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I Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC, World Bank, 1999.

morbid if^ and mortality weekly report highlights, April 12, 2002,. Vol. 5 1, No. 14.

Jin S et al. An evaluation on smoking-induced health costs in China (1988-1989). Biomedical and environmental sciences, 1995, 8: 342-9.

Jiang Y, Jin S. Social economic burden attributed to smoking in China, 1998. Paper presented at the National Conference on Policy Development of Tobacco Control in China in the 21 st'century. Beijing, 29-31 May 2000; Hu TW, Mao Z. Effects of cigarette tax on cigarette consumption and the Chinese economy. Tobacco control, 2002, 11 : 105-108.

Nassar H. The economics of tobacco in Egypt: A new analysis of demand. HNP discussion paper, Economics of tobacco control, Paper No. 8, March 2003.

The world health report 2003: Shaping the future. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003.

' Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC, World Bank, 1999.

Jacobs R et al. The supply-side effects of tobacco control policies. In: Jha P, Chaloupka FJ eds. Tobacco control in developing countries. Oxford University Press, 2000.

From FA0 database (http://www.apps.fao.org).

I0UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics. Tobacco leaves export data from FA0 statistical database (http://www.apps.fao.org) for 2002; Value of total exports by country for 2002, 2003.

I' Ibid.

I2 Joossens L. The cigarette "transit" road to the Islamic Republic oflran and Iraq: Illicit tobacco trade in the Middle East. Cairo, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2003.

l 3 European Community vs. RJ Reynolds (http://www.nved.uscourts.ov/coi/02cv577lcmp.pd~.

l4 Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC, World Bank, 1999.

I S Hu T, Mao Z. Tobacco farming and govertament policies in China. World Bank discussion paper, forthcoming.

l6 Jacobs R op. cit. According to one report, Universal is conducting experiments with mechanized farming in Brazil, possibly reducing this number further (Jungbluth G. Double whammy. Tobacco international, April 2000). L

17 Guindon GE, Boisclair D. Past, current and future trends in tobacco use. HNP discussion paper, Economics of tobacco control, Paper No. 6, February 2003.

18 Barren leaf, golden harvest: The costs of tobacco farming. The Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, 2001.

l 9 Van Liemt G. The world tobacco industry: Trends and prospects. Geneva, International Labour Ofice, Working paper 179,2002.

20 Geist HJ . Global assessment of deforestation related to tobacco farming. Tobacco control, 1999, 8: 18-28.

2' Geist HJ. How tobacco farming contributes to tropical deforestation. In Abedian et a1 eds: The economics of tobacco control: Towards an optimalpolicy mix. Cape Town, Applied Fiscal Research Centre, 1998.

22 Novotny TE, Zhao F. Consumption and production waste: Another externality of tobacco use. Tobacco control, 1999, 8:75-80.

23 Register K. Cigarette butts as litter: Toxic as well as ugly. Underwater naturalist: Bulletin of the American Littoral Sociely, August 2000, Vol. 25, No. 2.

24 Chapman S. Tobacco and deforestation in the developing world. Tobacco control, 1994,3: 191-3.

25 Currie K, Ray L. Contract farmers: A case study from rural Kenya. Development research digest, Winter 1983, 10.

26Testimony submitted on 17 August 2000 before the WHO public hearings on the FCTC (http://www3 .who.int/whosis/fctc/Submissions/F6360629.pdf).

'' Philip Morris/Altria, BAT and Japan Tobacco 2002 annual reports. World development indicators [database]. Washington DC, World Bank, July 2003.