Notes on South-East Asian Limacodidae (Lepidoptera ...

IntroductionThis article is devoted to the description and mor-phological review of seven small and poorly known limacodid genera from South-East Asia: Barisania Holloway, 1990, Pseudaltha Hering, 1931, Austrap-oda Inoue, 1982, Euphlyctinides Hering, 1931, Pseu-donagoda Holloway, 1990, Pseudidonauton Hering, 1931, and Atosioides Solovyev, gen. n. (Figs 1–24). Most of these genera were so far only known after a few specimens and are considered to be monotypic. The morphology of the species from these genera was poorly studied; male genitalia of several species were unknown, nor wing venation or other characters. As a result of the examination of the limacodid col-lections in MWM (see abbreviations below) and BMNH and the private collection of the author (CAS) a few interesting specimens were found in these genera. In addition, eleven undescribed species were found and one of these lead to the

recognition of a new genus, Atosioides Solovyev, gen. n. with type-species Atosia rochei Holloway, 1986.

Material and methodsThe material from the MWM is the basis for this work. Type-material from BMNH, EIHU, and ZMHB was investigated and additional material from CSI, ISEA, ZFMK, ZISP, and CAS was exam-ined. Genital slides were prepared and stained using the method of Hardwick (1950), the vesica was everted, and the genitalia were mounted on slides with Euparal. Images of adults were taken with a Nikon Coolpix 5400 E digital camera and the images of genitalia were taken through a MBS-10 binocu-lar microscope and later re-worked using COREL PHOTO PAINT 12 and COREL DRAW 12.

Notes on South-East Asian Limacodidae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea) with one new genus and eleven new species

Alexey V. Solovyev

Eleven new species of Limacodidae from South-East Asia are described here as new: Barisania honeyi sp. n. from central Myanmar, northern and central Vietnam and central Thailand, Pseudaltha eboris sp. n., from northern Thailand, P. sapa sp. n., from northern Vietnam and northern Thailand, Austrapoda seres sp. n. from China (Chekiang and Shaanxi), Euphlyctinides indi sp. n. from India, E. aeneola sp. n. from northern and western Thailand, Pseudonagoda siniaevi sp. n. from southern Andaman, Atosioides accola sp. n. from western Sumatra and southern Thailand, Pseudidonauton siamica sp. n. from northern Thailand and central Vietnam, P. chihpyh sp. n. from Taiwan and P. vexa sp. n. from central Vietnam and south-eastern Thailand. The genus Atosioides Solovyev is erected here with type-species Atosia rochei Holloway, 1986. Brief morphological reviews of all examined genera are given. All diagnostic features are illustrated.Alexey V. Solovyev, Zoology Department, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, RUS-432700, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 152: 167–183, Figs. 1–54. [ISSN 0040-7496]. http://www.nev.nl/tve© 2009 Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging. Published 1 August 2009.

168 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 152, 2009

AbbreviationsBMNH The Natural History Museum; London,

United KingdomCAS Private collection of Alexey V. Solovyev;

Ulyanovsk, Russia (primary types will be transferred to MWM)

CSI Private collection of Siegfried Ihle; Ingol-stadt, Germany

EIHU Hokkaido University; Sapporo, JapanGS Genitalia slideISEA Institute for Systematics and Ecology of

Animals, Siberian department of the Rus-sian Academy of Sciences; Russia, Novosi-birsk

MWM Entomologisches Museum Thomas J. Witt; Munich, Germany (to be trans-ferred to the Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich)

ZFMK Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig; Bonn, Germany

ZISP Zoological Institute of the Russian Acad-emy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia

ZMHB Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Uni-versität; Berlin, Germany

| New line on the labels of holotypes

Systematic treatment

ChecklistBarisania Holloway, 1990lampra West, 1937 – Borneo and Sumatrahoneyi Solovyev, sp. n. – central Myanmar, northern

and central Vietnam, northern and central Thai-land

Pseudaltha Hering, 1931atramentifera Hering, 1931 – Indiaeboris Solovyev, sp. n. – northern Thailandsapa Solovyev, sp. n. – northern Vietnam, northern

Thailand

Austrapoda Inoue, 1982dentatus Oberthür, 1879 – Far East Russia, Japan

and Korea = nitobeana Matsumura, 1931 hepatica Inoue, 1987 – Japanseres Solovyev, sp. n. – China: Chekiang and

Shaanxi

Euphlyctinides Hering, 1931albifusum Hampson, 1892 – India, Nepal (Yoshi-

moto 1993: 34, pl. 39: 11 as rava) = rava Hering, 1931

indi Solovyev, sp. n. – north-eastern Indiaaeneola Solovyev, sp. n. – northern and western

Thailand.

Pseudonagoda Holloway, 1990naessigi Holloway, 1990 – Sumatrasiniaevi Solovyev, sp. n. – southern Andaman

Atosioides Solovyev, gen. n.: rochei Holloway, 1986 – Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsu-

lar Malaysiaaccola Solovyev, sp. n. – western Sumatra, southern

Thailand

Pseudidonauton Hering, 1931admirabile Hering, 1931 – Peninsular Malaysiabhaga Swinhoe, 1901 – Borneo, Peninsular Malay-

sia, Sumatranigribasis Hampson, 1905 – Indiasiamica Solovyev, sp. n. – northern Thailand and

central Vietnamchihpyh Solovyev, sp. n. – Taiwanvexa Solovyev, sp. n. – central Vietnam and south-

eastern Thailand

Barisania HollowayBarisania Holloway, 1990: 45. Type-species: Parasa lampra

West, 1937, by original designation.

Composition. Barisania lampra (West, 1937) and B. honeyi Solovyev, sp. n.

The genus occurs in Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra and Borneo and includes middle-sized limacodids with a forewing length of 13–16 mm and a unique brown-yellow coloration and strongly modified wing pattern (Figs 1–3). A detailed diag-nosis of this genus was given by Holloway (1990: 45). The labial palps are shorter than the head; the 3rd segment is small. The male antennae are widely bipectinate in their basal third, distally almost fili-form. The forewings are elongated. The medial stem is well developed, strongly divided medially; the vein R5 is branched from R3+R4 in the forewing. The uncus is elongated, without spur. The gnathos is strongly curved, slender, and elongate. The valvae are triangular, with well defined sacculus. The juxta is flattened, not modified. The aedeagus is tube-shaped, long, with apical process.Females and larvae are unknown.The genus is easily recognized from other limacodid genera by its large size, brown coloration of the forew-ing with a large apical yellow area. It could be con-fused with Shangrilla Zolotuhin & Solovyev, 2008,

169Solovyev: South-East Asian Limacodidae

Figs 1–24. Limacodidae, dorsal habitus. – 1, Barisania lampra, holotype, ?; south-western Sumatra (BMNH); 2, B. honeyi, holotype; 3, B. honeyi, paratype, ?; northern Thailand (MWM); 4, Pseudaltha atramentifera, holotype; 5, P. eboris, holotype; 6, P. sapa, holotype; 7, Austrapoda dentatus, Russia, Far East (MWM); 8, A. hepatica, holotype, ?; Japan, Niigata Pref. (BMNH); 9, A. seres, paratype, ?; China, Chekiang (ZFMK); 10, Euphlyctinides albifu-sum, holotype; 11, E. albifusum, eastern Nepal (MWM); 12, E. indi, holotype; 13, E. aeneola, holotype; 14, Pseu-donagoda naessigi, holotype; 15, P. siniaevi, holotype; 16, Atosioides rochei, holotype, ?; Borneo, Sabah (BMNH); 17, A. accola, holotype; 18, Pseudidonauton admirabile, holotype, ?; Peninsular Malaysia (BMNH); 19, P. bhaga, type, ?; Borneo (BMNH); 20, P. nigribasis, holotype; 21, P. siamica, holotype; 22, P. chihpyh, holotype; 23, P. chihpyh, paratype, /; Taiwan (MWM); 24, P. vexa, holotype. Scale bar: 1 cm.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17

18 19 20

2423

21

22


known from Southern China so far, but the apical yellow area of the forewing of Barisania is wider, and the outer marginal yellow area is not well defined; the medial stem in forewing venation is divided in Barisania (Zolotuhin & Solovyev 2008: 99).The second species of Barisania Holloway is known from northern and central Thailand, northern Viet-nam and central Myanmar. B. lampra (West, 1937) occurs only on Sumatra and Borneo. Holloway (1990: 45) cited this also for Thailand and Vietnam, but most likely this refers to the new species. Both species are extremely similar externally, considered allopatric here and defined clearly only by the mor-phology of the male genitalia.

Barisania honeyi Solovyev sp. n. Figs 2, 3, 25, 32

Type material. Holotype ?, ‘Thailand | Chang-wat Chiang Mai | 1 km E of Kop Dong | 1650 m, 13.xi.1998 | leg. Tibor Csôvári | & László Mikus | Museum Witt’, ‘Genitalpräparat | Heterocera | Nr. 13.285 | Museum WITT München’, MWM.Paratypes. Thailand, Phayao: 1?, 15 km SE Chi-ang Muan, 640 m, 26.xi.1998, leg. T. Csőváry & L. Mikus, MWM); 3?, the same data but 12.viii.1999, MWM (GS 13284); 4?, 15 km W of Huai Fuang, 740 m, 9.viii.1999, leg. T. Csőváry & L. Mikus, MWM (GS 13283). Thailand, Chiang Mai: 1?, as holotype, MWM; 1?, Doi Kham, 500 m, 10.vi.2004, leg. Thomas Ihle, CSI. Thailand, Changwat Nan: 1?, 5 km E of Bo Luang, 610 m, 23.xi.1998, leg. T. Csôvári & L. Mikus, MWM (GS 13282); 1?, Nan to Ban Muang Rd. km 18.5, 320 m, 25.vii.1990, leg. I.J. Kitching, BMNH (GS 1421). Thailand, Nakhon Nayok: 1?, Khao Yai Nat. Park, 800 m, 5.ix.1988, M.G. Allen, MWM (GS 13253).

Additional material. Vietnam, Kon Tum: 1?, Dac Glei, 700 m, 15˚07’N, 107˚42’E, 8.VIII.1996, leg. V. Siniaev & E. Afonin, MWM (GS 13254). Myanmar, Sagaing: Waha Sakan, 28 km NNW Wingon, N.P., 733 m, 22.53308˚N, 94.59678˚E, LF, 27.vi.2005, leg. M. Hoffmann, MWM (GS 13255).

DescriptionMale (Figs 2, 3). Expanse 27–33 mm, forewing length 13–15 mm. Antennae broadly bipectinate in basal third, distally almost filiform. Head, tho-rax and abdomen yellowish-brown. Forewings and hindwings reddish-brown with yellow outer margin. Forewing with large apical yellow spot. Vein R5 of

forewing stalked from R3+R4, medial stem branched distally (Fig. 25).Male genitalia (Fig. 32). Uncus broad, triangular, without spur. Gnathos curved under right angle medially, unpaired distally, very long and narrow. Valvae triangular-shaped, right-angled distally, with-out saccular process, with transverse crest from basal upper corner of valvae. Juxta lamellar. Aedeagus long, slender, slightly curved medially, dorsally and ventrally with small apical processes.Female. Unknown.

DiagnosisThe species is externally indistinguishable from Barisania lampra West (Figs 1, 31) but the fringe of the forewing outer margin, contrasting to the adjoin-ing brown field, is usually not brown. The morphol-ogy of male genitalia is most diagnostic; the valvae of B. honeyi are not rounded apically as in B. lampra, with well defined corners and an unique transversal crest from the basal upper corner.

BiologyThe flight period is in June, August, September, November and December. The species was collected at altitudes of 320–1650 m.

DistributionNorthern and central Thailand, northern Vietnam, central Myanmar.

CommentsThe single specimens from Myanmar and Vietnam are not included in the type-series; their male genita-lia are slightly damaged.

EtymologyThe species honeyi [a noun in genitive case] is dedi-cated to Mr. Martin Honey (BMNH; London, United Kingdom) in recognition for his support during my study of the collection in the Natural History Museum in 2005 and 2008.

Pseudaltha HeringPseudaltha Hering, 1931: 681. Type-species: Pseudaltha

atramentifera Hering, 1931, by original designation.

Composition. Pseudaltha atramentifera Hering, 1931, P. eboris Solovyev, sp. n., and P. sapa Solovyev, sp. n.

The genus is characterized by the whitish colour of the moths (Figs 4–6). The male antenna is bipec-tinate with short rami. The forewings have bright


zigzag brown basal, antemedial and postmedial fas-ciae, with black streak-like apical and medial strokes. The forewing venation conforms to the limacodid ground-plan (Holloway 1986: 50) with sinuous R1, medial stem not branched, vein R5 stalked from R3+R4. In male genitalia the valvae and juxta are strongly modified (Figs 33–35). The uncus bears an api-cal spur. The valvae are very broad proximally and narrowed distally, without saccular processes, with transverse sclerotized crest from tornal angle, with distinctive costa and supracostal slightly sclerotized rounded part. The juxta is divided into two hook-shaped large processes. The gnathos is long, flattened distally. The aedeagus is small, tube-shaped. The females are unknown. The moths are similar externally to Altha Walker, 1862 and Althonarosa Kawada, 1930 but can be dis-tinguished by the following characters: in Pseudaltha the forewing has a large apical dark streak, the anten-nae are evenly bipectinate almost to their tips; in the male genitalia the valvae are strongly divided and the juxta has two horn-like lateral processes.

Pseudaltha eboris Solovyev, sp. n. Figs 5, 34

Type material. Holotype ?, ‘Thailand | Prov. Chiang Mai | Doi Inthanon NP, 39 km | road N of Chom Thong | 1820 m, 1–3.vi.1998 | leg. Dr. Ronald Brechlin | Museum Witt”, ‘Genitalpräparat | Het-erocera | Nr. 12941 | Museum WITT München’, MWM.

DescriptionMale (Fig. 5). Expanse 26 mm, forewing length 12 mm. Antenna bipectinate almost to its apex, brownish. Body white. Forewings white with medial and apical black strokes; one more blackish streak between apical spot and costa. Medial stroke smaller than apical. Bright brown zigzag fasciae of forew-ings indistinct. Apex of abdomen with sparse brown scales.Male genitalia (Fig. 34). Uncus well developed, strongly sclerotized apically. Gnathos long, flattened apically. Valvae divided into 3 lobes, very broad prox-imally and narrowed apically; costa well developed; supracostal part rounded; with transverse strongly sclerotized crest from outer lower angle and rounded outer lower margin. Lateral processes of juxta curved forward, very narrow distally. Aedeagus tube-shaped, slender, curved basally.Female. Unknown.

DiagnosisExternally, the species cannot be separated from its congeners. The male genitalia resemble those of Pseudaltha atramentifera but the lateral parts of the juxta are much shorter and wider apically and do not reach the gnathos. From both P. atramentifera and P. sapa. the species is separated by a strongly sclero-tized, acute crest running from the lower corner of the valvae (Fig. 34, arrowed), not rounded apically as in the other congeners; the aedeagus is distinctly more slender.

BiologyThe single specimen was collected in early June from an altitude of 1820 m. The larvae are unknown.

DistributionNorthern Thailand (Chiang Mai).

EtymologyFrom Latin “ebur, genitive eboris”, ivory, elephant tusk, because of its coloration.

Pseudaltha sapa Solovyev, sp. n. Figs 6, 35

Type material. Holotype ?, ‘N. Vietnam | Mt. Fan-si-pan N-Seite | Cha-pa (= Sapa) 1525 m | 22.17’N 103.44’E | primär. Urwald 7, 10.vii.1994 | leg. Bre-chlin & Schintlmeister’, ‘Museum Witt’, ‘Genital-präparat | Heterocera | Nr. 12943 | Museum WITT München’ (MWM).Paratypes. Vietnam, Lao Cai, Mt. Fan-si-pan: 2?, as holotype, MWM; 3?, W-side, Chapa, 22º20’ N, 103º40’ E, Sek. Wald, 1600–1800 m, 10.vi– 6.vii.1994, leg. Sinjaev & einh. Sammler, MWM (GS 12952); 1?, the same data but leg. Schintl-meister, MWM (GS 12953); 1?, Cha-pa, 1700 m, 22.15º N, 103.46º E, 08–29.v.1993, leg Sinjaev & Simonov, MWM (GS 12954); 1?, the same data but 2400 m, MWM. Thailand, Nan: 1?, 30 km E of Pua, 1700 m, 22–23.ix.1999, leg. A. Szabó & Z. Czere, MWM (GS 12956).

DescriptionMale (Fig. 6). Expanse 25–28 mm. Forewing length 11–13 mm. Antennae bipectinate, brownish. Ground colour white. Forewings with zigzag brownish basal, antemedial and postmedial fasciae; with medial and apical large black strokes. Abdomen whitish-ochre.Male genitalia (Fig. 35). Uncus well developed, apically strongly sclerotized. Gnathos long, flat-tened apically. Valvae divided into 3 lobes, very broad proximally and narrowed apically; costa well


developed; supracostal part rounded; with transverse, undefined apically and not acute crest running from tornal angle; lower outer margin with finger-shaped process. Lateral processes of juxta curved forward, strong. Aedeagus tube-shaped, slender and curved basally.Female. Unknown.

DiagnosisThe features of the male genitalia are diagnostic. The

finger-shaped process of the lower outer margin of the valva is characteristic; the corner of the tornal margin is more distinctive and the lateral processes of juxta are stronger and distinctly broader than in the other two species.

BiologyThe flight period is in May, June, July and Septem-ber. The moths were taken at altitudes of 1600– 2400 m. The larvae are unknown.

Figs 25–30. Forewing venations. – 25, Barisania honeyi, paratype; northern Thailand (MWM); 26, Austrapoda dentatus, Russia, Far East (CAS); 27, Euphlyctinides aeneola northern Thailand (MWM), central Vietnam; 28, Atosia himalayana, central Vietnam (CAS); 29, Atosioides accola, holotype; 30, Pseudidonauton vexa, northern Vietnam (CAS).

A1+A2CuP

Sc

CuA1

R1R2

R5

R3

R4

M1

M3

M2

CuA2

25 26

27 28

29 30


DistributionNorthern Vietnam and northern Thailand.

EtymologyThe name, sapa, is a noun in apposition, referring to the type-locality.

Austrapoda InoueAustrapoda Inoue, 1982: 300. Type-species: Austrapoda

hepatica Inoue, 1987, designated by Owada & Hara, 2002

Composition. Austrapoda dentatus (Oberthür, 1879) (= Thosea nitobeana Matsumura, 1931), A. hepatica Inoue, 1987 and A. seres Solovyev, sp. n.

The genus Austrapoda is characterized by filiform antennae in the males; the vein R5 in the forewing stalks from the discal cell (Fig. 26); there is no sexual dimorphism. Previously the genus was only known from Far East Russia, Japan and Korea.The ground colour is brown (Figs 7–9). The labial palps are porrect, with a long 3rd segment, ⅓ as long as the second. The forewings are elongated with a basal white spot; their hook-like pattern with paler distal margins is similar to that of Atosia Snellen, 1900. The hind tibia bears four spurs.In the male genitalia the uncus bears a subapical spur; the gnathos is narrow (Figs 36–39). The aedea-gus is tube-shaped, slightly curved, with an apical, caudad strong process. The female genitalia are char-acterized by a strongly sclerotized antrum and basal part of ductus bursae. The ductus bursae is spiraled and long, the corpus bursae is globe-shaped with rounded field of small, stellate-spined signa.The genus is externally slightly similar to Atosia Snel-len, 1900 but differs by the more elongate forewings, without hook-like pattern containing white mark, with basal white spot.The relationships of this genus are problematic. Holloway (1986: 53) tentatively grouped the Ori-ental genera in some monophyletic lineages and included Austrapoda in his “stellate-spined signa”-group which combines the genera Narosa Walker, 1855, Belippa Walker, 1865, Apoda Hawort, 1809, Demonarosa Matsumura, 1931 and Cania Walker, 1855. However, Austrapoda shows not only the stellate-spined signa of this group, but also the splitting-back of the R5 vein in the forewing, which is a character of another ‘section’ (Holloway 1986: 54).

Austrapoda seres Solovyev, sp. n.Figs 9, 38, 39

Type-material. Holotype: ?, [China] ‘West-Tien-Mu-Shan | (1600 m) Pz. Chekiang | 17.6.1932. H. Höhe.’, ‘Slg. | Daniel’, ‘Gen.? sp.? | Hering’ 53’, ‘Genitalpräparat | Heterocera | Nr. 11361 | Museum WITT München’ [China], MWM.Paratypes. China, Chekiang: 1?, West Tien-Mu-Shan, 10.vii.1932, leg. H. Höhe, ZFMK (GS GU-05-02, A. Solovyev prep.). China, Shaanxi: 1?, Tai bai shan Mts (S), Tsinling Mts, Houzenzl, 33º53’ N; 107º49’ E, 1600 m, summer 1999, leg. loc. coll., MWM (GS 10033).

DescriptionMale (Fig. 9). Expanse 24–27 mm, forewing length 12–13 mm. Antennae filiform. Forewings elongate with distinct tornus, with basal white patch. Hook-like pattern of forewings with black proximal and paler, almost white distal margins. Hindwings pale brown.Male genitalia (Figs 38, 39). Uncus single with api-cal spur. Gnathos slightly flattened distally, single. Valvae elongated with short, strongly sclerotized, pointed saccular processes. Juxta modified, with two strong lateral processes; these processes bear one massive and smaller additional apical spurs. Aedea-gus tube-shaped, short; apically with pointed, strong apical process.Female. Unknown.

DiagnosisExternally, the species is similar to other species of Austrapoda, but differs in its male genitalia. The juxta has strong lateral processes. The apical spur of the aedeagus is short, strongly sclerotized, as long as ⅓ aedeagus length.

BiologyThe moths were collected in June and July at an alti-tude of 1600 m. The larvae are unknown.

DistributionChina (Chekiang and Shaanxi).

Etymology“Seres” [a noun in apposition] was the ancient Greek and Roman name for the inhabitants of the north-western part of modern China.


Figs 31–39. Male genitalia. – 31, Barisania lampra, paratype; Sumatra (GS Lima 1025, BMNH); 32, B. hon-eyi, holotype; 33, Pseudaltha atramentifera, holotype; 34, P. eboris, holotype; 35, P. sapa, holotype; 36, Austrapoda dentatus, holotype of Austrapoda nitobeana, Japan, Honshu (GS Csh 9, EIHU) (photo: Dr. S. Kazuhiro); 37, A. hepatica, Japan, Hokkaido (GS SAV-03-06, ISEA); 38, A. seres, paratype; China, Chekiang (GS GU-05-02, ZFMK), juxta turned over; 39, Juxta of A. seres, holotype. Scale bar: 1 mm.

31 32

33 34

35 36

37 38

39


Euphlyctinides HeringEuphlyctinides Hering, 1931: 704. Type-species: Euphlycti-

nides rava Hering, 1931, by original designation.

Composition. Euphlyctinides albifusum (Hampson, 1892) (= E. rava Hering, 1931), E. indi Solovyev, sp. n. and E. aeneola Solovyev, sp. n.

Small-sized moths with forewing length of 10– 11 mm (Figs 10–13). The male antenna is filiform. The ground colour is yellowish-brown. The labial palps are porrect; the 3rd segment as long as ⅓ of the 2nd one. The forewings are elongate, covered with sparse dark scales, with two dark smooth fasciae. The forewing with R5 stalked from discal vein near to branch R3+R4 (Fig. 27). The hind tibia bears four spurs. In male genitalia the uncus bears a subapical spur; the gnathos is narrow; the valvae without saccular proc-ess, elongate (Figs 40–42). The juxta is very narrow, strongly sclerotized; its apex is divided. The aedeagus is slender, almost straight, hook-shaped apically. The females and larvae are unknown.The genus is externally similar to Ceratonema Hamp-son, 1893 but the forewing contains only two (not three) dark, smooth and interrupted fasciae.Euphlyctinides is related to Ceratonema Hampson, 1893, Trichogyia Hampson, 1894, Caissa Hering, 1931, Limacosilla Hering, 1931, and Striogyia Hol-loway, 1986 because of the filiform antennae in the males and the position of vein R5 in the forewing (Holloway 1986: 55).

Euphlyctinides indi Solovyev, sp. n. Figs 12, 41

Type material. Holotype ?, ‘Indien WB 1800m | Darjeeling Mangpu-road | 11.vii.1986 | leg. W. Tho-mas’, ‘Museum Witt | München’, ‘Genitalpräparat | Heterocera | Nr. 13289 | Museum WITT München’, MWM.

DescriptionMale (Fig. 12). Expanse 22 mm, forewing length 11 mm. Antennae filiform. Head, thorax and abdo-men brownish. Forewings bronze-brown with sparse dark scales. Antemedial fascia of forewings almost straight, smoothed and slightly interrupted with lower large dark semicircle-shaped spot. Postmedial fascia oriented from apex to tornus, slightly curved, concaved, without distinctive interruptions. Hind-wings dark, grayish-brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 41). Uncus narrow, with well developed subapical spur. Gnathos narrowed

apically. Valvae broad distally, 1.5 times broader than basally. Juxta flattened, without processes. Aedeagus slender apically with strong, curved medially under right angle spur. Cornuti absent.Female. Unknown.

DiagnosisThe species is distinguished from its congeners by its darker coloration and the presence of a postmedial forewing fascia without distinctive interruptions; its juxta is without any processes; and the valvae are much broader distally.

BiologyThe single specimen was collected in mid July at an altitude of 1800 m. The larvae are unknown.

DistributionNorth-eastern India.

EtymologyThe name “indi” [a noun in apposition] is derived from “India” and thus refers to the country of the type locality.

Euphlyctinides aeneola Solovyev, sp. n. Figs 13, 42

Type material. Holotype ?, ‘Thailand | Changwat Chiang Mai | 16 km NW of Mae Ai | 1550 m, 26–27.vi.1998 | leg. István Soós | & Attila Szabó | Museum Witt’, ‘Genitalpräparat | Heterocera | Nr. 13286 | Museum WITT München’, MWM.Paratypes. Thailand, Chiang Mai: 1?, 23 km NW of Sop Kha, 1 km E of Kop Dong, 1650 m, 5.viii.1999, leg. T. Csőváry & L. Mikus, MWM (GS 13262); 1?, 16 km NW of Mae Ai, 1550 m, 4.vii.1998, leg. I. Soós & A. Szabó, MWM; 1?, 2 km S of Ban Kum, 1700 m, 13–14.vi.1998, leg. István Soós & Attila Szabó, MWM; 1?, Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden, 12 km, Mae Rim-Same-ong Rd., 18˚52.855’N, 98˚51.743’E, 715 m, at MV light, 19.vii.2006, leg. G. Martin, BMNH (BMNH (E) 2006–128, GS 1416). Thailand, Uthai Thani: 1?, Huai Kha Khaeng WS, Khao Nang Ram Res. Sta. HQ, 400 m, 29.x.1991, leg. I.J. Kitching & A.M. Cotton, BMNH (BM 1992–13, GS 1417).

DescriptionMale (Fig. 13). Expanse 20–22 mm, forewing length 10–11 mm. Antennae filiform. Head, thorax and abdomen brown. Forewing and hindwing grayish-brown. Forewing with darker costal area, discal cell with dark-brown scales. Dark-brown postmedial


fascia of forewing consists of dispersal streak-like spots on veins; antemedial fascia dark-brown, inter-rupted, smoothed, with widening in costal, medial, and lower marginal areas.Male genitalia (Fig. 42). Uncus narrow, triangular-shaped with subapical spur. Gnathos broad medially, very narrow apically. Valvae elongate with developed sacculus. Juxta very long, strongly sclerotized, api-cally divided into 2 small processes. Aedeagus slen-der, straight, pointed; apical process strong, spirally curved. Length of aedeagus equal of valvae length. Cornuti absent.Female. Unknown.

DiagnosisThe species differs from other Euphlyctinides exter-nally by the very dark costal area of the forewings, the strongly interrupted antemedial fascia with dark costal, medial and lower marginal spots. The male genitalia have an apically divided juxta (in albifu-sum the juxta is divided in basal part, in indiis not divided); the valvae have a defined sacculus; the aedeagus is very long, as long as the valva; the apical process of aedeagus is spiral, broad.

BiologyThe flight period falls on mid June–August and end

Figs 40–45. Male genitalia. – 40, Euphlyctinides albifusum, eastern Nepal (GS 13287, MWM); 41, E. indi, holo-type; 42, E. aeneola, holotype; 43, Pseudonagoda siniaevi, holotype; 44, Atosioides accola, holotype; 45, Atosia doenia, holotype; Java (GS BM limacodid 632, BMNH). Scale bar: 1 mm.

40 41

42 43

44 45


October. The specimens were collected at altitudes of 400–1700 m. The larvae are unknown.

DistributionNorthern and western Thailand.

EtymologyFrom Latin “aeneolus” [an adjective] – “produced from bronze”, referring to the coloration of the species.

Pseudonagoda HollowayPseudonagoda Holloway, 1990: 59. Type-species: Pseudona-

goda naessigi Holloway, 1990, by original designation.

Composition. Pseudonagoda naessigi Holloway, 1990 and P. siniaevi Solovyev, sp. n.

The full diagnosis of the genus is given by Holloway (1990: 59). The specimens are very rare in all collec-tions and only single specimens of each species are known. The second species is described here from southern Andaman and therefore the diagnosis of the genus can be extended with several characters.The genus includes middle-sized moth with a forew-ing length of 11–12 mm (Figs 14, 15). The male antennae have long rami in basal third, almost fili-form distally. The species are blackish with hyaline wings. The veins are black; the forewings with well developed, not branched distally medial stem; vein

R5 is branched from R3+R4; the veins C, Sc, R1, R2 and R3 are close together. In the male genitalia the uncus is wide, without spur; the gnathos is broad, dorsoventrally flattened at the apex and bilobed, each lobe is boot-shaped, broader distally; the valvae with a thorny internal crest from apex of saccular process to medial part of valvae; the juxta bears two dorsal claw-shaped processes; the aedeagus has apically small spines and distally a long finger-shaped process (Fig. 43).The females and larvae are unknown. The genus is similar to Nagodopsis Matsumura, 1931 but the males do not have filiform but basally wid-ened antennae; the forewings with closed veins C, Sc, R1, R2, and R3. In the male genitalia the bilobed gnathos (not single as in Nagodopsis Matsumura), the valvae with saccular processes, the juxta with two claw-shaped processes; the aedeagus with apical finger-shaped process are diagnostic.

Pseudonagoda siniaevi Solovyev, sp. n. Figs 15, 43

Type material. Holotype ?, ‘S. Andaman | Near Port Blair, Wandoor | beach, 1–2.03.1998, leg. | V. Siniaev & A. Kamenev | ex. coll. A. Schintl-meister’, ‘Museum Witt’, ‘Genitalpräparat | Het-erocera | Nr. 11375 | Museum WITT München’, MWM (GS 11375).

uncus

tuba analis

saccular process

gnathos

transtilla

juxta valva

Fig. 46. Male genitalia of Pseudidonauton vexa, paratype; central Vietnam (GS 0055, CAS).


DescriptionMale (Fig. 15). Expanse 27 mm, forewing length 12 mm. Antennae strongly bipectinate in basal third. Ground colour black. Wings extensively hyaline with rare grey scale-covering. Forewings and hindwings with costal and lower margins densely covered with black scales. Forewing elongate; discal vein marked by black scales.Male genitalia (Fig. 43). Uncus large, finger-shaped apically. Gnathos broad, dorsoventrally flattened, bilobed apically, each lobe rectangle-shaped, slightly broader distally. Valvae triangular with rounded api-cally saccular process and thorny internal crest from apical of saccular process to medial part of valvae. Juxta apically with two curved pointed processes. Aedeagus apically with small spines and distally with long finger-shaped process. Female. Unknown.

DiagnosisThe species is distinguished from P. naessigi exter-nally by the presence of grey scales on the wings. The male genitalia are characterized by the uncus being finger-shaped apically; the lobes of the gnathos are elongated, apically not so produced; the costa of the valvae is convex, the apex rounded; the valvae have a distinct medial thorny internal crest; the saccular process is not strong and pointed apically.

BiologyThe single specimen was collected in early March. The larvae are unknown.

DistributionIndia (southern Andaman).

EtymologyThe species siniaevi [a noun in genitive case] is dedi-cated to Mr. Viktor V. Siniaev (Moscow) – to the collector of this nice moth.

Figs 47–52. Male genitalia of Pseudidonauton spp. – 47, P. admirabile, holotype; Peninsular Malaysia (GS Lima 341, BMNH); 48, P. bhaga, holotype; Borneo (GS Lima 319, BMNH); 49, P. nigribasis, holotype; India (GS Lima 371, BMNH); 50, P. siamica, holotype; 51, P. chihpyh, holotype; 52, P. vexa, holotype. Scale bar: 1 mm.

47 48 49

50 51 52


Atosioides Solovyev, gen. n.Type-species: Atosia rochei Holloway, 1986, here desig-

nated.

Composition. Atosia rochei (Holloway, 1986) comb. n. and A. accola Solovyev, sp. n.

The genus Atosiodes Solovyev consists of small-sized moths with forewing length of 7–10 mm and an expanse of 17–21 mm (Figs 16, 17). The male antennae are filiform. The moths are not sexually dimorphic. The ground colour of the body is yellow-ish brown. The forewings have a dark oblique medial fascia from distal ⅓ of the lower margin to ⅔ of the costa; distally this fascia includes a pale area; with four curved, almost parallel, oblique, dark fasciae. In the forewing vein R1 is sinuous (Fig. 29); R5 is branched from R3+R4; the medial stem is not divided. The hindwings are paler than the forewings.In the male genitalia the uncus is single with a short subapical spur (Fig. 44). The gnathos is strongly scle-rotized. The valvae are without saccular process. The juxta is flattened. The anellus dorsally has a band of thick spines. The aedeagus is short, triangular-shaped in lateral view with palmate strong apical spines. In the female genitalia the ovipositor lobes are well developed (Holloway 1990: 36, fig. 7). The anterior apophysis is 2.5 times shorter than the posterior. The ductus bursae is very short, slightly spiraled, sclero-tized basally. The corpus bursae is large and elongate; the signum is absent.The larvae are unknown.Atosiodes occurs in Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia (Holloway 1990: 36) and southern Thai-land.

Previously Atosioides rochei (Holloway 1986) was included in Atosia Snellen, 1900 (Fig. 45). However, no features can definitely prove this placement except for the Narosa-like habitus (Holloway 1986: 75, 77), also known for some other genera (Narosa Walker, 1855, Flavinarosa Holloway, 1986, Heringarosa Hol-loway, 1986, Saccurosa Holloway, 1986 etc.). The strongly modified wing pattern and genitalia of both sexes show strong differences; therefore the close relationship of these two genera is not evident so far. The coloration of the forewings of Atosioides differs from those of Atosia by an oblique dark medial fascia with a paler distal fascia and four curved, oblique, dark fasciae, without the hook-like pattern of Atosia which contains a white mark (Holloway 1986: 75). In the forewing venation, the vein R5 is branched from R3+R4, close to the discal cell (Fig. 29); in Atosia the vein R5 is branched medially from R3+R4 (Fig. 28). In the male genitalia the anellus bears a dorsal band of thick spines; the aedeagus is short, almost triangular in lateral view, apically broader with strong palmate processes (Fig. 44) in compari-son with Atosia (Fig. 45) where the anellus has no band of thick spines; the aedeagus is narrow, curved, without palmate processes, bears just a single spur. Thus, the modified wing pattern as discussed above, the anellus with dorsal band of thick spines and the aedeagus with palmate processes are diagnostic for the new genus.

Figs 53–54. Female genitalia of Pseudidonauton spp. – 53, P. chihpyh, paratype; Taiwan (GS 12735, MWM); 54, P. vexa, paratype; central Vietnam (GS 0010, CAS). Abbreviations: A.A. – anterior apophysis; P.A. – posterior apophysis. Scale bar: 1 mm.

53 54

P.A.

A.A.

P.A.A.A.


Atosioides accola Solovyev, sp. n.Figs 17, 29, 44

Type material. Holotype ?, ‘Indonesien | W. Sumatra, 7 km E Panti | 0º12’N, 100º01’E | 1000 m, Primarurwald | 16.ix.1991 leg. Graul | ex. coll. A. Schintlmeister | Museum Witt’, ‘Genital-präparat | Heterocera | Nr. 11344 | Museum WITT München’, MWM.Paratype. 1?, S. Thailand, Krabi, Khao Prabang, Khram non-hunting area, rd to coffee plantn, 130 m, 8.xii.1991, leg. I.J. Kitching & A.M. Cot-ton, BMNH (BM 1992–13, GS 1406).

DescriptionMale (Fig. 17). Expanse 17 mm, forewing length 7 mm. Antennae filiform. Body yellowish brown. Forewings with dark oblique medial fascia from dis-tal ⅓ of the lower margin to ⅔ of the costa; distally this fascia with pale area; and with four curved dark fasciae from medial fascia to tornal area. Hindwings paler than forewings.Male genitalia (Fig. 44). Uncus with subapical spur. Gnathos very large, clavate, with strong apical dor-sal spine. Juxta flattened, with two lateral echinated processes. Anellus with large area of thick and strong spines. Aedeagus short, triangular in lateral view, with very strong short apical palmate processes. Female. Unknown.

DiagnosisThe species is externally similar to A. rochei (Fig. 16), but easily distinguished by its male genitalia. The gnathos of A. accola is clavate, very large; the juxta bears two lateral processes; the anellus has a larger spined band than A. rochei; the aedeagus is only slightly curved, apically clavate with short palmate processes.

BiologyThe specimens were collected in mid September and early December at altitudes of 130–1000 m. The lar-vae are unknown.

DistributionWestern Sumatra, southern Thailand.

EtymologyFrom Latin “accola” – neighbour [a noun in appo-sition], because of the distribution of the Atosioides species, that both occur on Sumatra.

Pseudidonauton HeringPseudidonauton Hering, 1931: 705. Type-species: Pseudido-

nauton admirabile Hering, 1931, by original designa-tion.

Composition. Pseudidonauton admirabile Hering, 1931, P. bhaga (Swinhoe, 1901), P. nigribasis (Hamp-son, 1905), P. siamica Solovyev, sp. n., P. chihpyh Solovyev, sp. n. and P. vexa Solovyev, sp. n.

The genus was revised by Holloway (1986: 126); it is ranged from India to Sundaland. The moths are small, with forewing length 6–9 mm (Figs 18–24). The male antennae are filiform. The ground col-our is pale brown. The labial palps are curved; the 3rd segment is short, as long as 1/5 of the 2nd one. The forewing is almost uniform with clearly defined basal brown area; apically also brown area could be recognizable in some species. The forewing has slightly curved vein R1, R5 branched from R2+R4; the medial stem is reduced proximally (Fig. 30). The hind tibia bears 4 spurs.The species are characterized by strongly modified male and female genitalia. The uncus is flattened, deeply divided into two parts (Figs 46–52). The juxta is flattened (Fig. 46). The transtilla bears large, strongly sclerotized and bifid dorsally medial plate. The origin of this plate is unclear so far. The gnathos is reduced to a small plate, which may be function-ally replaced by the transtilla. The valvae are specifi-cally divided in two parts, the lower has long spine-shaped saccular process (Fig. 46). The female genitalia are variable (Figs 53–54); their descriptions are given in the species accounts below. The apophyses are small, modified. The ductus bur-sae is short, not spiral. The corpus bursae is pear-shaped. The larvae are semiovoid, almost without processes (Holloway 1986: 127).

Pseudidonauton siamica Solovyev, sp. n.Figs 21, 50

Type material. Holotype ?, ‘Thailand | Chang-wat Chiang Mai | Mt. Doi Inthanon, NP | 2300 m, 17.x.2000, leg. local collector | Museum Witt’, ‘Genitalpräparat | Heterocera | Nr. 13831 | Museum WITT München’, MWM (GS 13831). Paratypes. 1?, as holotype. Vietnam, Nghe An: 1?, Pumat N.P., Phuc Son vill., Anh Son distr., 18˚49’12.3’’N, 104˚58’18.6’’E, 130±11 m, 2.x.2008, leg. A. Solovyev & V. Zolotuhin, CAS (GS 0056); 2?, Pumat N.P., Tam Dinh vill., Tuong Duong


distr., 19˚10’32.5’’N, 104˚37’18.5’’E, 165±15 m, 4.x.2008, leg. A. Solovyev & V. Zolotuhin, CAS (GS 0009; AS-LIMAC 0069 in 96% alcohol).

DescriptionMale (Fig. 21). Expanse 14–15 mm, forewing length 7–8 mm. Antennae filiform, as long as ¾ of forew-ing costa length. Ground colour pale brown. Forew-ings with basal dark area, defined by whitish distal boarder; with curved oblique dark medial fascia from ⅔ costa to tornus; dark apical spot extends from apex to ⅓ outer margin.Male genitalia (Fig. 50). Uncus narrow, single. Gna-thos reduced to small tape. Valva strongly modified, with long strongly sclerotized sickle-shaped proc-ess from sacculus, basal upper part with large pad. Medial process of transtilla very large, fish-tailed api-cally. Juxta flattened, small. Aedeagus tube-shaped, small.

DiagnosisExternally the species is similar to P. bhaga (Fig. 19), but it differs from other congeners by the apical spot on the forewing which extends from apex to ⅓ of outer margin. In the male genitalia the saccular proc-ess is twice as long as the valva, the large pads in the basal part of the valvae and the fish-tail-like medial process of the transtilla are diagnostic.

BiologyThe specimens were collected in early and mid Octo-ber at altitudes of 119–2300 m.

DistributionNorthern Thailand and central Vietnam.

EtymologyThe name “siamica” [an adjective] refers to the type-locality: Siam is the former name for Thailand.

Pseudidonauton chihpyh Solovyev, sp. n.Figs 22, 23, 51, 53

Type material. Holotype ?, ‘Taiwan, Prov. Nantou | Huisun Forest Area, 500 m | 500 km N Puli, 7– 8.vi.1997 | leg. B. Herczig & L. Ronkay’, ‘Genital-präparat | Heterocera | Nr. 12734 | Museum WITT München’, MWM (GS 12734). Paratypes. Taiwan, Taitung: 1?, Chihpen Hot Springs, 400 m, 6,9.iv.1997, leg. Csorba & Ronkay, MWM (GS 13804); 1?, 1/, the same data but 10–11.vi.1997, leg. B. Herczig & L. Ronkay, MWM (GS 12735, 13805).

DescriptionMale (Fig. 22). Expanse 14 mm, forewing length 7 mm. Antennae filiform, slightly thickened, as long as ¾ of forewing costa length. Ground colour pale brown. Forewings with basal dark area, defined by whitish distal border; curved oblique dark medial fas-cia from ⅔ costa to tornus; dark apical spot extends from apex to ½ outer margin, reaches vein M3.Male genitalia (Fig. 51). Uncus strongly bifid with two finger-shape elongate curved processes; medial notch approximately of ½ width of uncus. Gnathos reduced to small plate. Valvae strongly modified, with finger-shaped apical part and long, curved saccular processes. Transtillae medially with large, apically bifid plate, with two strong finger-shape processes. Sacculus large, its lower outer corner distinctive, apex with long sickle-shaped process. Rest part of valvae small, finger-shaped, slightly sclerotized. Juxta flat-tened. Aedeagus small, slightly curved, with plate, covered with small cornuti.Female (Fig. 23). Expanse 19 mm, forewing length 9 mm. Antennae filiform. Forewings elongated, col-oration as in male.Female genitalia (Fig. 53). Anterior apophyses small, finger-shaped. Posterior apophyses short, as long as 4 of anterior ones, very broad, almost square in lateral view. Ductus bursae and corpus bursae membranous, short (but verification with additional specimens is needed).

DiagnosisThe species differs from its congeners by the more extensive dark apical spot that runs from costa to the middle of the outer margin and by the distinct medial fascia. It is easily distinguished by the male genitalia by the following characters: the uncus has a broad medial notch as in P. bhaga (Fig. 48), but the lateral parts of the uncus are much narrower, as wide as ¼ of uncus width. The outer lower angle of the sacculus is acute. The valvae (without saccular process) are relatively short, as long as wide, finger-shaped distally.The male genitalia are similar to those of P. vexa, but the distinct papula-shaped process near the saccular spine is absent. Externally both species are defined by the shape of the external dark spot; it reaches the vein M3. The female genitalia of P. chihpyh, with shorter posterior apophyses, almost squared in lateral view.

BiologyThe specimens were collected in early April and first half of June at altitudes of 400–500 m.

DistributionTaiwan.


EtymologyThe name [a noun in apposition] is derived from one of its localities: Chihpen Hot Springs.

Pseudidonauton vexa Solovyev, sp. n. Figs 24, 46, 52, 54

Type material. Holotype ?, ‘N. Vietnam | Cuc Phuong N.P. | Bôńg Cúc Phương vill. | Nho Quan distr., Ninh Binh prov. | 20º17’35.9’’ N, 105º40’03.4’’ E | 300±20 m 8.x.2008 | leg. A. Solo-vyev & V. Zolotuhin’, CAS (GS 0066).Paratypes. Vietnam, Ninh Binh: 1?, as holo-type; 1?, the same data but 7–8.x.2008 CAS (AS-LIMAC 56, in 96% alcohol); 1?, office of Cuc Phuong N.P., Nho Quan distr., Cuc Phuong vill., 20º15’N, 105º40’E, 350±30 m, 9.x.2008, leg. A. Solovyev & V. Zolotuhin, CAS (GS 0067); 1?, Cuc Phuong N.P., Bôńg – Cúc Phương vill., Nho Quan distr., 20º20’55.2’’N, 105º35’52.9’’E, 358±15 m, 6.x.2008, leg. A. Solovyev & V. Zolo-tuhin, CAS (GS 0065). Vietnam, Nghe An: 1?, Pu Mat N.P., Yen Khe, Thac Kem waterfall, Con Cuong distr., 18º57’54.4’’N, 104º48’09.6’’E, 320±32 m, 28.ix.2008, leg. A. Solovyev & V. Zolotuhin, CAS (GS 0064); 1?, 1/, the same data but 26.ix.2008, CAS (GS 0055 (?), 0010 (/)); 1?, the same data but 27.ix.2008, CAS (GS 0063); 1?, the same data but 27–28.ix.2008, CAS (GS LIMAC 99, in 96% alcohol). Thailand, Chantaburi: 1?, Khao Soi Dao, 300 m, 9.viii.1987, leg. M.G. Allen, BMNH (B.M. 1987–364, GS 1420).

DescriptionMale (Fig. 24). Forewing length 6–7 mm. Male antennae filiform, slightly thickened, as long as ¾ of forewing’s costa length. Ground colour pale brown. Forewings with basal dark area defined by whitish distal border, curved oblique dark medial fascia from ⅔ costa to tornus and dark apical spot extends from apex to vein M1 with length of ⅓ costa.Male genitalia (Figs 46, 52). Uncus strongly bifid with finger-shaped narrow flattened processes, medial notch is very deep, broad. Gnathos reduced to small plate. Valvae bifid on two parts. Upper part short with length of width of uncus medial notch; lower part with well developed sacculus, with apical papula-shaped shaped acute process, S-shaped lower margin and with very long crescent-shaped apical spine. Transtillae have broad, apically with two lat-eral processes plate. The aedeagus is small, slightly curved. Vesica contains the long band with spine-shaped spurs.Female. Forewing length is 9 mm.

Female genitalia (Fig. 54). Ovipositor lobes well developed, ovoid. Anterior apophysis short, finger-shaped; posterior ones long, curved and narrow, claw-shaped distally. Ductus bursae not spiral, short. Corpus bursae pear-shaped with unpaired claw-shaped signum.

DiagnosisThe species is similar to its congeners externally but well recognized by male genitalia. From Pseudido-nauton siamica it is distinguished by the smoother, not very distinct, shaded medial forewing fascia; in the male genitalia the double, very broad uncus, double, not fish-tail plate of the transtillae, the long valvae without basal costal large pad, the shorter sac-cular spine, and the presence of large cornuti in the aedeagus are diagnostic. In the male genitalia it is extremely similar to the Taiwanese P. chihpyh, but well defined by presence of papula-shaped acute small process near saccular spine; the upper part of the valvae is shorter and acute; externally the apical forewing spot is much smaller and running just to M1 in P. vexa; in the female genitalia the posterior apophyses are longer, as long as 1.5 times ovipositor lobe, curved; the duc-tus bursae is longer; the signum is unpaired, claw-shaped.

BiologyThe moths were collected in early August, late Sep-tember – early October at altitudes of 280–380 m.

DistributionNorthern and central Vietnam, south-eastern Thailand.

EtymologyThe name derives from Latin “vexo” [verb] – “disar-range”.

AcknowledgementsI am very grateful to Dr. Vadim V. Zolotuhin (Uly-anovsk State Pedagogical University) for his sup-port during my work on this paper. Also I would like to express my sincere thanks to the curators of the Lepidoptera collections for their kind support: Mr. Thomas J. Witt (Museum Witt; Germany, Munich), Mr. Martin Honey and Mr. Geoff Mar-tin (The Natural History Museum; London, United Kingdom), Dr. Dieter Stüning (Zoologisches For-schungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig; Bonn, Germany), Dr. Wolfram Mey (Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universität; Berlin, Germany), Dr. Sergey Yu. Sinev (Zoological Institute of the


Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg, Russia), and Dr. Sergey V. Vasilenko (Institute for Systemat-ics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian department of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk, Russia). Microscopic images of male genitalia of the holotype Austrapoda nitobeana Matsumura, 1931 were kindly made by Dr. Kazuhiro Sugisima (Hokkaido University; Sapporo, Japan). I am also grateful to Dr. Mamoru Owada (National Museum of Nature and Science; Tokyo, Japan) for his kind support in examination of some literature. Images of the moths from the BMNH are published here under courtesy of The Trustees of the Museum.This study was supported financially by the Thomas Witt-Stiftung in 2005–2008 and RFBR-grant No 08-04-90300-Viet_a.

ReferencesHardwick, D. F., 1950. Preparation of slide mounts of

lepidopterous genitalia. – Canadian Entomologist 82: 231–235.

Hering, M., 1931. Limacodidae. – In: A. Seitz (ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 10: 665–720, 4 pls.

Holloway, J. D., 1986. The Moths of Borneo: Key to families; families Cossidae, Metarbelidae, Ratardidae,

Dudgeoneidae, Epipyropidae and Limacodidae. – The Malayan Nature Journal 4: 1–166.

Holloway, J. D., 1990. The Limacodidae of Sumatra. – Heterocera Sumatrana 6: 9–77.

Inoue, H., 1982. Limacodidae. – Moths of Japan 1. Tokyo: Kodashna: 297–301.

Solovyev, A. V., 2008. The limacodid moths (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) of Russia. – Eversmannia 15–16: 17–43 [in Russian].

Owada, M. & H. Hara, 2002. Immature stages of Pseu-dopsyche and Austrapoda (Lepidoptera, Limacodidae). – Tinea 17 (1): 1–9.

Tshistjakov, Yu. A., 1995. A review of the Limacodidae (Lepidoptera) of the Russian Far East. – Far Eastern Entomologist 7: 1–12.

Yoshimoto, H., 1993. Limacodidae. – Moths of Nepal 2. – In: Tinea 13 (Suppl. 3). – The Japan Heterocerists’ Society, Tokyo: 31–35.

Zolotuhin, V. V. & A. V. Solovyev, 2008. Bombyx flavomar-ginata Poujade, 1886. – a limacodid species misplaced in the Lasiocampidae (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae). – Tinea 20 (2): 98–101.

Received: 9 July 2008Accepted: 8 June 2009


Thomas Pape, Daniel Bickel and Rudolf Meier (eds), 2009. Diptera Diversity: Status, Challenges and Tools. – Brill, Leiden-Boston. ISBN: 978-90-04-14897-0, hardback, 460 pp. Price EUR 119, USD 186.

This volume could be seen as one that zooms in into one chapter of the previous book. Actually the Diptera chapter of that is a good introduction for this book, since Diptera Diversity does not include a global taxonomic overview of the order. Like the vol-ume reviewed on p. 98 it has a section with regional diversity, but the other two sections deal with II: Case studies, ecology and estimation and III: Bioinformatics and dipteran diversity. The nine regional treatments are very thorough reviews, each written by a lead-ing dipterist of the continent or region, and again all have their personal touch: Christian Thomson concentrating on the level of knowledge of Nearctic flies and the resources used for this knowledge, with a lot of interesting statistics, Thomas Pape has more attention for special features of the palearctic fauna. Neal Evenhuis and Bradley Sinclair treat the island fauna’s of respectively Hawaii and Galapogos, of course concentrating on island biogeography and conservation problems. In contrast to Insect Biodiversity, this volume is exhaustive, and all regions receive a thorough treatment. The second part con-tains a chapter by Daniel Bickel with the intriguing title Why Hilara is not amusing, explained in the sec-ond part of the title the problem of open-ended taxa and the limits of taxonomic knowledge. Open ended taxa in Bickels terminology are those large genera or other units with endless numbers of species, usually only fully known for a few countries such as Britain or Germany, and where descriptions of new species could be endless. In his opinion one should not try to get this diversity fully described, but instead con-centrate on priorities. In this he is opposing Quen-tin Wheelers views as expressed in Insect Diversity, a fact acknowledged by Quentin Wheeler himself in the foreword to the Diptera book, while applauding him for his thought provoking arguments. To quote Wheeler: “At the heart of his arguments for me was the explicit recognition of what makes taxonomists tick … it is the love for particular groups of species and the insatiable drive and desire to know them and their characters fully.”Dikow et al. show elegantly how one can use data from published taxonomic revisions to estimate spe-cies richness for certain areas, and use for conserva-

tion priorities. One conclusion being that Asilids pretty well confirm the hot spots in Africa that were proposed on the basis of plant diversity. Other equally interesting treatments include DNA barcoding, Biodiversity informatics, Diptera as eco-logical indicators and the description of a particular IT system “Mandala”. The book is very well designed, and has lots of pretty very sharp colour photographs.Diptera Diversity certainly deserves to be read by more entomologists than just dipterists. Myself being a lepidopterist, I found a lot of interesting stuff in it, and certainly will consult this volume frequently. We can be envious of dipterists, who have catalogued almost all the known species in books and an inter-net database, and as a result of the economic impor-tance of many species know more detail about almost all aspects of the fly life than we know of any other insect; and they had Willy Hennig amongst them, all facts rightly mentioned in the foreword. In short, entomologists with an interest in biodi-versity, I would advise to buy this book as well, and it should not be missing from any entomological library.

Erik J. van Nieukerken

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