Novel Approaches to Restraints in the ICU · 2019-09-27 · Novel Approaches to Restraints in the...
Transcript of Novel Approaches to Restraints in the ICU · 2019-09-27 · Novel Approaches to Restraints in the...
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Novel Approaches to
Restraints in the ICU
Renee D. Stapleton, MD PhD
University of Vermont
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
November 9, 2018
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Disclosures
1. Funding from NIH (NHLBI and NIA)
2. Not employed by small business
3. “Off-label use” -- US FDA does not require
an investigational device exemption (IDE)
for restraint devices
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Outline
1. What do we know about restraint use in
the ICU?
– Benefits and risks
2. Upcoming NIH-funded pilot RCT of novel
device
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Common Restraints
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Magnitude of Restraint Use
● 27,000 patients physically restrained every
day in US hospitals
– ICUs account for ~56% of total restraint days
– Patients in ICUs are restrained for 1/3 of all
their ICU days
● Patients >65 yo are 8x more likely to be
restrained
Mion Geriatr Nurse 2008, Wilson Crit Care Nurse Clin North Am 1996, Pun CCM 2018
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Why do we use them?
Rationale for use
Patient safety
Prevent self-extubation and medical device
removal
Protect staff from combative patients
Prevent falls
Control patient behavior
Staffing shortages
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Do restraints actually help?
Potential risks
Increased unplanned extubations
More unintentional device removal
Longer ICU length of stay
Worse agitation
Increased BZD, opioid, and antipsychotic use
Increased delirium
●No RCT has ever
examined safety or
efficacy of restraint
use in the ICU
Devlin CCM 2018, Chang Am J Crit Care 2008, Rose J Crit Care 2016, Mehta CCM 2015
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Patient perceptions
● Frequent strong negative responses
–? PTSD/anxiety
● “I remember hallucinations... clowns, mostly.
I remember crying for my mommy.... the
nurses securing my arms to the bed... a
psychopath was running through slicing
people up...”
Minnick Am J Crit Care 2001
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SCCM PADIS Guidelines
Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep;46(9):e825-e873
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ExersidesTM by Healthy Design, LLC
Marie Pavini, MD (inventor)
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ExersidesTM by Healthy Design, LLC
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ExersidesTM by Healthy Design, LLC
Rigid StrapBungee Strap
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● 3 levels of Restraint1. No tie – calm patient
2. Bungee tie - unpredictable patient
3. Rigid tie – extreme movements
● Potential advantages– Allows mobility and resistance exercise
– No obstruction for IV, arterial lines, etc.
– May be able to get patient out of bed earlier
– Allows increased thoracic and abdominal movement
ExersidesTM by Healthy Design, LLC
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● Patient Safety– Does not require constant supervision
– Hand shield protects hand from pinching in bed hardware
– Does not circumferentially bind the wrist
– Device touches patient only at wrist and shoulder
● Complies with US CMS and Joint Commission
mandate of ‘least restraint necessary’
ExersidesTM by Healthy Design, LLC
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Preliminary data
● 10-patient pilot study
● Alternating group assignment (i.e. not randomized)
● One community hospital ICU
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● Small business grant
● Focus on commercial potential
● Requires academic PI(s) partnering with small business
● Fast-Track– First phase – pilot study to demonstrate feasibility (9 months)
– Second phase – 3-site phase 2 RCT (2 years)
● MPIs Stapleton and Needham
– Co-Is include biomedical engineer, nurse investigator,
qualitative researcher, actigraphy expert
STTR from NIH National Institute on Aging
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● Inclusion Criteria
– ≥ 60 years old
– Physician order for bilateral restraints
– Respiratory failure (MV, NIV, HFNC)
– Expected ICU stay ≥ 3 days after
enrollment
– Not deeply sedated (RASS ≥ -3)
Upcoming RCT
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●Primary Outcome:– UE mobility/activity assessed by actigraphy
●Secondary Outcomes:– Agitation, delirium, and medication use
– Satisfaction / acceptability / perceptions of
patients, families, and clinicians
●Crossover design with sample size = 54
Upcoming RCT
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Upcoming RCT
Consent and Randomization
4 hours in Exersides
4 hours in traditional restraints
Study Day 1
Group A
Group B
4 hours in traditional restraints
4 hours in Exersides
4 hours in Exersides
4 hours in traditional restraints
Study Day 2
4 hours in traditional restraints
4 hours in Exersides
Study Days 3 - 6
Traditional restraints
Exersides
● Working hard to engage nurses to
champion effort and give feedback
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Stay tuned!
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#1 Place hand in Wrist Strap and Buckle
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#2 Adjust Arm Rod Length
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#3 Buckle Shoulder Strap
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#4: Use Bed Strap If Needed: Bungee / Rigid
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Attachment of Straps to Bed
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Attachment of Straps to Exersides™
Rigid Strap Bungee Strap
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Appearance after Attachment
Rigid Strap Bungee Strap
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Exclusion Criteria1. Upper extremity impairments that prevent use of novel restraint device
(e.g. amputation, arm injury)
2. Limited mobility of either upper extremity prior to admission
(e.g. frozen shoulder, severe arthritis)
3. Pre-existing primary systemic neuromuscular disease
(e.g. Guillain Barre)
4. Neuromuscular blocker infusion
(eligible once infusion discontinued if other inclusion criteria met)
5. Pre-existing severe cognitive impairment of language barrier prohibiting outcome
assessment
6. Expected death or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments within 6 days from
enrollment
7. Incarcerated
8. Severe skin breakdown on either upper extremity