NOTES ON AKS 39Chapter 10 Section 5 and Chapter

11 Sections 1-3

World War I1914-1918

Allied Powers Leading Countries

Central Powers Leading Countries

FranceGreat BritainRussia(United States joined in 1917)

GermanyAustria-Hungary

President Woodrow Wilson declared the US would be a neutral country.

What was WW 1 fighting like? http://

www.schoolhistory.co.uk/gcselinks/wars/firstwwlinks/worksheets/trenchesmiddle.pdf

Eugene Jacques Bullard First black African American combat pilot –

from Columbus, GA Enlisted in French Foreign Legion: 1914 Flew combat missions against Germany US Army Air Force refused his services

The United States Enters the War President Wilson worked to keep the US out of

the war (had declared we would be neutral) 1915: German submarine sank passenger ship Lusitania killing 128 Americans

1917: sub attacks resumed sinking American ships

Zimmerman telegram: Germany tried to get Mexico to attack the US

Wilson finally joined the Allied powers

Georgia and World War I ±100,000 Georgians volunteered to join the

US armed forces Training in Georgia at Camp Benning, Fort

McPherson, and Camp Gordon helped Georgia economy

Georgians contributed manufactured goods and farm produce

3,000 young Georgians killed in the war Ended November 11, 1918

Atlanta Fire

On May 21, 1917, Atlanta’s attention was briefly drawn away from the war because of a local event.

Lasted 10-12 hours Seventy city blocks destroyed 6,000-10,000 people left homeless http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/atlanta_fir

e

Section 1: The Roaring Twenties

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:What made the 1920s ‘roaring’?

The New Woman 1920 – 19th Amendment gave women the right to

vote More women in the workforce Flappers: name given to women who took on the

new fashion – known for short hair, make-up, dancing, drinking

First women in Georgia legislature: Bessie Kempton Crowell & Viola Ross Napier

Rebecca Latimer Felton first woman in U.S. Senate

Music

Speakeasies: clubs known for having liquor (which was illegal)

Jazz: became popular music – Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington

Cotton Club in Harlem NY most famous jazz club

Blues: based on black folk music – Ma Rainey & Bessie Smith

The Charleston was the popular dance

Crime Prohibition: laws made sale and distribution of

alcohol illegal Gangsters supplied liquor to speakeasies and clubs Famous gangsters from New York and Chicago: Al

Capone; Baby Face Nelson Al Capone: “Public Enemy No. 1” (Imprisoned in

Atlanta)

Life in the Roaring Twenties

Life in US after World War I was good More modern conveniences (products) freed

women from household chores (instant and frozen foods)

Electricity became more available (small electric appliances)

Other inventions included gas stoves, toasters, sliced bread, baby food

Radio: WSB started in Atlanta 1927: first talking motion picture Walt Disney creates Mickey Mouse

http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/voice_of_the_south

The Destruction of King Cotton

Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s most important cash crop

Price of cotton also dropped 1924: major drought (period with little or no

rain) hit Georgia Georgia farmers did not have the “good life”

that many Americans enjoyed Farms closed forcing banks and farm-related

business to close

The Boll Weevil

Small, gray, long-snouted beetle that came from Mexico through Texas

Destroyed cotton -it hatched in the flower and the larvae ate the white, fluffy cotton-making it useless

1915-Arrived in SW GA spreading quickly and destroying thousands of acres of cotton

1914-Cotton production was 2.8 million bales

1923-Cotton production dropped to 600,000 bales

Drought 1924-sun-baked fields slowed the boll weevil Drought ruined most crops in the southwest and

midwest 375,000 farm workers left GA between 1920 and

1925 310,000 farms fell to 250,000 farms When farms failed-banks took huge losses Farm-related businesses closed The U.S. was in a deep depression. The boll weevil

and the drought were contributing factors.

The Great Migration Many tenant farmers left Georgia to work in

northern factories Chicago and Detroit were popular

destinations Many African Americans moved north for

better pay, education, and more citizenship rights such as voting

Young men sent north first to get jobs; sent for the family when they had saved enough money

The Klan Strengthens Targeted African Americans, Jews, Catholics,

and immigrants Number of members increased in every state 1925: Klan march on Washington with

40,000 members Declining membership by the end of the

decade as members were linked to racial terrorism

A Special Day 1927: Charles Lindbergh became first

person to fly nonstop from New York to Paris 3,600 mile trip, 33 ½ hours – traveled alone No navigation or weather instruments Won $25,000 prize “Spirit of St. Louis” was his plane

Section 2:The Great Depression

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONHow did the Great Depression

affect Georgians?

The Bottom Drops Out Stock Market: Place where shares of ownership

in corporations (stock) are bought and sold “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock

market prices fall greatly; millions of people loose all their wealth

Total losses by end of year: $40 billion Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share –

dropped to $22 per share Some stocks worth less than 1¢ Herbert Hoover was President when the stock

market crashed.

Causes of the Depression Many people borrowed too much money (they could not

afford to pay it back) Factories produced more goods than they could sell Farmers had produced a surplus of food crops (prices

fell) After WWI, high tariffs made it difficult to trade with

foreign countries. As people and businesses had problems making money,

banks did not get paid for loans “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a portion

of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their

money if it was left in the bank (BANKS FAILED) laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if

left alone

Living Through the Depression 1932: 13 million unemployed 9,000 banks closed 31 Georgia banks failed Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover –

shacks where homeless people gathered Soup kitchens set up by charities and

governments to feed hungry Schools were often forced to close or shorten

schedules Georgians were already suffering from economic

problems before Black Tuesday

Easing the Burden President Hoover’s plan: government would buy

farmer’s crops to help raise the price Plan did not work, but the food and cotton were used

to help the needy Another plan was to hire unemployed people to do

work for the government Plan did not employ enough people to really help

http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/great_depression

Section 3: The New Deal

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did Georgians benefit from the New Deal?

The New Deal 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) elected president New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the depression

Examined banks for soundness Give jobs to unemployed workers (relieve the suffering of

the jobless) Tried to improve American’s lives (wanted to improve the

standard of living for all Americans) Paved the way for economic recovery (though all

programs did not work) FDR changed many of the ways the government

functioned- the first federal income tax began He lived in a cottage in Warm Springs, GA

The New Deal FDR established many agencies to help

farmers, bankers, and children. Securities and Exchange, National Labor

Relations, Child Labor laws, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation were aimed at reforming businesses and protecting the public from financial ruin and unfair practices.

FDR closed the banks to keep people from taking their money out

New Deal Agencies

Georgia and the New Deal NIRA: National Industrial Recovery

Act – set minimum wage Textile mill owners did not like the

minimum wage Stretch out: mill owners tried to

make workers work longer, faster, or more tasks

TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority – Blue Ridge Lake, Lake Chatuge, Lake Nottley built

CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps – built many parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc.

REA: Rural Electrification Authority – brought electric power to rural areas

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Provided jobs for young single men-building forest trails/roads, planting trees to reforest the land/control flooding, building parks

CCC was popular in GA because of its work at Kennesaw Mtn. Nat’l Battlefield Park, Roosevelt State Park (Pine Mountain), Augusta’s Savannah River Levee, and Macon’s Airport

Construction of sewer systems and flood control/drainage projects such as Tybee Island’s Seawall

The CCC worked to build, expand, or improve schools and hospitals throughout the state. Much of the work on Grady Hospital was done by CCC.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Created in March 1933 Paid farmers not to plant crops

on part of their land “price supports”-guaranteed

higher prices-to farmers who cut back their cotton and tobacco crops

The idea was to “raise prices by cutting production” The plan worked and farm incomes improved.

Major drawback: Farm “subsidies” (grants of money from the gov’t) went to landowners rather than tenant farmers and poor sharecroppers

Rural Electrification Authority (REA) One of the most “Important and far –

reaching” of the New Deal programs. 1920’s power companies ran lines to

towns and cities Rural population too spread out-power

lines were expensive to build and maintain President Roosevelt spent hot nights in

Warm Springs, GA. He realized his neighbors had no electricity. His power bill for the little cottage was higher than his New York mansion. In 1935 he created the REA.

REA brought electricity to farms and rural homes.

By 1940, a large percentage of farmers had electric water pumps, lights, and milking machines. This made life easier for farm families.

Social Security 1935 Congress passed the

Social Security Act Federal Gov’t would provide

retirement and unemployment insurance from taxes paid by both workers and their employers.

Farmers were not covered Social Security …”will give

some measure of protection to the average citizen and to his family against the loss of a job and against poverty-ridden old age.”

This program is still used today!

African Americans During the New Deal

Did not benefit from many New Deal programs WPA: Works Public Administration – did

employ many African Americans Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet”: influential African

Americans working with President Roosevelt: Mary McLeod Bethune Clark Foreman Robert Weaver William Hastie

Georgia’s New Deal Governors Richard B. Russell

Worked to reorganize state government like a successful business

Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years

Eugene Talmadge Did not like New Deal programs in

Georgia Eurith “Ed” Rivers

Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in Georgia

Began programs for public housing Term ended with corruption problems

Georgia’s New Deal Governors Talmadge re-elected in 1940

Began to use some New Deal programs

Used his power as governor to remove state officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges

Ellis Arnall Reformed Board of Regents and

state prisons Removed poll tax New state constitution

Impact of Political Career of Eugene Herman Talmadge

Told rural voters they had 3 friends-”Sears Roebuck, God Almighty, and Eugene Herman Talmadge”

Conservative, white supremacist, against Federal Intervention for relief efforts and public welfare.

Tried to “rid” GA of New Deal programs Used federal $ to build highways, reduce property taxes, utility

rates, and some license fees.

Impact of Political Career of Eugene Herman Talmadge

1934 Re-elected Governor by a “landslide” Any government officials who disagreed with ET

were fired and replaced with his supporters. He refused to follow New Deal regulations so the

Federal Government took over the ND program in GA.

1934 During GA’s worst textile strike, Talmadge declared Martial Law and called out the National Guard to arrest strikers.

Impact of Political Career of Eugene Herman Talmadge

1940 Ran for governor again-won. Began using modified versions of “New Deal”

legislation. The state’s economy grew. He was involved in a scandal trying to stop integration

of UGA and GA Southern College by getting some people fired.

The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools voted to take away accreditation of white GA colleges.

Eugene Talmadge served four terms as the governor of Georgia.

He was elected by the farmers of Georgia because of the county unit system of voting.

He was opposed to FDR’s reforms because he did not want big government controlling people’s lives.

Great Depression and New Deal

Great Depression Stories http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpfY8kh5lU

w 26 minutes

New Deal Government Newsreel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wF80co_Y_

Bc 10 minutes