Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic...

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Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8

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Page 1: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Notes on Nucleic Acids

2 types of nucleic acids:

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA – ribonucleic acid

Chapter 8

Page 2: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

• organic compounds

• large, made of subunits called nucleotides

Click image for interactive journey into human DNA

Page 3: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Each DNA nucleotide is made up of 3 parts:

1. Phosphate group

2. Deoxyribose – 5 carbon sugar

3. Nitrogen base – either adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine

Page 4: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.
Page 5: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Nitrogen bases

Purines – adenine (A) and guanine (G)

Page 6: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Pyrimidines – thymine (T) and cytosine (C)

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The bases are held together by weak hydrogen bonds

Base pairings in DNA: A – T

C – G

Page 8: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

A model of DNA was constructed in 1953 at Cambridge University in England

Page 9: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Scientist – James Watson, (1951-1953)

Field of study – biology

Country - America

Page 10: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Scientist – Francis Crick (1951-1953)

Field of study – biophysics

Country - England

Page 11: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Their model is described as a double twisted helix

(looks like a twisted ladder)

Watson and Crick published their proposed DNA double helical structure in a paper in the journal Nature in April 1953. In this paper Watson and Crick acknowledged that they had been "stimulated by.... the unpublished results and ideas" of Wilkins and Franklin.

Page 12: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Scientist – Maurice Wilkins, (1950-1953)

Field of study – biophysics

Country - England

Page 13: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Scientist – Rosalind Franklin, (1951-1953)

Field of study – Molecular Biology

(x-ray diffraction)

Country - England

Click image for interpret-ation of the X-ray

Page 14: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

The process by which DNA builds an exact copy of itself - replication

• first the double helix must be unwound – this is done by enzymes called helicases

• then DNA polymerases (enzymes which move along each DNA strand) add nucleotides to the exposed bases

Page 15: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.
Page 16: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Replication occurs every time a cell divides, therefore passing the DNA code on into every cell

Page 17: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Genes are the DNA-encoded information that specifies particular proteins;

Each gene is made of a specific sequence of nucleotides

Page 18: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

The working structures of genes are made of RNA

RNA structure:

1. Consists of a single strand of nucleotides

Page 19: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

2. Ribose – a 5 carbon sugar

3. Uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

uracil is paired with adenine

Page 20: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.
Page 21: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

RNA base pairings: A – U

C – G

Page 22: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Three types of RNA

1. mRNA – messenger RNA

2. tRNA – transfer RNA

3. rRNA – ribosomal RNA

• All are needed for processing the information from DNA into proteins (gene expression)

Page 23: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Differences in DNA and RNA:

DNA RNA

1. double stranded single stranded

2. thymine uracil

3. nucleus only cytoplasm

4. deoxyribose sugar ribose sugar

Page 24: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Gene expression occurs in two stages:

1. Transcription – information in DNA is transferred to mRNA

2. Translation – the information in mRNA is used to make a protein

Page 25: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Roles of DNA & RNA in transmitting genetic information

• Story time: the analogy…

• Comp Book– Draw the Flow Map: DNA expression in the cell

• You need your pencil plus three colors:– Pencil will draw cell membrane/ cell parts/ labels– RED: DNA molecules– BLUE: any RNA molecules– PURPLE: protein

Page 26: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

DNA RNA

Page 27: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

RNA protein

Page 28: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

1. Transcription (DNA RNA)

• occurs in nucleus

• begins with the enzyme RNA polymerase which binds to the promoter

Page 29: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.
Page 30: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Promoter – a specific sequence of DNA that acts as a “start” signal for transcription

Terminator – a sequence of bases that tells the RNA polymerase to stop adding nucleotides

Page 31: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Transcription Video

Page 32: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

mRNA – is an RNA copy of a gene used as a blueprint for a protein

• carries hereditary information from DNA and delivers it to the site of translation

• acts as a template for the assembly of amino acids

Page 33: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

tRNA – acts as an interpreter molecule

• translating mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences

Page 34: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.
Page 35: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

rRNA – plays a structural role in ribosomes

Page 36: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

2. Translation (RNA proteins)

• occurs in cytoplasm @ a ribosome

—both free ribosomes & ribosomes attached to ER

• uses nucleic acids to synthesize proteins

Page 37: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

• involves all three RNA types:

—rRNA in the ribosome

Page 38: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

—mRNA containing the genetic message

—message is made of codons

AUG-AAA-UAC-CCU-CCA-GCG-GGA

Page 39: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Codon – a series of three-nucleotide sequences

• each codon corresponds to an amino acid or signifies a start or stop signal

Write this down!

Page 40: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

—tRNA carrying specific amino acids to be joined

a.a.

Page 41: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

AUG-AAA-UAC-CCU-CCA-GCG-GGAmRNA

tRNA

UAC

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

GGAAUG

GGU

ProtRNA

UUU

ribosome

Met

Lys TyrSer

Translation (Example)

Growing polypeptide

Page 42: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Translation: mRNA, tRNA & rRNA in cooperative action

…to make proteins!!!

Page 43: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

AUG-AAA-UAC-CCU-CCA-GCG-GGAmRNA

tRNA

UAC

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

GGAAUG

GGU

ProtRNA

UUU

ribosome

Met

Lys TyrSer

Translation (Repeated)

Growing polypeptide

Page 44: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Translation Video

Page 45: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.
Page 46: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

A “Polysome”

Can you ID the 3 RNAs?

Page 47: Notes on Nucleic Acids 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Chapter 8.

Awesome summary video from www.youtube.com

Click here to view


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