November  Test  Study  Slides  

Rüblev,  Old  Testament  Trinity  (Three  Angels  Visi4ng  Abraham)  c.  1410  -­‐  25  

•  Byzan7ne  affinity  for  repea7ng  forms  from  older  art  

•  Forms  of  angels  are  tradi7onal  •  Heads  of  angels  nearly  iden7cal  •  Poses  are  mirror  images  •  Luminous  appeal  of  colors  •  Deep  color  harmonies  of  

draperies  •  Extensive  use  of  gold  •  Nearly  spaceless  background  

Virgin  and  Child  with  Saints  and  Angels  Icon,  Second  half  of  the  6th  century,  Encaus7c  on  wood,  27  x  18  7/8"  

Emperor  Jus+nian  and  A1endants,  Saint  Vitale,  Ravenna,  c.547  

Theodora  and  A1endants,  Saint  Vitale,  Ravenna,  c.547  

Santa  Costanza,  Rome  

Ambulatory  

Early  Byzan7ne  Art  in  the  Age  of  Jus7nian  

San  Vitale,  Ravenna  (c.  547)  

•  Byzan7ne  forces  capture  Ravenna  in  540  

•  8  sided  structure  

•  Plain  exterior  except  porch  added  later  in  Renaissance  

•  Large  windows  for  illumina7ng  interior  designs  

•  Interior  has  thin  columns  and  open  arched  spaces,  complex  spa7al  system  

•  Sense  of  mystery  in  the  space  

Great  Mosque,  Córdoba,  786  

Hypostyle  Hall  in  Cordoba  

Maqsura  

Quibla  

Mihrab  

Minaret  

Sahn  

The  Alhambra,  1338  -­‐  1390  

Palatine Chapel, Aachen • Central plan, topped by an octagon • Built for Charlemagne • Inspired by San Vitale • Capitals taken from old Roman monuments • Large heavy appearance • Arches smaller on first story, larger on second • Arches on second story have Roman columns placed inside that are purely decorative, and do not hold the arches up • Arches on first floor have a low, heavy, thick appearance • Arches have a striped pattern

Comparison of the Plans of San Vitale in Ravenna to the Palace Chapel in Aix-la-Chapelle.

Abbey  Church  

Pilgrim’s  Hostel  

Cloister  

Infirmary  

School  

Brewery  

The  Plan  of  Saint  Gall  is  a  famous  medieval  architectural  drawing  of  a  monas7c  compound  da7ng  from  the  early  9th  century.  It  is  preserved  in  the  S7asbibliothek  Sankt  Gallen,  Ms  1092.  It  is  the  only  surviving  major  architectural  drawing  from  the  roughly  700-­‐year  period  between  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  and  the  13th  century  

Carolingian  Art  Monastery  Plan,  St.  Gall,  Switzerland  

•  Ideal  plan  of  a  self-­‐sufficient  monas7c  community  

•  Church  in  center,  other  buildings  around  

•  Daily  ac7vi7es  in  one  place  •  Cloistered  monks  never  leave  

except  to  work  in  the  fields  •  Community  of  about  250-­‐300  

monks  with  30  to  40  serfs  per  monk  •  Highly  organized  •  Many  altars  in  church,  not  for  

congrega7on,  but  for  monks  to  say  Mass  

•  Everything  necessary  for  the  monks  grouped  around  the  cloister  

"  Timber architecture in outer buildings "  Standard of comfort was high for the time "  Serfs lived with animals in their pens "  Infirmary, school, convent, guest house

St.  Madhew,  the  Corona7on  Gospels,  c.  800  

St.  Madhewthe  Ebbo  Gospels,  c.  816  

Cross Page from The Book of Lindisfarne • Balanced design • Cross clearly defined, stands apart from the space • Animal interlace • Complicated, spiraling patterns • Symmetry • Colors used in alternate positions around the cross • Known as a carpet page

Lindau  Gospels  c.  870-­‐880  

Chi  Rho  page  from  the  Book  of  Kells  

Chi  –  Rho  formed  by  superimposing  the  first  two  (capital)  leders  chi  and  rho  (ΧΡ)  of  the  Greek  word  "ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ"  =Christ    in  such  a  way  to  produce  the  monogram  ☧.  Although  not  technically  a  cross,  the  Chi  Rho  invokes  the  crucifixion  of  Jesus  as  well  as  symbolizing  his  status  as  the  Christ.  

Early  Medieval  Art  

SuCon  Hoo  Purse  Lid  •  Geometric  interlace  

designs  •  Symmetry  of  forms  •  Animals  and  humans  

interact  •  Repe77on  of  paderns  •  Used  as  a  purse  cover  for  

a  disintegrated  purse  found  in  a  ship  burial  in  England    

Purse  Cover,  Sudon  Hoo  ship  burial,  c.  655  

Odonian  Art  Saint  Michael’s,  Hildesheim  •  Two  pairs  of  lateral  entrances  •  Two  pairs  of  crossing  towers  •  Two  pairs  of  stair  turrets  •  Two  apses  •  Two  transepts  •  Supports  in  the  nave  are  not  

tradi7onal  columns,  but  pairs  of  columns  alterna7ng  with  square  piers  

•  Divides  nave  into  three  separate  units  of  three  openings  each  

•  First  and  third  units  are  related  to  the  lateral  entrances  to  the  building  

•  Nave  is  a  hall  that  connects  the  two  apses  

•  Windows  do  not  line  up  with  arches  below:  9  arches  with  10  windows  

•  Spacious  undecorated  interior  

Bronze  Door  of  Hildesheim  •  Sugges7ons  of  Roman  

monumentality:  inspired  by  bronze  doors  of  the  Pantheon  (now  gone)  or  Pala7ne  Chapel  (no  decora7on)  

•  Solid  bronze,  each  scene  molded  separately  

•  Scenes  compare  scenes  of  the  fall  of  man  with  the  saving  of  man    

•  Rectangular  scenes  with  few  figures  and  a  barren  landscape,  empty  background  

•  Emphasis  of  gesture,  liveliness  •  Bony  figures  

•  Emphasis  on  extremi7es:  hands,  feet,  head  

•  Spiky  foliage  

•  Heads  fully  rounded  and  emerge  from  background  

•  Scenes  tell  the  story  of  the  life  of  Christ  and  Adam  and  Eve  

After the death of Charlemagne, his kingdom was divided among his grandsons, only to disintegrate at the hands of Vikings and Magyars. A re-consolidation occurred, however, in the middle of the 10th century, thanks to a new line of German emperors known as the Ottonians. The Ottonian period saw a new wave of influence from the Greek East (Otto II married a Byzantine princess), which resulted in one of the first monumental sculptures of the crucified Christ, the Gero Crucifix. The face (heavily etched with pain), the bulging arc of the abdomen, and the tension in the tightly stretched arms all convey Christ's torment with unequalled expression.

30  Minute  Essay  

•  This  test  will  also  include  a  30  minute  essay.  The  topic  for  the  essay  will  revolve  around  works  of  art  that  have  been  removed  from  their  original  semngs  and  how  knowledge  of  the  original  semngs  of  artworks  contributes  to  a  more  complete  understanding  of  the  works.  As  with  all  30  minute  essays,  you  will  be  discussing  two  specific  works  of  art.