Notes-Lymphatic System, Pt. 2
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Transcript of Notes-Lymphatic System, Pt. 2
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 12.23 12.52
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 12
The Lymphatic System
and Body Defenses
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Specific Defense: The Immune
SystemThird Line of Defense
Antigen specificrecognizes and actsagainst particularforeign substances
Systemicnot restricted to the initialinfection site
Has memoryrecognizes and mountsa stronger attack on previouslyencountered pathogens
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Antigens (Nonself)
Any substance capable of exciting theimmune system and provoking an immuneresponse
Examples of common antigens
Foreign proteins
Nucleic acids
Large carbohydrates
Some lipids
Pollen grains
Microorganisms
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Self-Antigens
Human cellshave manysurface proteins
Our immune cells do not attack our ownproteins
Our cells in another persons body cantrigger an immune response becausethey are foreign
Restricts donors for transplants
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Antibody Structure
Four amino acidchains linked by
disulfide bonds Two identical
amino acid
chains are linkedto form a heavychain
Figure 12.13b
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Antibody Structure
The other two
identical chainsare light chains
Specific antigen-
binding sites arepresent
Figure 12.13b
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Antibody Function
Antibodies inactivate antigens in anumber of ways
Complementfixation
Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
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Antibody Function
Figure 12.14
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Cells of the Immune System
Lymphocytes Originate from hemocytoblasts in the red bone
marrow
B lymphocytes become immunocompetent inthe bone marrow
T lymphocytes become immunocompetent inthe thymus
MacrophagesArise from monocytes
Become widely distributed in lymphoid organs
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Humoral (Antibody-
Mediated) Immune
Response
B lymphocytes with
specific receptors bindto a specific antigen
The binding event activates the
lymphocyte to undergo clonal selectionA large number of clones are produced
(primary humoral response)
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Humoral
(Antibody Mediated)
Immune Response
Most B cells become plasma cells
Produce antibodies to destroy antigens
Activity lasts for four or five days Some B cells become long-lived memory
cells (secondary humoral response)
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Humoral Immune Response
Figure 12.10
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Secondary Response
Memory cellsare long-lived
A second
exposurecauses a rapidresponse
The secondaryresponse isstronger andlonger lasting
Figure 12.11
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Active Immunity
Your B cellsencounterantigens and
produceantibodies
Active immunity
can be naturallyor artificiallyacquired
Figure 12.12
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Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune
Response
Antigens must be presented bymacrophages to an immunocompetent
T cell (antigen presentation) T cells must recognize nonself and self
(double recognition)
After antigen binding, clones form aswith B cells, but different classes of cellsare produced
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Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune
Response
Figure 12.15
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T Cell Clones
Cytotoxic T cells
Specialize in killing infected cells
Insert a toxic chemical (perforin)
Helper T cells
Recruit other cells to fight the invaders
Interact directly with B cells
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Summary of the Immune Response
Figure 12.16
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Organ Transplants and Rejection
Major types of grafts
Autograftstissue transplanted from onesite to another on the same person
Isograftstissue grafts from an identicalperson (identical twin)
Allograftstissue taken from an unrelated
person
Xenograftstissue taken from a differentanimal species
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Organ Transplants and Rejection
Autografts and isografts are idealdonors
Allografts are more successful with acloser tissue match
Xenografts arenever successful
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Disorders of Immunity: Allergies
(Hypersensitivity)
Abnormal, vigorous immune responses
Types of allergies
Immediate hypersensitivity
Triggered by release of histamine from IgEbinding to mast cells
Reactions begin within seconds of contact withallergen
Anaphylactic shockdangerous, systemicresponse
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Allergy Mechanisms
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Disorders of Immunity:
Immunodeficiencies
Production or function of immune cells
or complement is abnormal May be congenital or acquired
Includes AIDSAcquired ImmuneDeficiency Syndrome
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Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune
Diseases
The immune system does not
distinguish between self and nonself The body produces antibodies and
sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its
own tissues
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Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune
Diseases
Examples of autoimmune diseases
Multiple sclerosiswhite matter of brain
and spinal cord are destroyedMyasthenia gravisimpairs
communication between nerves andskeletal muscles
Juvenile diabetesdestroys pancreaticbeta cells that produce insulin
Rheumatoid arthritisdestroys joints
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Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune
Diseases
Examples of autoimmune diseases
(continued)Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
affects kidney, heart, lung and skin
Glomerulonephritisimpairment of renalfunction
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Developmental Aspects of the
Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
Except for thymus and spleen, thelymphoid organs are poorly developedbefore birth
A newborn has no functioninglymphocytes at birth; only passiveimmunity from the mother
If lymphatics are removed or lost, severeedema results, but vessels grow back intime