis

Brain tumor Ot

1<3. 0omustine1<8. :armustine 7 :auses pulmonary fbrosis

#trepto+ocin 1<9. Attac"es to β cells11<. Ot o pancreatic insulinomas

:ytarabine(Ara:!

111. Pyrimidine analo112. DE: or A;0

Dactinomycin 11$. sed or ilms tumor C r"abdomyosarcoma5toposide 11'. sed or oat cell :APaclitael 11,. sed or o*arian :AAmiostine 11/. :an ↓ nep"rotoicity due to c"ronic use o

:isplatin



Pat";obit+ I 113. sually due to inerior ;I. arely oes into $rd deree bloc>.

118. Ot )H Atropine or Isoproterenol.;obit+ II 119. BBB association. Eten oes to $rd deree AV bloc>. sually

due to anterior ;I.P )a*e 12<. Atrial depol.

a )a*e 121. 0A contraction O )a*e 122. Vetricular repol.a*y fbers 12$. 5osinop"ilic bands o necrotic myocytes. 5arly sin o ;I. Sane)ay’s lesions 12'. Acute bacterial endocarditis.

12,. ?ontender% eryt"ematous lesions o palms C soles.Esler’s nodes 12/. #ubacute bacterial endocarditis.

123. Oender lesions o fners C toes. O"iamine decy 128. et Beri Beri "eart. Dilated (conested! cardiomyopat"y

due to c"ronic alco"ol consumption129. Dyr Beri Beri = perip"eral neuropat"y1$<. ernic>e-orsa>o = ataia@ conusion@ conabulation@

memory lossFibrinous Pericarditis 1$1. Associated )H ;IM Dressler’s#erous Pericarditis 1$2. Associated )H nonbacterial@ *iral (:osac>ie! inection@

immunoloic reaction.Friction ub 1$$. Pericarditis associationemorr"aicPericarditis

1$'. Associated )H OB or neoplasm

estricti*e:ardiomyopat"y

1$,. A>a infltrati*e cardiomyopat"y t"at stiens t"e "eart1$/. Due to amyloidosis in t"e elderly1$3. Due to % also see sc"aumann C asteroid bodies in youn

(T2, yoa!.P;0’s inectiousaent

1$8. S: Virus (Papo*a*irus = dsD?A% na>ed icosa"edral capsid!

5dema 1$9. ↑Pc (more seeps out!

1'<. ↓πc (less reabsorbed!

1'1. ↑ permeability1'2. Bloc> lymp"atic drainae

Adult Polycysticidney Disease

1'$. :ommonly see li*er cysts C Berry aneurysms alon )H>idney cysts. ematuria C O? also present.

1''. $ cysts in ea. idney )H Q amily "istory confrms dianosis;alinant O? C

idneys

1',. Pete"ial "emorr"aes are seen on >idney suraces = Flea-

Bitten surace = youn blac> men?ep"ritic sins 1'/. ematuria@ B: casts@ O??ep"rotic sins 1'3. Proteinuria@ ypoalbuminemia@ 5demaPodocyte5acement seen )H

1'8. ;inimal :"ane (0ipoid nep"rosis! disease

A#E seen in 1'9. Acute post-streptococcal R? (due to βRA#rtep!1,<. Anti streptolysin E

:rescentic R? 1,1. apidly proressi*e R? 7 nep"ritic syndrome1,2. Associated )H multi system disease or post-strepHpost



inectious lomerular nep"ritisereditary ?ep"ritis 1,$. Alport’s syndrome. N lin>ed

1,'. enal disease )H deaness C ocualr abnormalities;embranoprolierati*e R?

1,,. :an be secondary to complement defciency@ c"ronicinections@ :00

1,/. #ee tram trac>in OypeI ;embranoProlierati*e R?

deposits

1,3. :$ C IR deposits

OypeII ;embranoProlierati*e R?deposits

1,8. Enly :$ deposits1,9. A>a Dense deposit disease

Focal sementallomerulosclerosisdeposits

1/<. I; C :$ deposits

:old alutinins 1/1. #een in atypical pneumonia1/2. It is I; Ab )it" specifcity or I A on adult B:s

#croula 1/$. OB in t"e lymp" nodesAspirin-Ast"ma Oriad 1/'. ?asal polyps 7 "initis 7 bronc"oconstrictionFerruinous bodies 1/,. emosiderin (piment )H Fe$-! co*ered macrop"aes t"at

"a*e been pa"ocytisedPancoast’s tumorcauses

1//. lnar ner*e pain C orner’s syndrome

Fatty deeneration 1/3. ;ade up primarily o trilycerides1/8. ;ost commonly due to alco"olism )"ic" commonly leads to

"epatic cirr"osis1/9. Associated )H ::l'-

:loudy s)ellin 13<. Failure o cellular ?a pump131. #een in Fatty deeneration o t"e li*er and in ydropic

(Vacuolar! deeneration o t"e li*erydropicdeeneration

132. #e*ere orm o cloudy s)ellin13$. #een )it" "ypo>alemia induced by *omittinHdiarr"ea

0iLueactionnecrosis

13'. apid en+ymatic brea> do)n o lipids13,. #een commonly in Brain C #pinal cord (:?#! inuries13/. #een in suppurati*e inections = pus ormation

:oaulation necrosis 133. esult o sudden isc"emia138. #een in orans )H end arteries limited collateral circulation!

= "eart% lun% >idney% spleen:aseation necrosis 139. :ombination o bot" coaulation C liLueaction necrosis

18<. #een )H ;. tuberculosis C istoplasma capsulatum inection

Fibrinoid necrosis 181. #een in t"e )alls o small arteries182. Associated )H malinant "ypertension% polyarteritis nodosa%immune mediated *asculitis

Fat necrosis 18$. esult o lipase actions liberated rom pancreatic en+ymes18'. #een )H Acute pancreatitis = saponifcation results

emoptysis 18,. Blood in sputumPulmonaryembolism

18/. ;ost commonly t"rombus rom lo)er etremity *ein

P"lebot"rombosis 183. From a *ein o lo)er etremities% o a prenant uterus% in:onesti*e "eart ailure% bed ridden pt%



188. As a complicaiton in a pt )H Pancreatic :A due to ↑d bloodcoaulability

#addle embolus 189. 5mbolus loded in biurcation o pulmonary trun>s19<. ↑↑ V strain = V C A dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale

Paradoicalembolism

191. i"t to 0et s"unt allo)s a *enous embolism to enterarterial circulation

192. Patent o*ale oramen or Atrial septal deect Ouberculoidranuloma

19$. :ollection o macrop"aes )Ho caseation19'. #een )H #arcoidosis (non-caseatin!@ #yp"ilis@ Brucellosis

and 0eprotic inections:ellulitis 19,. #preadin inection due to streptococcusP#A 19/. Prostate #pecifc Antien = ele*ated in prostatic :A

↑↑,-O 193. In cases o metastatic carcinoid% tt )H ;et"yseride (,Oantaonist!

↑ αFeto Protein 198. epatocarcinoma199. ?eural tube deects

:5A 2<<. :arcinoembryonic Antien = ele*ated in :olon :A:"romosome 1$ 2<1. etinoblastoma

:"romosome 11p 2<2. ilms tumor o t"e >idneyVinyl :"loride 2<$. Associated )H Aniosarcoma o t"e li*erAent Erane 2<'. :ontains dioin

2<,. Implicated as a cause o od>in@s disease% non-od>in’slymp"oma C sot tissue sarcomas

Parasites C :A 2</. #c"istosoma "aematobium = rinary bladder :A2<3. #. mansoni = :olon :A2<8. Asperillus a*us = potent "epatocarcinoen

Ec"ronosis 2<9. Al>aptonuria21<. 5rror in tyrosine metabolism due to omoentisic acid

(oidi+es tyrosine!

211. In*ol*in inter*ertebral dis>s = An>ylosin #pondilitis =Po>er spine

212. #ee dar> urine@ dar> coloration o sclera% tendons% cartilae0ead poisonin 21$. Acid ast inclusion bodies

21'. ↑ urinary coproprop"yrin21,. AnemiaM microcyticH "ypoc"romic21/. #tipplin o t"e basop"ils213. Rini*al line C lead line in bonesM -ray218. ;ental retardation

eroin ED% clinically 219. ;assi*e pulmonary edema )H rot"y uid rom t"e nostrilsFetal alco"ol

syndrome

22<. #mall "ead% small eyes% unnel c"est% A#D% mental

defciency% and "irsutismAtypicalmycobacterium

221. ;. >anasasii C ;. a*ium intracellulare

:old abscesses 222. 0iLuefed OB lesions similar to pyoenic abscesses butlac>in acute inammation

Actinomyces isrealli 22$. Farmers inection22'. 0umpy a) (rom c"e)in rain! C PID (ID!% but most

common is due to saprop"yticus:onenital #yp"ilis 22,. #addle nose% #aber s"in% utc"inson’s teet"% ner*e



deaness% interstitial >eratitisart"in-Fin>eledycells

22/. eticuloendot"elial iant cells on tonsils% lymp" nodes%spleen

223. #een )it" ubeola (measles! due to paramyo*irusDip"yllobot"riumlatum

228. Oape)orm inection causin mealoblastic anemia byconsumin lare amount o *it B12 in t"e "ost

#ubacute Bacterial5ndocarditis

229. α emolytic #treptococci (#. *iridans! = usually in pt )H pre-eistin "eart problem

Acute Bacterial5ndocarditis

2$<. #tap" aureus% β emolytic #treptococci% 5. coli2$1. :ommon amon dru addicts C diabetics

;itral InsuWciency 2$2. uptured papillary muscle0et AnteriorDescendin branc"

2$$. Branc" o t"e 0et :oronary artery2$'. i"est reLuency o t"rombotic occlusion2$,. ;I = anterior )all o t"e 0V% especially in apical part o

inter*entricular septum0et :ircumebranc"

2$/. Branc" o t"e 0et :oronary artery2$3. Ecclusion = ;I o posteriorHlateral )all o t"e 0V

Dissectin

Aneurysm

2$8. False aneurysmM it is splittin o t"e media o t"e aorta

2$9. sually accompanied )H lon "istory o se*ere"ypertension% also seen )H amilial "yperlipidemia%at"erosclerotic disease% ;aran’s :ollaen disease

2'<. Kones o medial necrosis QH- slitli>e cysts = ;edial :ystic?ecrosis o 5rd"eim

:or Pulmonale 2'1. i"t *entricular strain% associated )H ri"t *entricular"ypertrop"y

Acute :or Pulmonale 2'2. #udden ri"t *entricular strain due to a massi*e pulmonaryembolism

Bronc"opneumonia 2'$. 0obular (rat"er t"an lobar!2''. Due to #tap" aureus@ Pseudomonas aeruinosa@ lebsiella@

5. coli2',. Abscess ormation is common0obar pneumonia 2'/. Due to #trep. Pneumoniae inection (, due to lebsiella!

2'3. ed epati+ationM days 1-$ o t"e pneumonia2'8. Rray epati+ationM days $-8 o untreated pneumonia2'9. :omplicaitonsM pleural eusion@ atelectasia@ fbrinous

pleuritis@ empyema@ fbrinous pericarditis@ otitis mediaBronc"iectasis 2,<. Permanent dilatation o t"e bronc"i 7 predisposed by

c"ronic sinusitis and post nasal drip2,1. #upparation associated2,2. 0o)er lobe Z t"an upper lobe in*ol*ement

:old Alutinins 2,$. Found )H ;ycoplasma pneumoniaePanlobular5mp"ysema

2,'. α1 7 antitrypsin defciency% causin elastase ↑ = ↑ compliance in t"e lun

Bulla 2,,. Associated )H 5mp"ysema = 4Bleb6 = outpouc"in - I itruptures causes Pneumot"ora

Farmer’s 0un 2,/. Due to ;icropolyspora aeni (t"ermop"ilic actinomycetes!Baassosis 2,3. Due to ;. *ularis (actinomycetes!

2,8. In"alation o suar cane dust#ilo-Filler’s 0un 2,9. Due to ?itroen dioide rom nitrates in corn



R/PD Defciency 2/<. #e-lin>ed c"ronic "emolytic anemia )Ho c"allene or atereatin a*a beans

2/1. ein+ Bodies appear in B:s

bF ↑↑ 2/2. #ic>le :ell Anemia

;ultiple ;yeloma 2/$. 0ytic lesions o at bones (4salt C pepper lesions6! =*ertebrae% ribs% s>ull@ ypercalcemia@ Bence-Sones proteincasts

od>in’s Disease 2/'. ;alinant neoplasm o t"e lymp" nodes causin pruritis@e*er = loo>s li>e an acute inection

2/,. eed #ternber cellsPolyarteritis ?odosa 2//. Immune comple disease o A-Ab complees on blood

*essel )all2/3. al o t"e immune complees "a*e epatitis B A2/8. :an see e*er@ abd.pain@ ↓ )t@ O?@ muscle ac"es

#prue 2/9. :eliac disease due to a luten-induced enteropat"y = smallintestine *illi are blunted

23<. i" titers o anti-liadin Abs C ↑ IA le*elseional 5nteritis 231. :ro"n’s Disease

232. Association )H Art"ritis@ *eitis@ 5ryt"ema ?odosum"ipple’s Disease 23$. Intestinal 0ipodystrop"y = malabsorption syndromeulc"its>y cells 23'. ?eural cest cells rom )"ic" carcinoids arise = o t"e

Bronc"i@ RIO@ Pancreaslcerati*e :olitis 23,. Inammatory disease o t"e colon )H ↑ colon :A incidence

23/. :rypt abscess in t"e crypts o 0ieber>u"n233. Pseudopolyps )"en ulcers are deep238. ?ot transmural in*ol*ement

Vainal Adenosis 239. omen eposed to D5# (Diet"ylstilbesterol! in utero beoret"e 18t" )ee> o prenancy

28<. #ome de*elop clear cell adenocarcinoma o t"e *aina C

cer*i#cirr"ous :arcinoma 281. Infltratin Duct :arcinoma )H fbrosis 7 most common type

o breast carcinomaobauer :ells 282. 0ipid laden macrop"aes seen in *illi o 5ryt"roblastosis

Fetalisetinopat"y oPrematurity

28$. etrolental Fibroplasia = cause o bindness in premies dueto "i" E2 concentrations

IA defciency 28'. Pt "as recurrent inections C diarr"ea )H ↑ respiratory tractallery C autoimmune diseases

28,. I i*en blood )H IA = de*elop se*ere% atal anap"ylaisreaction

Priamry #oren’s 28/. Dry eyes C dry mout"% art"ritis. ↑ ris> or B cell lymp"oma.0A-D$ reLuent. Autoimmune disease.

#econdary #oren’s 283. "eumatoid art"ritis% #05% or systemic sclerosis association288. A association s"o)s 0A-D'

0D1 C 0D2 289. ;yocardium. 0D1 "i"er t"an 0D2 = ;yocardialInarction

0D$ 29<. 0un tissue0D' C 0D, 291. 0i*er cellseratomalacia 292. #e*ere Vit A defciency. #ee Bitot’s spots in t"e eyes = ray



plaLues = t"ic>ened% >eratini+ed 5O;etabisfte Oest 29$. #uspendin B:s in a lo) E2 content solution

29'. :an detect emolobin #% )"ic" sic>les in lo) E2;icroaniopat"icemolytic Anemia

29,. :an be due to emolyitc remic #yndrome C O"rombotic O"rombocytopenic Purpura (OOP!

29/. #ee elmet cellsri"t’s stain 293. #tain or Bur>itt’s lymp"oma;ononucleosis 298. Due to 5BV ineciton

299. I ;ono is treated )H Ampicillin% t"in>in t"at it is a strepp"arynitis% a ras" )ill occur.

O(8@1'! $<<. Bur>itt’s lymp"oma = c-myc oncoene o*erepression O(9@22! $<1. :;0 = c-ablHbcr ene ormation = P"iladelp"ia translocation0aner"an :ellistiocytosis

$<2. 0etter #i)e syndrome@ and #c"uller :"ristian Disease@5osinop"ilic Rranuloma

$<$. Birbec> ranules are present = tennis rac>et s"ape;yeloid ;etaplasia $<'. Al>aline p"osp"atase ↑Hnormal compare to :;0 = lo) to

absent$<,. Anemia@ splenomealy@ platelets Z 1 million = etensi*e

etra-medullary "ematopoiesis;ultiple ;yeloma $</. ea>ness@ )t. loss@ recurrent inection@ proteinuria@ anemia@↑ prolieration o plasma cells in B; = plasma cell d

$<3. #erum ; protein spi>e 7 most oten o IR or IA$<8. ypercalcemia (↑ bone destruction!

O(1'@18! $<9. ? 0ymp"oma = bcl2 proto-oncoene o*erepression seen)H )mall leaved ell /0ollicualr ymphoma

Focal #emental R?es

$1<. IA Focal R? = Berer’s disease@ #05@ PA?@ #c"onlein-enoc" purpura (anap"ylactoid purpura!

?ep"rotic #yndromees

$11. Focal (#emental! R?@ ;embranous R?@ 0ipoid (;inimal:"ane! R?@ ;embranoprolierati*e R?@ ep B@ #yp"ilis@

Penicillamine#c"istosomaaematobium

$12. Inection is assocaited )H #Luamous cell :A o t"e Bladder(most common Bladder :A is transitional cell type!

$1$. Associated )H portal O? due to intra"epatic obstructionPenicillin esistantPID

$1'. PID is usually due to ?. Ronorr"oeae% but i unresponsi*e topenicillin t"in> o Bacteroides species

Duret emorr"aes $1,. #e*ere ↑ in I:P )H do)n)ard diplacement o cerebellartonsils into Foramen ;anum causin a compression on t"ebrainstem )H "emorr"ain into t"e pons C midbrain

$1/. ?early al)ays associated )H deat" due to damae to t"e*ital centers in t"ese areas

ypertensi*eemorr"ae

$13. Predilection or lenticulostriate arteries = putamen Cinternal capsule "emorr"aes

:erebral 5mbolismrom

$18. ;I )H ;ural O"rombi@ Atrial Fib O"rombi = ;arantic t"rombi@0-sided Bacterial 5ndocarditis@ Paradoical 5mbolism o septaldeect

?eurosyp"ilis $19. Oabes Dorsalis = ↓ oint position sensation% ↓ pain sensationataia% Aryl obertson pupils

$2<. #yp"ilitic meninitis$21. Paretic neurosyp"ilis



,p- $22. :ri di :"atM mental retardation@ small "ead@ )ide set eyes@lo) set ears@ cat-li>e cry

Orisomy 1$ $2$. Patau’sM small "ead C eyes@ clet lip C palate@ many fners

Acute :oldAlutinaiton

$2'. Abs to I blood roup A. ;ediated by I; Abs$2,. :omplication o 5BV or ;ycoplasma pneumoniae inections

:"ronic :oldAlutinaiton

$2/. Associated )Hlymp"oid neoplasms. #ee alutination C"emolysis in tissue eposed to cold. I; Abs

B: EsmoticFraility $23. ereditary #p"erocytosis

?on-od>in’s0ymp"omas

$28. #mall 0ymp"ocyticM lo) rade B cell lymp"oma o t"eelderly. elated to :00.

$29. #mall :lea*ed cell (Follicualr!M lo) rade B cell lymp"oma ot"e elderly. O(1'@18! bcl-2 oncoene

$$<. 0are :ell$$1. 0ymp"oblasticM "i" rade O cell lymp"oma o >ids

proressin to O-A00$$2. #mall ?on :lea*ed = Bur>itt’sM "i" rade B cell lymp"oma.

5BV inection. )tarry s3y "isto appearance. O(8@1'! c-myc

proto-oncoene. elated to B-A00#iner’s ?odules $$$. Benin laryneal polyps associated )H smo>in C o*eruseo t"e *oice

Paraseptalemp"ysema

$$'. Associated )H blebs (lare subpleural bullae! t"at canrupture and cause pneumot"ora

#uperior Vena :a*a#yndrome

$$,. Ebstructed due to bronc"oenic carcinoma. :ausin s)ollenace C cyanosis.

Betel nuts $$/. Associated to oral cancer.Fundal (Oype A!Rastritis

$$3. Antibodies to parietal cells@ pernicious anemia@ autoimmunediseases

Antral (Oype B!

Rastritis

$$8. Associated )H elicobacter (:ampylobacter! pylori inection

9< o duodenal ulcerPrimary Biliary:irr"osis

$$9. Autoimmune oriin@ middle aed )omen@ anti-mitoc"ondriaAbs

$'<. Saundice@ itc"in@ "yperc"olesterolemia (can see cutaneousant"omas!

Acute Pancreatitis $'1. ↑ pancreatic en+ymes = at necrosis@ sapponifcation =

"ypocalcemia@ ↑ serum amylase$'2. #e*ere epiastric ab pain@ prostration@ radiation to t"e bac>

adiatin Bac> Pain $'$. :"ronic pancreatitis:ompleteydatidiorm ;ole

$''. ?o embryo. Paternal deri*ation only. '/NN

Partial ydatidiorm;ole

$',. 5mbryo. 2 or more sprems ertili+ed 1 o*umMtriploidyHtetraploidy occurs

:old ?odules $'/. ypoplastic Roiter nodules t"at do not ta>e up radio acti*eiodine. GEppositeM "ot C do ta>e up iodineJ

Acidop"ils $'3. ;ammotrop"s = Prolactin$'8. #omatotrop"s = R

Basop"ils $'9. O"yrotrop"s = O#$,<. Ronadotrop"s = 0$,1. :orticotrop"s = A:O C F#



0acunar #tro>es $,2. #mallHocal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.$,$. #ensoryM lesion o t"alamus$,'. ;otorM lesion o internal capsule

:#F o Bacterial;eninitis

$,,. ↓ Rlucose@ ↑ Protein@ ↑ ?eutrop"ils@ ↑ Pressure

:#F o Viral;eninitis

$,/. ?ormal Rlucose@ QH-↑ Protein@ ↑ 0ymp"ocytes

;arble Bone

Disease$,3. EsteoporosisM Albers-#c"onberd Disease = inspite o ↑d

bone density% many ractures = ↓ osteoclasts:,a $,8. In*ol*ed in :"emotais (or ?eutrop"ils!:$b $,9. In*ol*ed in Epsoni+ation (C IR!Anap"ylotoins $/<. :$a C :,a (mediate istamine release rom Basop"ils C

;ast cells!Vasoacti*e;ediators

$/1. VasoconstrictionM OA2@ 0O:'@ 0OD'@ 0O5'@ PAF$/2. VasodilationM PRI2@ PRD2@ PR52@ PRF2α@ Brady>inin@ PAF

$/$. ↑d Vascular PermeabilityM ist.@ ,O@ PRD2@ PR52@ PRF2α@0O:'@ 0OD'@ 0O5'@ Brady>inin@ PAF

Platelet Areation $/'. ADP@ O"rombin@ OA2@ collaen@ 5pinep"rine@ PAF

Platelet Antaonist $/,. Prostacyclin (PRI2!Intrinsic Pat")ay $//. F NII (aman!M APOO5trinsic Pat")ay $/3. F VIIM PO0ines o Ka"n $/8. Aterial t"rombi = pale red colored (dar> red is *enous

t"rombi!:urrant Sellyappearance

$/9. Post mortem clots

5mirationM:"emotais

$3<. ;arination$31. Pa*ementin$32. Ad"esion$3$. :"emotais

$3'. P"aocytosis$3,. Intracellular microbial >illin

Oransudate $3/. #pecifc ra*ity T 1.<12 7 lo) protein5udate $33. #pecifc ra*ity Z 1.<2< 7 "i" proteinurler’s $38. 0ysosomal storae disease α 0 Iduronidase 7

eparanHDermatan #ulate accumulationRalactosemia $39. Defciency o Ralactose 1 P"osp"ate ridyl Oranserase. ↑

Ralactose 1 P"osp"ateP"enyl>etonuria $8<. DefciencyM P"enylalanine ydroylase. ↑ P"enyalanine C

deradation products

$81. ;ousy body odorAutosomalDominant Diseases

$82. Adult Poly :ystic idney Disease$8$. Familial yperc"olestrolemia Disease$8'. ereditary emorr"aic Oelenectasia (Esler-eber-endu!$8,. ereditary #p"erocytosis$8/. untinton’s Disease (c"romosome 'p!$83. ;aran’s #yndrome$88. ?eurofbromatosis (*on ec>lin"ausen’s!$89. Ouberous #clerosis$9<. Von ippel 0indau Disease



Autosomalecessi*e Diseases

$91. Oay-#ac"s$92. Rauc"er’s$9$. ?iemann-Pic>$9'. urler’s$9,. Von Rier>e’s$9/. Pompe’s$93. :ori’s$98. ;cArdle’s

$99. Ralactosemia'<<. P'<1. Alcaptonuria

N 0in>ed ecessi*eDiseases

'<2. unter’s #yndrome (0-Iduronosulate #ulatase defcincy% ↑ eparanHDermatan #ulate!

'<$. Fabry’s Disease (α Ralactosidase A defciency% ↑ :eremide Ori"eoside!

'<'. :lassic emop"ilia A (Factor VIII defciency% F8 Rene on Nc"romosome is bad% ↑ :eremide Ori"eoside!

'<,. 0isc"-?y"an #yndrome (RPO defciency% ↑ ric acid!

'</. R/P"osp"atase defciency (R/PD defciency% ↑ :eremidetri"eoside!

'<3. Duc"enne’s ;uscular Dystrop"y (Dystrop"in defcinecy% ↑ :eremide Ori"eoside!

ypersensiti*ityeactions4A:ID6

'<8. Oype I (Anap"ylactic!M I5 mediated. 5sM ay Fe*er@ Allericast"ma@ i*es

'<9. Oype II (:ytotoic!M arm Ab autoimmune "emolyticanemia@ "emolytic transusion reactions@ 5ryt"roblastosisFetalis@ Rra*e’s Disease@ Roodpastures

'1<. Oype III (Immune :omple!M Insoluble complement boundareates o A-Ab complees. 5sM #erum sic>ness@ Art"us

eaction@ Polyarteritis ?odosa@ #05@ Immune :omple;ediated Rlomerular Disease

'11. Oype IV (Delayed = :ell mediated immunity!M Delayed"ypersensiti*ity. In*ol*es memory cells. 5sM Ouberculinreaction@ :ontact dermatitis@ Oumor cell >illin@ Virally inectedcell >illin

Oransplanteections

'12. yperacute eection = occurs )Hin minutes o transplant.Ab mediated.

'1$. Acute eection = occurs )Hin days to mont"s o transplant.0ymp"ocytes C macrop"aes. Enly reection type t"at can betreated )H t"erapy.

'1'. :"ronic eection = occurs mont"s to years o transplant.Ab mediates *ascular damae.

Blood ;etastasis '1,. #arcoma% eception 7 renal cell :AM early *enous in*asion0ymp" ;etastasis '1/. :arcinoma% eception 7 renal cell :AM early *enous in*asionAatoin '13. #een )H Asperillus. ↑ ris> or epatocellular :A:let 0ip '18. Incomplete usion o maillary prominence )H median nasal

prominence:let Palate '19. Incomplete usion o lateral palatine process )H eac" ot"er

C median nasal prominence C medial palatine prominence



:raniop"arynioma '1/. Pituitary tumor - usually calcifed0ateral Reniculate?ucleus

Inol*ed in Vision relay

;edial ReniculateBody

In*ol*ed in earin relay

0un De*elopment RlandularM ,-13 etal )ee>s:analicular 1$-2, etal )ee>s Oerminal #ac 2' )ee>s to birt"

Al*eolar period birt"-8yoaeart’s 1st Beat 21-22 daysForeut ;out" :ommon Bile Duct - supplied by :eliac Artery;idut Duodenum% ust belo) :ommon Bile Duct #plenic eure o t"e

:olon supplied by #uperior ;esenteric arteryindut #plenic Fleure Butt crac> supplied by Inerior ;esenteric

Arteryypnaoicallucinaitons

?arcolepsy

Oype I 5rror αM 4:on*ictin t"e innocent6 7 acceptin eperimental

"ypot"esisHreectin null "ypot"esis#ubdural ematoma uptured cerebral bridin *eins5pidural ematoma uptured middle menineal artery 4inter*als o lucidness6% 2ry to

Oemporal bone racture Oype II 5rror βM 4#ettin t"e uilty ree6 7 ail to reect t"e null "ypotesis )"en

it )as alsePo)er 1 - β#ensiti*ity OPHOP Q F?#pecifcity O?HO? Q FPPositi*e Predicti*eValue

OPHOP Q FP

?eati*e Predicti*eValue

O?HO? Q F?

Edds atio adHbcd-Dimers DI:Delusion Disorder o t"ou"t content0oose Association #>ip rom topic to topic, #taes o Deat" Denial 7 Aner 7 Barainin 7 Depression 7 Acceptance1st Branc"ial Arc" ;ec>el’s cartillae 7 i*es rise to incusHmalleus bones o ear2nd Branc"ial Arc" eic"ert’s cartillae 7 i*es rise to stapes bone o ear;edian ner*e lesion ?o pronationadial ner*e lesion rist drop 7 seen )H "umerus racture:ommon peroneallesion

Foot drop. ?o dorsieion or e*ersion o t"e oot

Diract inuinal"ernia

Roes t"rou" superfcial inuinal rin.;edial to inerior epiastric artery#een in older men

Indirect inuinal"ernia

Roes t"rou" deep C superfcial inuinal rin0ateral to inerior epiastric artery#een in youn boys 7 processus *ainalis did not close

X Diap"ram O8% O8 = Inerior *ena ca*a



O1<% O12 O1< = 5sop"ausH Vaus O12 = AortaH O"oracic ductH A+yous *ein

emiballism ild ailin o 1 arm. 0esion o t"e sub t"alamic nucleusE 0in>edEliosacc"aride

In t"e Roli

? 0in>edEliosacc"aride

In t"e 5

;0F #yndrome Internuclear Ep"t"almopleiaM medial rectus palsy on lateral

a+e@ ?ystamus on abductin eye.#een )H ;#

ADA Defciency #:IDap"e ?ucleus Initiation o sleep *ia ,O predominance

β )a*es Alert@ A)a>e@ Acti*e mind 7 also seen in 5;% t"ereore )e say4paradoical sleep6

Irre*ersibleRlycolysis 5n+ymes

eo>inaseP"osp"oFructo inase = ate 0imitin #tepPyru*ate inasePyru*ate De"ydroenase

Irre*ersibleRluconeoenesis5n+ymes

Pyru*ate:arboy inaseP5P:arboyinaseFructose 1%/ BiP"osp"ataseRlucose / P"osp"atase\\muscle dose not ta>e part in Rluconeoenesis% only ta>es placein t"e li*er% >idney C RI epit"elium

Pellara Diarr"ea% Dermatitis% Dementia?iacin Defciency (Vit B$ defciency!artnup’s Disease;alinant :arcinoid #yndromeI? use

O0:F? ?eeded as co-actor or Pyru*ate D comple C α etolutarateD comple0:AO or P:AO 5sterifcation o c"olesterolM lecit"in c"olesterol acetyltranserase

0ecit"in = P"osp"atidylc"oline% t"ereore p"osp"otidylc"olineacetyltranserase

;R:oA eductase ate limitin step in c"olesterol synt"esis:"anes ;R:oA ;e*alonate(-! by 0o*astatin

etoenic aminoacids

0eucine C 0ysine

Rlucoenic amino

acids

;et"ionine% O"reonine% Valine% Arinine% istadine

eto C Rluco aminoacids

P"enylalanine% Orytop"an% Isoleucine

:arnitine #"uttle Feeds FA into t"e mitoc"ondria or t"eir consumption:ori :ycle eeps muscles )or>in anaerobically.

Oransers lactate to t"e li*er to ma>e lucose )"ic" is sent bac>into t"e muscles or enery use

(-! ?aQ Pump(AOPase!

Euabain G(-! Q pumpJVanadate G(-! p"osp"orylationJDioin G↑ "eart contractilityJ



O:A :ycle Products 4:itric Acid Is rebs #tartin #ubstrate For ;itoc"ondrialEidation6:itrate Aconitate Isocitrate α etolutarate #uccinyl #uccinate Fumarate ;alate EAA

:ones :olor *ision. :ontain Iodopsin = ed-Blue-Rreen specifc piment.For acuity.

ods :ontain "odopsin piment. i" sensiti*ity. :oncentrated in t"eo*ea. ?i"t *ision.

Rastrula #een X $rd )ee>M 5cto% ;eso C 5ndo5piblast X 2nd )ee>M orms t"e primiti*e strea>% rom )"ic" ;eso C 5ndo

come rom. Directly i*es rise to 5cto.#yden"am’s :"orea Post streptococcal inection. ?ecroti+in arteritis o t"e caudate%

putamen% t"alamus(Q! Frei Oest :"lamydia trac"omatis types 01% 02% 0$ = 0ymp"oranuloma

*enereum#abouraud’s Aar :ulture or all Funi ieY:ulture :ryptococcus neoromans )"ic" is

ound in pieon droppinsF;1 Rene Deect Fraile N #yndromeM macro-orc"idism@ lon ace@ lare a)@ lare

e*erted ears@ autism% mental retardationBarr Body Present in leineltersM ;aleM NNU?ot present in Ourner’sM FemaleM NE

Aortic InsuWciency#ins

Oraube #in = Pistol s"ot sound o*er t"e emoral *essels:orrian pulse = )ater "ammer pulse o*er coratid artery = aorticreuritation

#cleroderma M6:5# O6

:alcinosis@ aynauds@ 5sop"aeal@ #clerodactyl@ Oelaniectasis

:retinism #poradicM bad O' p"osp"orylation or de*elopmental ailure ot"yroid ormation5ndemicM no Iodine in dietM protrudin belly C belly button

emoc"romatosis Oriad ;icronodular piment cirr"osis@ Bron+e Diabetes@ #>inpimentation = due to ↑ Fe$Q deposition

#inature Dru OoicitiesAranulocytosis '2<. :lo+apine% :"loramp"enicalAplastic Anemia '21. :"loramp"enicol

'22. ?#AIDs'2$. Ben+ene

Atropine-li>e #ide 5ects '2'. Oricyclics:ardiotoicity '2,. Doorubicin

'2/. Daunorubicin

:artilae Damae in:"ildren

'23. FluoroLuinolones (:iprooacin C ?oroacin!

:inc"onism '28. uinidine:ou" '29. A:5 In"ibitors?ep"roenic DiabetesInsipidus

'$<. 0it"ium (Ot )H Amiloride!

Disulfram-li>e 5ect '$1. ;etronida+ole'$2. #ulonylureas (1st eneration!

5trapyramidal #ide '$$. Antipsyc"otics (O"iorida+ine% aloperidol%



5ects :"lorproma+ine!Fanconi’s #yndrome '$'. OetracyclineFatal epatotoicity(necrosis!

'$,. Valproic Acid'$/. alot"ane'$3. Acetaminop"en

Rini*al yperplasia '$8. P"enytoinRray Baby #yndrome '$9. :"loramp"enicolRynecomastia ''<. :imetidine

''1. A+oles''2. #pironolactone''$. Diitalis

emolytic Anemia inR/PD-defciency

'''. #ulonamides'',. Isonia+id''/. Aspirin''3. Ibuproen''8. PrimaLuine

epatitis ''9. Isonia+idot Flas"es% Flus"in ',<. ?iacin

',1. Oamoien',2. :aQQ :"annel Bloc>ersInduce :P',< ',$. Barbiturates 7 P"enobarbital

','. P"enytoin',,. :arbama+epine',/. iampin

In"ibit :P',< ',3. :imetidine',8. etocona+ole

Interstitial ?ep"ritis ',9. ;et"icillin'/<. ?#AIDs (ecept Aspirin!'/1. Furosemide

'/2. #ulonamides;onday Disease '/$. ?itrolycerin Industrial eposure tolerance

durin )ee> loss o tolerance durin )ee>end

"eadac"e% -ac"% di++iness upon re-eposureErane Body Fluids '/'. iampinEsteoporosis '/,. eparin

'//. :orticosteroidsPositi*e :oombs’ Oest '/3. ;et"yldopaPulmonary Fibrosis '/8. Bleomycin

'/9. Amiodaroneed ;an #yndrome '3<. Vancomycin

#e*ere O? )it" Oyramine '31. ;AEIs#05-li>e #yndrome '32. Procainamide

'3$. ydrala+ine'3'. I?

Oardi*e Dys>inesia '3,. Antipsyc"otics (O"iorida+ine% aloperidol%:"lorproma+ine! :lo+apineM only antipsyc"otic to not

'3/. i*e you tardi*e dys>inesia Oinnitus '33. Aspirin

'38. uinidine



;icro0actose ormers 1. 4:556

2. :itrobacter$. 5nterobacter'. 5.:oli (1 capsule most important!,. lebsiella

?on lactose ormers /. 4#UP#63. #"iella

8. Uersinia enterolytica (AA Pestis!9. Proteus1<. #almonella

;ay lac> color 11. 4O"ese rascals may microscopically lac> color6M12. Oreponema1$. ic>setta1'. ;ycobacterium1,. ;ycoplasma1/. 0eionella13. :"lamydia

↑ cA;P 18. 4:AP56

19. :"olera2<. Ant"racis (Poly D lutamate capsule!21. Pertusis (*ia Ri!22. 5.coli (0O enterotoin!

a*e :apsules GieY areuellun eaction (Q!J

2$. 4#ome >illers "a*e pretty nice capsules62'. #trep. Pneumoniae2,. lebsiella2/. iB23. Pseudamona Aeroinosa28. ?eisseria meninitis29. :ryptococcus neoormans (only encapsulated

unal pat"oen!Dimorp"ic Funi $<. 4:an Also a*e Bot" #"apes6

$1. :occiodes$2. Asperillus$$. istolpasma$'. Blastomyces$,. #prot"ri sc"en>ii

a*e β Prop"ae $/. 4EB5D6$3. E = #almonella$8. B = Botulinum$9. 5 = 5ryt"roenic strep'<. D = Dipt"eria

#pore Formin Bacteria '1. Bacilus C :lostridium ("a*e calcium di-picolinate!

IA Proteases '2. ?eisseria% aemop"ilus% #. pneumoniaeidal Oest '$. #almonella (#almonella beins in t"e ileocecal

reion! alutination indicates Abs to E% % Vi#almunella As

ayson’s #tain ''. UersiniaPneumonic PlaLue Oransmission ',. Person to person c )H Bubonic plaLue t"at )as

Motile:make H2S

Non Motile: noH2S



8'. :ampylobacter pylori (elicobacter!8,. :ryptococcus8/. ?ocardia

:oaulase (Q! 83. #tap" A C Uersenia pestisEbliate Intracellular Bacteria 88. :"lamydia Pistacci (:"lamydia do not ma>e o)n

AOP!@ ;ycobacterium 0eprae@ all ic>ettsia eceptoac"alimea (ma>e sufcient AOP to sur*i*e!

Proto+oa 89. Plasmodium@ Oooplasma "ondi@ Babesin@

0eis"mania@ Orypanosoma :ru+iEbliate ?on IntracellularParasites

9<. Oreponema palidum C Pneumocystis :arinii(cannot be cultured on inert media but can beound etra cellularly in t"e body!

aemop"ilus Factors 91. N = Protoporp"yrin C V = ?ADAll cocci are 92. Rram (Q! ecept or ?eisseria C ;oraella45aton Fried 5s6 9$. ;ycoplasma pneumoniae "as ried e colonies

on 5aton aar (needs c"olesterol!;ycoplasma 9'. ?o cell )all. ;embrane "as c"olesterol. #mallest

li*in bacteria.9,. P1 protein in"s ciliary action9/. Fried e colonies93. Atypical pneumonia 7 youn adults

#abrands 98. Funal media;alassa+ia urur 99. #pa"etti C meat ball;easles’ $:’s 1<<. :ou" 7 :ory+a 7 :onuncti*itis. :an also "a*e

p"otop"obia1<1. ;ay lead to subacute #clerosin Panencep"alitis

?on ;otile Bacilli C :lostridium 1<2. B. Ant"racis C :. PerrinensBloody diarr"ea aents 1<$. 5I5: 7 55: 7 #"iella - Uersenia enterocolitica 7

5ntaemeba "istolytica 7 #almonella 7

:ampylobacter euni U-1$,:A 1<'. ?. meninitidis *accine capsualr polysacc"aridestrains

Indian In> 1<,. :ryptococcus neoormans?aeleria causes 1</. :oloni+ation in t"e nasal passaes ater

s)immin?eed :ysyeine or ro)t" 1<3. 45lla li>es cysteine6M

1<8. Francisella1<9. Brucella11<. 0eionella111. Pasturella

5ndotoins% R(Q! or R(-! 112. Rram (-!M ?. meninitidis5ct"yma Ranrenosum% seen)H

11$. Pseudomonas aeroinosa. Oaret s"aped s>inlesions )H a blac> center and red rin surroundint"e lesion

5ndospores R(Q! 11'. Rram (Q!M Bacillus C :lostridium 7 made up odipicolinate C eratin

;ulti Brain Abscess 11,. ?ocardia#inle Brain Abscess 11/. Actinomyces israelli

↑ ris> or #trep pneum Inection 113. Asplenic@ #ic>le cell anemia@immunocompromisin illness



α emolysisHEptoc"in #ensiti*e 118. #trep. Pneumoniae

α emolysisHEptoc"in esistant 119. #trep. Viridans (#ubacute 5ndocarditis!

#tap". #aprop"yticus 12<. ?o*obiocin esistant (OIs!#tap". 5pidermidis 121. ?o*obiocin sensiti*e (5ndocarditis in IVDs!

β emolysisHBacitracin#ensiti*e

122. #trep. Pyoenes (p"arynitis@ #carlet e*er@cellulitis@ impetio@ "eumatic e*er!!

12$. yaluronic capsule@ non-motile@ ; proteins@

5ndotoin Aβ emolysisHBacitracinesistant

12'. #trep. Aalactiae (Diabetes predisposes toinection!

5FII ibosylation 12,. Dip"t"eria toin C Pseudomonas eotoon ABacillus Ant"racisM $ toins()or> *ia adenylate cyclase!

12/. Protecti*e Antien (PA!123. 0et"al Factor = toic to macrop"aes128. 5dema Factor = ↑ cA;P

oolsorter’s Disease 129. Bacillus ant"racis. DE:M PenicillinRro)s in ice 1$<. Bacillus :ereus:lostridium Perrinens 1$1. Double Kone β emolysis (test!

1$2. 0ecit"inaseM α toin = lyses B:s

1$$. 8< o as anrene (myonecrosis! cases:lostridium DiWcile 1$'. 2 OoinsM 5nterotoin (5otoin A! C :ytotoin

(5otoin B!1$,. Pseudomembranous colitis (can be precipitated

by clindamycinHampicillin!#pastic Paralysis toin 1$/. :lostridium Oetani toin:lostridium Botulinum 1$3. Bad canned oods "a*e neurotoin = accid

paralysis (bloc> Ac" release!Inant Botulinum 1$8. Floppy Baby #yndrome. Pre ormed toin in

"oney

O"ayer ;artin Aar 1$9. ?eisseria IDDE: or ?. onorr"oeae 1'<. :etria+one1 5. :oli :apsular A 1'1. elated )H neonateal meninitis O"e A’s o lebsiella 1'2. Alco"olics

1'$. Aspiration pneumonia1''. Abscesses in t"e luns

ice 2E Diarr"ea 1',. Vibrio :"oleraM metabolic acidosisa) seaood intoicaiton 1'/. Vibrio para"emolyticuselicobacter Ot 1'3. Bismut" salts@ ;etronida+ole@ Oetracycline (or

amoicillin!

↑ ris> o P. aeroinosa inection 1'8. Burn patients C :ystic fbrosis

:ontact lens’ inection 1'9. Pseudomonas aeroinosa:at Bites 1,<. Pasteurella multocidandulant Fe*er 1,1. BrucellaBordet Renou Aar 1,2. Bordetella pertusis ID0o)enstein-Sensen medium 1,$. ;. tuberculosis ID:at #cratc" Disease 1,'. Bartonella "enselae. 0eion can resemble

aposi’s sarcoma.1,,. Oooplasmosis

Pin> 5ye 1,/. Adeno*irus (type 8! Orue emap"rodite 1,3. Oestes C E*aries are present



Pseudo emap"rodite 1,8. 5ternal enitalia does not coincide )H onads;ale Pseudo emap"rodite 1,9. Oesticular Femini+ation0A Renes 0ocation 1/<. /pPar*o*irus B19 1/1. Fit" DiseaseM 5ryt"ema Inectiosum (ssD?A!.

0in>ed )H sicle cell anemiaIntereron ;EA 1/2. In"ibits *iral replication (translation or

transcription!Acute emorr"aic:onuncti*itis

1/$. #een )H inections rom 5ntero*irus C :osac>ieA

Parainuen+a :ausesY 1/'. :roup (0arynotrac"eobronc"itis!#)immin Pool :onuncti*itis 1/,. Adeno*irus (types $ C '!#V 1//. Bronc"iolitis in inantsemo*ed tonsils% fnd )"at*irus

1/3. In 8<% Adeno*irus. In t"e immunosuppressed%acti*ation can occur

Bone Fe*er 1/8. DenueM Rroup B Ooa*irus% rom t"e Arbo*irus%transmitted by mosLuitos

bsA 1/9. Appears in blood soon ater inection% beoreonset o acute illness

13<. Disappears )Hin '-/ mont"s ater t"e start oclinical illnessbeA 131. Appears early acute p"ase% indicates "i"er ris>

o transmittin t"e disease132. Disappears beore bsA is one

Anti-bc 13$. Present in beinnin o clinical illness13'. #een in t"e 4)indo) p"ase6

Filamentous Bacteria 13,. Actinomycetes = ?ocardia@ Actinomyces@#treptomyces

0isteria contaminates 13/. ;il>% c"eese% *eetables (colesla)! in recentinections

#"ia li>e Ooin 133. 5. :oli <1,3H3M emorr"aic colitis Cemorr"aic uremic syndrome?ecroti+in Fasciitis 138. Rroup A #treptococcielapsin Fe*er 139. Borrelia recurrentis0o]er’s ;edium 18<. :orneybacterium dip"t"eriae:"lamydiae De*elopmental:ycle

181. 5lementary BodyM ineccious particle t"at 5nterst"e cell

182. eticulate BodyM made rom elementary body.eplicates% dierentiates and releases elementarybodies to inect ot"er cells

18$. H inection you )ill see Rlycoen containin

inclusions18'. :ell )all lac>s muramic acid

Orenc" Fe*er 18,. oc"alimaea Luintana4#potted Fe*er6 ;embers 18/. ic>ettssia ric>ettsii (;#F! C . a>ari (ric>ettsia

po! in t"e .#.183. . sibirica (tic> typ"us in :"ina! C . australis

(typ"us in Australia! O"rus" Ot 188. ?ystatin tts candidiasis o t"e mout"ose Bus" O"orns 189. a*e #porot"ri sc"enc>ii :ontact lens solution inection 19<. Acant"amoeba



Filiariasis :ausant 191. uc"eria bancroti (inection a>a elep"antitis C)uc"eriasis

Fres")ater la>e inection 192. :auses amebic meninoencep"alitis due to?aeleria o)leri

edu*iid bu bite 19$. Oransmits Orypanoma cru+i (:"aas’ disease!Momana’s #in

#c"istosoma aematobiumcauses

19'. Bladder calcifcaiton C cancer

#c"istosoma ;ansoni causes 19,. Presinusoidal O?% splenomaaly% esop"aeal*arices

#nail% intermediate "ost oY 19/. #c"istosomiasisIodes scapularis transmits 193. Babesia (clinically rembles malaria! C Borelia

burdoreri?antuc>et Proto+oa 198. Babesia microtInection by edu*iid Bu 199. Orypansoma cru+iM :"aas’ DiseaseInection by OseOse Fly 2<<. Orypansoma brucei ambiense C r"odienseM

Arican #leepin #ic>nessInection by #andy 2<1. 0eis"maniasisM ;ucocutaneous Diseases by 0.

bra+iliensis C Visceral Disease by 0. dono*ani CDermal 0eis"man by 0. tropica% meicana%peru*iana

Inection by Iodes Oic> 2<2. Babesia microtiM Babesiosis C BorreliaburdoreriM 0yme Disease

Inection by Anop"eles;osLuito

2<$. ;alaria

Orop"o+oites )H 4Face-0i>e6Appearance

2<'. Riardia lamblia

?onseptate yp"ae 2<,. KyomycosisM "i+opus C ;ucor. Enly mycosis)Ho septate. Inect etoacidotic Diabetics.

istoplasmosis Reorap"y 2</. E"io% ;ississippi% ;isouri i*er *alleys:oocidioidomycosis Reorap"y 2<3. #out")estern deserts% :aliorniaBlastomycosis Reorap"y 2<8. #tates east o ;ississippi i*erParacoccidioidomycosisReorap"y

2<9. 0atin America

oseola Inection% a>a 21<. 5ant"ema #ubitumM 4#it" Disease6 (umanerpes Virus-/ dsD?A% en*eloped!

erpanina 211. 4and-Foot-and-;out"6 DiseaseM :osac>ie A(Picorna*irus Qss?A!

Ert"omyo*irus 212. 7ss?A% en*eloped *irus.21$. #pi>e Rlycoproteins (peplomeres!M A =

emaluttinin C ?A = ?euraminidase. O"esepeplomeres are )"at i*e t"e *irus antienis*ariation

21'. Inuen+a A C BParamyo*irus 21,. 7?A% en*eloped. ;ost common cause o

respiratory inections in >ids21/. ;umps213. :roup(Parainuen+a *irus!218. ubeola(;easles *irus!219. #V



Ooa*irus 22<. Qss?A% en*eloped221. $ Day ;easlesM Rerman ;easlesM ubellaH

ubi*irus222. 5ncep"alitis *irusesM Alp"a*irusesM 5astern

(more se*ere! and estern 5Luine 5ncep"alitisFla*i*iris 22$. Denue Fe*er 7 icterus C "emorr"ae )H blac

*omit22'. Uello) e*er

22,. #t. 0ouis 5ncep"alitis 7 no "epatitis or"emorr"ae

Bunya*irus 22/. 7ss?A% en*eloped223. :aliornia 5ncep"alitis 7 se*ere birontal

"eadac"es228. anta*irus 7 "emorr"aic e*er )H acute resp.

distress syndromeIA Protease Acti*ity 229. . Inuen+ae (needs actors V C N or ro)t"!

2$<. #trep. Pneumoniae2$1. ?. meninitidis2$2. ?. onnor"oae

2$$. H t"is acti*ity t"ese bus are able to coloni+et"e oral mucosa.

Dip"t"eriaM AB:D5FR 2$'. Adenopat"y2$,. β Prop"ae encodes t"e eotoin2$/. :orneybacteria is :lub s"aped2$3. Dip"t"eria2$8. 5lonation Factor II2$9. Rranules (metac"romatic!

Enly ssD?A 2'<. Par*o*irusM 4Part o a *irus6Enly ds?A 2'1. eo*irus% 4epeatE*irus6

?a>ed ?A 2'2. 4?a>ed or :P6M :alci*irus@ Picorno*irus@eo*irus2 circular D?As 2'$. Papo*a*irus C epadna*irusB 2''. Papo*a*irus. #een in >idney transplant patients

(causes renal disease!epadna% etro*irus^ 2',. ?o% but "as re*erse transcriptasePicorno*irusM 4P5:6 2'/. Poilio*irus@ 5c"o@ "ino@ :osac>ie@ ep Aemorr"aic Fe*ers 221. Filo*irus C Bunya*irus (anta*irus!#emented *iruses All are ?AM Ert"omyo@ Arena@ Bunya@ eo5clipse P"ase ?o internal *irus. 1 total *irus per cell0atent P"ase ?o eternal *irus. 5tracellular *irus ound

?a>ed :apsid Virus ?ucleocapsid. D?A or ?A Q #tructural proteins5n*eloped Virus ;embrane. ?ucleocapsid Q RlycoproteinIntereron ?on *irus specifc. or>s by ?A endonuclease =

diests *iral D?A Q in" *iral prot synt"AIDS structural prots Gag, pol, env

AIDS regulatory prots Tat, rev, nef

AIDS gp41 env prot Transmembrane

AIDS gp120 env prot Surface

AIDS p17 gag prot Matr!

AIDS p24 gag prot "aps#



AIDS p7p$ gag prot %ucleocaps#

D%A &ruses A ' A#eno ( )rc*+ ep - ' -erpes

In "yto -' -epa#naA- - ... /// co ep n %uc . ' .o!

. ' .arvo SS . ' .apova

"rc

%A &ruses ( " ' "alc. ' .corno ' eo

" . 3 T " ////// co near+ 3 ' 3lav %o segment+ ep n "yto T ' Toga

-elcal " ' "orona /Tase 5

ep n %uc

/ %A &ruses 6 3 ' 3lo2 8 ' 8rt9omy!o

' 9ab#o3 8 . A ) //// / ( -elcal . ' .aramy!o

near+ %on seg+ A ' Arena) ' )unya

)ullet

Ant sense

-epatts :n#o; .ero# After -bsAg #sappears 5 )efore -bsAb appears

-epatts A ) " D (

.corna -epa#na 3lav Delta "alc

Do;ney Type II cells ()&

Infecton by Ae#es Mos<uto =ello; 3ever> 3lavvrus> )lac* vomt, ?aun#ce, 9g9 fever

@-ot T/)one st(A*> Is I1 ' ↑ Temp> HOT

I2 ' stmulateT

cellsI ' stmulate Bone Marro; stem cellsB gro;t9 5 #fferentaton GM "S3I4 ' stmulate IgE 5 IgG

IC ' stmulate IgA 5 eosnop9ls

Is Secrete# by "D4s I2, I4, IC, I3% gamma

Is Secrete# by Macrop9ages I1 5 T%3 α

"Ca %eutral c9emota!s+

:9en t s ; "a, partcpates n anap9yla!s

"C "onvertase :9en bot9 Alternatve an# "lassc pat9;ays come toget9er

Alternatve> "b, )b, "b "a "C"lassc> 2b, b, "a "4b "C

8nly c9ettssa not Intracellular Euntana

.lasmo#um fe "ycle SporoFotes> from bloo# to lver.rmary tssue sc9FontTrop9oFotes> n )"

(ryt9rocytc sc9FontMeroFote> rupture# )"GametoFyte

ygote> ns#e t9e mos<uto

Acant9amoeba Star s9ape# cysts

Mucor, 9Fopus, Abs#a %onseptate, flamentous, $0 #egree branc9ng, n#an n, capsular 9alos

"ryptococcus %eoformans Monomorp9c

"an##a =east normally, pseu#o 5 true 9yp9ae n tssue nfectons

Aspergllus 3umgatum 4C #egree branc9ng pont, asocB# ; cystc fbross 5 burns pt

"occo#es -yp9ae n ;l#+ Artrocon#a+ Art9ocon##a 5 -yp9ae+ S9erules ; en#ospores



-stoplasma "ap -yp9ae n ;l#+ Mcrocon##a ; tuberculate macrocon##a+ 3ac ntracellular+ In t9e tssuetBs a yeast ; a small nec*+

)lastomycoss -yp9ae n ;l#

Sporot9r! Sc9en* -ypa9e n ;l#+ .otas o##e n ml*+ .neumona n alco9olcs+

.". 8blgate paraste+ Hlls type I pneumo cells+ Groun# glass

Gram / )ugs ; (!oto!ns (+ "ol &+ "9olera )or#etella .ertusss

Dermatop9ytes Trc9op9yton> S-%Microsporim: SH!pi"ermop#$ton: SN%inea ta&s: permanent #air loss

Transmsson Dagnoss

(+ -stoltca "ysts Trop9oFotes or cysts n stool

Gar#a "ysts Trop9oFotes or cysts n stool

"ryptospor#um "ysts Ac# fast oocysts

)alantum "+ "ysts Trop9oFotes or cysts n stool

Trc9omonas &+ Trop9oFotes Motle trop9oFotes

3ever 3ever Sp*e

&va! )engn #egrees 469 (nlarge# -ost "ell

8vale )engn #egrees 469 8valJagge#

Malarae 4 #egrees of Malaral 729rregular "rescent

3alcparum Malgnant #egrees

Mscellaneous1+ 3astest gro;ng tumor K )ur*ttBs

2+ .(Bs are foun# n 9alf of all autopses

+ "ourvoserBs a;> tumors t9at obstruct t9e common ble #uct cause enlarge# gallbla##ers, but obstructng

gallstones #o not too muc9 scarrng, so f you can palpate t9e gallbla##er youBe probably loo*ng at cancer+

4+ 8nly D%A vrus to replcate n cytoplasm> .o!

C+ 8nly %A vrus to replcate n nucleus> InfluenFa

L+ )acllus ant9racs 9as t9e only proten capsule

7+ )or#etella pertusss :9oopng "oug9 elcts lymp9ocytoss rat9er t9an granulocytoss

6+ )ronc9oalveolar carcnomas gro; ;t9out #estroyng t9e normal arc9tecture of t9e lung

$+ "ryptococcus neoformans often lac*s a capsule an#, ;9en stane# ;t9 GMS, loo*s ?ust l*e .neumycstscarn , e!cept t9at "ryptococcus lac*s t9e promnent nucleol+

10+ :el 3el! reacton> + rc*ettss 5 .roteus vulgars 5 .+ mrabls

11+ Treponema pall#um Syp9ls tests> 1&D 23TA/Abs> most ;#ely use# T.I mmoblFaton test K most

e!pensve but t9e Gol# Stan#ar#

"yto*ne Source 3uncton

I 1 12+ Monocytes, macrop9ages Stmulates T cell prolferaton 5 I2 pro#ucton

I 2 1+ Macrop9ages, T 5 %H cells Stm prolf of ), T 5 %H cell

I 14+ T cells G3 of tssue mast cells 5 9ematopoetc stem cells

I 4 1C+ T cells ↑ gro;t9 of ) 5 T cells ↑ -A II Ags

I C 1L+ T cells Maturaton of ) plasma cell

I L 17+ T cells, monocytes Maturaton of ) 5 T cell / fbroblastsI3% α 16+ ) cells, macrop9ages Antvral actvty

I3% β 1$+ 3broblasts Antvral actvty

I3% gamma 20+ T 5 %H cells Antvral actvty, macrop9ages, ↑ -A II Ags

T%3 α 21+ Macrop9ages, T 5 %H cells T cell prolf, I 2 pro#, cytoto!cty

T%3 β 22+ T cells T cell prolf, I 2 pro#, cytoto!cty

Tumor Suppressor GenesGenes "9rom+ Assocate# Tumors



&- p &on -ppel n#au, enal "ell "A

A." Cp 3amlal a#enomatous polyposs, "olon "A

:T/1 11p :lmBs tumor

b 1< etnoblastoma, 8steosarcoma

)"A/2 1< )reast "A

pC 17p Most 9uman "as

%3/1 17< %eurofbromatoss type 1

)"A/1 17< )reast "A, 8varan "A

D"" 16< "olon 5 Stomac9 "A

D." 16< .ancreatc "A

%3/2 22< %eurofbromatoss type 2 ' blateral acoustc neuroma

Physio Equations:esstance n Seres> A## all

esstance n .arallel> Invert t9e ans;er

RENAL:

3ltraton 3racton ' RPF GFR G3> Glomerular 3ltraton ate .3> enal .lasma 3lo;

3ltere# oa# ' G3 ! "oncN (!creton ate ' OrneN ! &elOrne

"learance '][

)(][

Plasma

Urine xVel Urine or

][ Plasma

Excretion "learance of .A- ' (.3N (.3> (ff renal plasma

flo;

enal )loo# 3lo; ' Hct

ERPF

−1 3ree :ater "learance ' &elOrne /

)(

)()(

osm P

urine xVel osmUrine

CARDIO:

"8 ' - ! S& "8 'differenceVO PulmonaryA

consumed O

2

)(2

−

.ulse .ressure ' Systolc K

Dastolc

MA. ' Dastolc 1 .ulse .ressure "8 'TPR

MAP MA. ' T. ! "8 3 '

R

P P 21−

LNGS:

.A82 ' 7L0 K 47 382 / R

PACO2

:9ere>



382 ' 82N .A"82 ' Alv+ .ress+ 8f "82 ' esp+ (!c9ange atoconsumed O

produced CO

2

2 ≅ +6 or 1

3lo; 'difference AtoVO

consumed O

2

2 &elgas Dffuson '

Thicness

Area ! Gas Dffuson "onstant ! Dfference of .artal

.ress

&entTot ' &entT#al ! Pof espratons &entAlv ' &entT#al K &entDea# ! P of espratons

"omplance 'ess

Vol

Pr . '

Radius

Tension 1+0 ' &aE Dffusng "apacty '

2 PACO

COuptae

esp Doubles> 1C0mm-g 5 40mm-g %e; ."82 ' 20 %e; .82 ' 170

NP/PA MD Students Amnesia

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