Notes

CHAPTER 1 POLITICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING

1. Marshai of the Soviet Union A. A. Grechko, The A rmed F orces 0] the Soviet State, (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1975).

2. General Svechin, Military Strategy (Moscow, 1926). 3. A. Inkeles, Public Opinion in Soviet Russia (Harvard U niversity Press, 1950);

Margaret Meade, Soviet Attitude Towards Authoriry (London: Tavistock Publications, 1950).

4. E.g. Suvorov, The Liberators (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981); Belyenko, MiG Pilot Oohn Barron) (London: Readers' Digest Press, 1979).

5. Hedrik Smith, The Russians (London: Sphere, 1976). 6. Vladimirov, The Russians . .. (Pali Mall, London, 1968). 7. E.g. 'The object of education in a socialist society is the formation of a

convinced collectivist, a person who does not think ofhimself outside society' (from V. M. Korotov ... Development 0] the Educational Function 0] the Collective) .

8. Father's Old Army Tunic (Moscow: Children's Publishing House, 1973). 9. A Border Guard and his Dog (Moscow: Children's Publishing House, 1973).

10. A. Gaidar, Malchish Kibalchish and the Tale 0] the Military Seeret (Moscow: Novosti Publishers, 1978).

11. Allan Kassoff, The Soviet Youth Programme (Harvard U niversity Press, 1965). 12. E. 1. Monoszona, The Formation o]the Communist World Outlook in Schoolchildren

(Moscow: Pedagogic Press, 1978). 13. The word inculcate has been chosen carefully. The Russian vospitaniye

beloved of Soviet pedagogues may be translated as 'bringing up' (of children), indoctrination or the inculcation ofa doctrine. Only loosely does it mean 'education'. Monoszona writes almost exclusively of vospitaniye. The word for 'education' in the true sense is obrazovaniye.

14. A full description ofthe Soviet school system can be found in Nigel Grant's Soviet Education (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1967).

15. L. A. Voskresenskaya A Word about a Great Matter (Moscow: Children's Press, 1981).

16. Mikhail Yefimov, The USSR Constitution (Moscow: Novosti Publishers, 1979) .

17. S. Baruzgin, A Soldier Walked Down the Street (Moscow: Children's Literature Press, 1978).

18. World War I is also inconvenient for Soviet historians since, like the Crimean and Russo-J apanese Wars, the Russians did not win.

189

190 Notes to pp. 20-37

19. The myth ofthe Winter Pa1ace battle, in reality a minor skirmish, has long been established as truth. Total casualties on both sides in the 'battle' were seven killed. SeeJohn Reed Ten Days that Shook the World (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1981).

20. The author met many from various age groups who were not sure wh ether Britain was involved in W orld War 11 and some who were under the impression that she had fought on the German side. None ofthem had heard ofthe 'Battle ofBritain'.

21. The Soviet Constitution (1977). 22. The wreckage ofthe American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft shot down over

Sverdlovsk in 1961 is one ofthe most popular exhibits in the Armed Forces Museum in Moscow.

23. L. I. Brezhnev, On the Communist Up-bringing of the Workers (Moscow: 'Enlightenment' Publishing House, 1974) pp. 527-8.

24. Allen Kassoff, The Soviel Youth Programme (Harvard University Press, 1965). 25. The Voluntary Organisation for supporting the Soviet Armed Forces. 26. Kassoff, op. eit., p. 79. 27. Ibid., p. 79. 28. O. Volodin, 'Bringing up the Defenders of the Homeland' ('Narodnoye

Obrasovaniye'), (Moscow: National Education, 1972). 29. Extract from poem by B. Dubrovin from 'February' in The Scholar's CalendeT

(Moscow: Political House, 1981). 30. 'Zarnitsa, School ofCourage', Military Knowledge (Voyennoye Znaniye) , May

1974. 31. 'Ready for Labour and Defence', Red Star, 26 April 1972. 32. I. Ilinskiy, What is the KOMSOMOL? (Moscow: Novosti Publishing, 1978). 33. L. Pesterev, 'The Combat Examination', Military Knowledge, June 1974. 34. L. Pesterev 'Orlyonok is no Picnic', Military Knowledge, April 1975. 35. Kassoff, The Soviet Youth Programme. 36. Ilinskiy, What is the KOMSOMOL? 37. Ibid. 38. Y. Bogat, Dumayushcheye Litso (The Thoughtful Reader) (Moscow: Novosti

Publishing House, 1978). 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 43. DOSAAF (Dobrovolnoye Obshchestvo Sot[yeistviya Armii, Aviatiya i Flota). 44. The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, Vol. 8 (Moscow: 1970-79). 45. Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces ofthe USSR (New York: Westview, 1979). 46. Ibid. 47. The main publication is a monthly illustrated journal Voyennoye Znaniye

(Military Knowledge). 48. V. V. Mosyaikin, The DOSAAF Organisation - Programme of Action (Moscow:

DOSAAF Press, 1978). 49. All published by the 'Badge of Honour' (Moscow: DOSAAF Press,

I 977--80). 50. N. A. Kostikov (ed.), The Complete Approach to the Training ofthe Pre-Call up

Youth (Moscow: DOSAAF Publishing House, 1980).

Notes to pp. 37-57 191

51. Mosyaikin, The DOSAAF Organisation - Programme of Action. 52. 'Interna1 regulations for the Armed Forces ofthe USSR-1977' as quoted in

vol. 6 of The Military Encyclopaedia, Moscow, 1977. 53. R. Gabriel, The New Red Legions (New York: Greenwood, 1981). 54. 'Who Would Like to Become an Officer?', Red Star, 19January 1982. 55. Politicheskiy Rukovoditel (Po1iticalleader). 56. L. Nemzer Basic Patterns of Political and Propaganda Operations in the Soviet Armed

Forces (New York:John Hopkins University Press, 1953). 57. R. Kolkowicz, The Soviet Military and the Communist Party. (Princeton

University Press, 1967). 58. V. Suvorov, The Liberators (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981), as one

example. 59. Observed on wall posters at Soviet military training establishment (1981). 60. General Regulations for the Armed Forces of the USSR, Articles 107 and 119

(Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1984). 61. The official journal of the Main Political Administration, published

monthly. 62. A. Zaitsev, 'Communist ofthe Armed Forces', December Communist ofthe

Armed Forces, 1976. 63. Colonel A. Migolatyev, 'The Stark Reality of Our Times' , Red Star, 8

January 1982. 64. D. A. Volkogonov, Handbookfor Propagandists and Agitators in the Anny and the

Fleet, (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1978). 65. An interesting mirror-image of the widely-held Western view of the Soviet

economy. 66. Zhilin and Bryul, The Military Bloc Alliance Policies of Imperialism' (Moscow:

Military Publishing House, 1980). An exhaustive study of anti-communist militaryalliances traced from the Intervention of 1918 to the present day.

67. Marshai A. A. Grechko, The Armed Forces of the Soviet State, 2nd edn, (Moscow: Military Press at the USSR Ministry ofDefence, 1975).

68. Ideologicheskaya obrabotka. 69. Major General V. Bruz 'The Brainwashing of USAF Crews', Air Difence

Herald,July 1981. 70. It is presumed that Bruz is referring to the USAF 'Soviet Awareness'

programme. 71. It is worth noting that this 1981 article appeared a considerable time after

the proven use of anti-personnel, booby trap weapons in Afghanistan by Soviet forces - not before.

n. Colonel A. I vanov, 'The Spiritual "Ration" ofthe Bundeswehr', Red Star, 20 May 1982.

73. That is, as conducted by the USSR. 74. Y. Polyakov, A History ofSoviet Society (Moscow: Novosti Publishers, 1977). 75. 'USA-Latin America', /zvestia, 16 May 1982. 76. 'What They Teach Tommy' Red Star, 24 January 1977. 77. M. I. Kalinin as quoted in L. Nemzer, 'Basic Patterns of Political and

Propaganda Operations in the Soviet Armed Forces' (New York: John Hopkins University Press, 1953).

78. Lieutenant General V. P. Novikov, The Inculcation of Traditions (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1979).

192 Notes to pp. 5Pr-72

79. Major General N. I. Smorigo, Towards More E.ffective Propaganda and Agitation (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1979).

80. Address by General ofthe Army A. A. Epishev, then head ofMPA, at the 19th All-Union KOMSOMOLCongress, reported in RedStar, 20 May 1982.

81. Major General S. N. Kozlov, The Officer's Handbook, eh. 3, (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1971).

82. Colonel M. P. Skirdo, The People, the Army, the Commander (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1970).

83. Y. Volkov, The Truth about Afghanistan (Moseow: Novosti Publishing House, 1980).

84. Major General S. N. Kozlov, The Offieers' Handbook, eh. 3 (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1976).

85. Marshai A. A. Greehko, The Armed Forces of the Sovirt State (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1975).

86. A. M. Rumyantsev, Dictionary of Scientific Communism (Moseow: Politieal Publishing House, 1980).

87. V. I. Anikovieh The Army- a School ofCulture (Moseow: DOSAAF Publishers, 1980).

88. Anon., The Soviet Army - a School oj Intemationalism and Friendship of the Peoples and a School oj Courage and Discipline' (Soviet Army Publieations no. 1/70121-T6, 1981).

89. Y. I. Anikovieh, The Army - a School of Culture. 90. Levin and Kamsyuk, Bourgeois Culture in the Service of Reaction (Moseow:

Central Club ofSoviet Army, 1975). 91. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, p. 259. 92. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 418. 93. Dolgikh and Kurantov, Communist Ideals and the Atheistic Indoctrination ofTroops

(Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1976). 94. A. V. Kalaehnikov, The Inculcation of Vigilance in Soviet Troops. 95. L. Nemzer, Basic Patterns of Political and Propaganda Operations in the Soviet

Armed Forces' (New York:John Hopkins University Press, 1953).

CHAPTER 2 IS THE ZAMPOLIT EFFECTIVE?

1. J. H. Sehnitzler, Seeret History of the Court and Govemment of Russia (London: Riehard BentIey, 1849).

2. A. Inkeles, Public Opinion in Soviet Russia (Harvard University Press, 1950). 3. General of the Army A. A. Yepishev, Address to 19th KOMSOMOL

Congress as reported in Red Star, 20 May 1982. 4. 'I serve the Soviet Union' has already run on the Soviet TV network for

longer than 'Coronation Street' in Britain. 5. V. Suvorov, The Liberators (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981). 6. A. Myagkov, Inside the KGB (New York: Ballantine Books, 1981). 7. John Barron, MiG Pilot (New York: Readers' Digest Press, 1980). 8. Richard Gabriel, The New Red Legions (New York: Greenwood, 1981). 9. Gabriel's figures have been compounded here to give averages across the

sub-divisions of his sampie range.

Notes to pp. 73-89 193

10. Goldhamer, The Soviet Soldier, for instance. 11. Brezhnev and company taking the salute on Lenin's Mausoleum in Red

Square.

CHAPTER 3 MORALE AND OTHER FACTORS

1. R. A. Gabriel, The New Red Legions (New York: Greenwood, 1981). 2. E.g. H. Goldhamer, The Soviet Soldier (New York: Crane, Russak, 1975). 3. See A. A. Yepishev, True to the Ideals 01 the Party (Moscow: Military

Publishing House, 1981). A frank listing of moral shortcomings. 4. Except those who volunteer for officer service, whose higher education and

Russian language competence reduces integration difficulties to almost negligible proportions.

5. Wimbush and Alexiev, The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces (Rand Corporation, March 1982).

6. Not only DOSAAF training is so limited; education gene rally is of a lower standard in non-Slav areas.

7. A. Sheehy, 'Language Problems in the Soviet Armed Forces', Radio Liberty research paper RL 196/78.

8. Included nearly all the officers and sergeants. 9. Rand R-2887/1, March 1981, p. 34.

10. Ethnic imbalance in units has itself often been the cause of trouble. Conscript selection is now more carefully regulated in an attempt to mini mise the problem.

11. This irritates the Slav conscripts because construction troops receive more pay and have greater access to alcohol supplies. In many cases they become highly-skilled tradesmen, a marketable asset when they return to civil life, denying the cherished Slav belief that they are 'blacks' or 'monkeys'.

12. The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces, Rand Report R-27871 I, 1982, extracts from ch. 7. (Wimbush and Alexiev).

13. One witness stated: 'After the first term [year] ofservice, the relationship among nationalities becomes more equal; all become more like brothers. During the first term of service, Uzbeks make friends only with Uzbeks, Russians with Russians,Jews withJews and so forth. But in subsequent service this is levelled out.'

Rand, R-27871 I, p. 39 14. Extracts from Rand R-278711, p. 40. 15. Rand R-2787 11, p. 45. 16. Rand R-2787/1, p. 13. 17. Rand R-27871 I, p. 46. 18. Rand R-278711, p. 13. 19. Admiral A. I. Sorokin, in Voprosy Filosofi (Issue 2, 1983). Not only Sorokin

but Yepishev himself also raises this issue in his 'True to the Ideals of the Party' (1981).

20. R. A. Gabriel, The New Red Legions (New York: Greenwood, 1981) p. 43. 21. Ibid., p. 43.

194 Notes to pp. 89-178

22. The ambiguous framing of the question points to the somewhat dubious nature ofparts ofthe study.

23. V. Suvorov, The Liberators (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981). 24. P. Aleksandr, 'The Story ofa Sailor', Posyev, no. 6, Munich, 1983. 25. B. B. Krabtsov, 'The Law against Drunkenness', USSR Minister of] ustice,

reported in Tass, I ]une 1985. 26. M. Tsypkin, 'The Conscripts', The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May 1983. 27. Myakgov, Inside the KGB (New York: Ballantine, 1981). 28. Belyenko Uohn Barron), MiG Pilot (London: Readers' Digest Association,

1979). 29. Suvorov, The Liberators. 30. V. Snezhko, 'The Code ofMilitary Law', Agitator ofthe Army and the Fleet,

Issue 18, September 1982. 31. H. Goldhamer, The Soviet Soldier (1976). 32. A. Zyryanov, 'Let's Discuss the New Military Regulations', Military

Knowledge, no. II (Moscow: Military Publishing House, October 1975). 33. Belyenko, MiG Pilot (London: Readers' Digest Press, 1980).

CHAPTER 5 THE SOVIET AIRMAN

I. Inoshevsky, Red Pilot (1937). 2. V. Pinchyuk, 'The Business of All the People', Aviation and Cosmonautics,

August 1983. 3. Ibid. 4. For a Soviet account oftheir involvement in Spain see A. Yakovlev's The Aim

ofa Lifetime (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972). 5. R. A. Kilmarx, A History ofSoviet Air Power (London: Faber & Faber, 1962). 6. Ibid., pp. 151-3. 7. Ibid., p. 153. 8. Ibid., p. 177. 9. Red Star 28 February 1983.

10. V. Belyenko Uohn Barron), MiG Pilot, (London: Readers' Digest Association, 1980).

11. L. Khovrizhkin, 'Combat Demands Co-ordination', Red Star, 10 November 1983.

12. Marshai of Aviation A. Yefimov, Aviation and Cosmonautics Moscow, November 1983.

13. Lt. Col. Novikov 'Lack ofImagination and Innovation are Incompatible', Moscow, November 1983.

14. 'Pre-flight Checks must be Thorough', Red Star, 4 August 1984.

CHAPTER 7 SO ME CURRENT CONSIDERA TIONS

I. Nalsionalniy Trudovoi Soyuz (National Labour Union) - the largest of the Russian imigri organisations.

2. Daily Mail, 25 November 1983. 3. 'Soviet Deserters Speak', Soviel Analyst, 26 ]anuary 1983.

Notes to pp. 178-85 195

4. Nicholas Bethell 'This Wasn't Our War- the Commissars Had Lied', Daily Mail, 25 November 1983.

5. Some of these men have since been repatriated and Soviet media have attempted to repudiate their testimony. See for example Tass, I February 1985, 'Die Welt's Dirty Inventions'. In spite of this the original evidence retain incredibility.

6. See p. 32. 7. Speech by General A. A. Yepishev atthe KOMSOMOL Congress, Moscow,

May 1982. 8. See 'The Business of the Whole Nation', by Admiral of the Fleet G. M.

Yegorov, President of the DOSAAF organisation, DOSAAF Press, 1984. The book is a strong plea for the revitalisation and reform of DOSAAF ideological training. It implies that it has seriously deteriorated in recent years over the whole USSR.

9. V. Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Amry (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982). 10. E. Gilmore, Me and My Russian Wife (Slough: Foulsharn, 1950). 11. A. Dallin, The Germansin Occupied USSR 1941-45 (London: Macmillan, 1957). 12. Colonel G. D. Vernon US Army (retired), 'Soviet Combat Operations, in

World War Two- Lessons forToday', Military Review March 1980 and April 1980.

13. Vernon, US National Archives, Manuscript P-145, p. 253. 14. Ibid., March 1980. 15. Illustrated best perhaps in the frequently-used phrase, initsiyativa nakazuyema

(Iiterally, 'initiative', is punishable) i.e. 'nothing ventured, nothing lost'. 16. See Vernon, Military Review, March 1980, p. 39. 17. Major General Von Mellenthin, Panzer Battles (University of Oklahoma

Press, 1956). 18. Alan Clark, Barbarossa (London: Hutehinson, 1965).

Bibliography

A1exander, P., The Story of a Sai1or, Posyev, no. 6 (Munieh, 1983). Anikovich, V. 1., The Army - School of Culture (Moscow: DOSAAF Press, 1977). --, Badge of Honour (Moscow: DOSAAF Press, 1977). Barron,J., MiG Pilot (New York: Readers' Digest Press, 1980). Baruzgin, S., A Soldier Walks Down the Street (Moscow: Chi1dren's Publishers,

1978) . --, A Border Guard and His Dog (Moscow: Chi1dren's Publishers, 1973). Bethell, N., 'This Wasn't Dur War', Daily Mail, London, 25 November 1983. Bocas, Y., The Thoughtful Reader (Moscow: Novosti Pub1ishers, 1978). Brezhnev, L. 1., On the Communist Upbringing of the Workers (Moscow:

En1ightenment Publishing House, 1974). Bruz, V., 'The Brainwashing ofUSAF Crews', Air Defence Herald, Moscow,July

1981. Clark, A., Barbarossa (London: Hutehinson, 1972). --, Father's Old Army Tunic (Moscow: Chi1dren's Pub1ishers, 1973). Do1gikh and Kuraniov, Communist Ideals and the Atheistic Indoctrination ofthe Troops

(Moscow: Military Pub1ishing House, 1976). Dubrovin, B., The Scholar's Calendar (Moscow: Politica1 Publishing House, 1981). Gabriel, R., The New Red Legions (New York: Greenwood, 1981). --, General Regulations Jor the Soviet Armed Forces, Articles 107 and 119. Gaidar, A., Tale ofthe Military Seeret (Moscow: Novosti Pub1ishers, 1978). Gilmore, E., Me and My Russian Wife (Slough: Foulsham, 1950). Goldhamer, H., The Soviet Soldier (New York: Crane, Russack, 1975). Grant, N., Soviet Education (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1967; (newedn,

1983). --, Great Soviet Enqclopaedia (vol. 8), (Moscow, 1970-79). Grechko, A. A., The Armed Forces ojthe Soviet States (Moscow: Military Publishing

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196

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Kostikov, N. A., A Complete Approach to the Training of Pre-calt up youth (Moscow: DOSAAF Publishers, 1980).

Kozlov, S. N., The OJficer's Handbook (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1971) .

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1979) . Novikov, Y., 'Lack of Imagination and Innovation are Incompatible', Aviation

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Augustl983. Polyaakov, Y., A History of Soviet Society (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977). --, 'Ready for Labour and Defence', Red Star, 26 April 1972. Reid,J., Tm Days that Shook the World (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1981). Rumyantisev, A. M., Dictionary of Scientific Communism (Moscow: Political

Publishing House, 1980). Sheehy, A., 'Language Problems in the Soviet Armed Forces', Radio Liberty

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Richard Bentley, 1849). Scott, W. F., and Scott, H. F., Armed Forces ofthe USSR (New York: Westview,

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(Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1978). Volodin, 0., Bringing up Defenders ofthe Homeland (Moscow: National Education,

1978) . Voskresenskaya, L. A., A Word About a Great Matter (Moscow: Children's Press.

1981 ). --, 'What They Teach Tommy', Red Star, 24 January 1977. --, 'Who Would Like to Become an Officer', Red Star, 19January 1982. Wimbush, F. E. and Alexiev, A., 'The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed

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no. 11, (Moscow, 1975).

Index

Academy of the General Staff, 169 Academies, military, 118, 122, 146,

149,171 'Aeroflot', contribution to socialist

society, 130 Aeroplane, as child of Revolution,

129,130 Aeroplane, a Russian invention, 129 Afghanistan, 61, 176, 180

reports from imigris, 176 conditions of service in, 176, 177 Vietnam comparison, 179

AGITPROP, 6, 9, 83 Airborne Forces, 104 Air Forces, as a deterrent, 131 Air-mindedness, of USSR, 129 Andropov, Y. V., 97 ANT-20, 'Maxim Gorky', 135 Anti-Communism, 65 Atheism, 18, 27, 33, 36

Babushka, II Belief, predisposition to, 73 Beregovoi, Maj.-Gen., Astronaut, 30 Border Guard, naval element, 161 Bourgeois Western cuIture, 64 Bourzhins, 14,28 Bond, James, 65 Brezhnev, L. I., 41, 44, 47, 48 Britain, war with Argentina, 54 British Broadcasting Corporation, 43 British Empire, archetypal

colonialists, 54 British Leyland, 48

Cadre formations, 106 Capitalist society, 48 Capitalist world, Soviet view of, 5

Central Museum ofthe Soviet Army, 57

CIA,43 Chernavin, V. N., Admiral, 172 Child-rearing practices, 11 Children's books, patriotic nature of,

14 Chkalov, Valery, 135 Churchill, Winston, 53, 59 Cinema, as indoctrination medium,

64 City of London, neo-colonialist

system, 54 Coexistence, peaceful, 21, 22 Combat units, training function, 106 Combat pilots, requirements for, 148 Command, control and authority, 99 Command, selection for (Navy), 169 Commissariat, Military, 35, 103 Communist morality, 23, 26, 31, 33,

36,63,66 Communist world outlook, 32, 66,

67, 71 Communist Youth League, see

KOMSOMOL Conscription, 103

the process of, 103 exemption from, 121

Conscripts, in Soviet Air Forces, 156 poor physical condition, 69

Conformity, in political indoctrination, 74

Construction troops, 105, 106 Corruption, 95, 96, 97 Crime and morale, 93, 100 Culture, communist, 63

Soviet Army a school of, 63 Western bourgeois, 64

199

200 Index

Defectors, imigris, 72, 127 Decree of Peace, Lenin' s 1917, 22 Demographie trends, in USSR, 79,

87 Desertion, rate of, 92, 93, 96, 100 Ditente, 45 'Deutsche Welle', 43 Discipline, 97, 98, 99, 113 DOSAAF, 35--9, 56, 78, 103, 133,

144, 147, 157, 163 Drunkenness, 93, 94, 113

among officers, 95

Education in USSR, 73, 118, 141, 147, 155

Eight-year schools, 16, 18 Enlightenment Programme, 5, 70,

72,74,89 Ensigns, 116, 117, 158 Equipment maintenance, by officers,

116 Ethnic factor, 77, 78,85,86

in relation to officers, 86, 87 'Evil enemy', 42

Federal German Republic, 'brainwashing in Bundeswehr', 52

Fenno-Soviet War (1939--40), 136, 137

Fighter pilots, quality of, 153, 154 Flight Inspectors, 151, 154 Flying training, curriculum, 144

pre-induction, 144 operational, 149

Foreign ,tourists, in Soviet Union, 67 Frunze All-Arms Academy, 122, 146

Gagarin Aviation Academy, 146, 149 General Electric, 48 General Motors, 48 God, alive in Soviet Union, II Gorbachev, M. S., 93, 95 Gorshkov, S. G., Admiral ofthe

Fleet, 172 Grechko, A. A., Marshai of the

Soviet Union, 4, 50, 51, 60, 61 Grechko Naval Academy, 169 'Green Beret' detachments, 50

Hawker Siddeley, 48 Helsinki Accords, 46 High Command of the Soviet Forces,

155 Higher Military-Aviationl

Engineering Institutes, 142, 147 Higher Naval Schools, 171 Hitlerism, res urgent, 52 Human rights, 46

1-16 fighter, 134 ICI,48 'I Serve the Soviet Union', television

series,70 'Ideological Steeling', 180, 184, 186 Ideological struggle, between

capitalism and communism, 7, 65

Ideology, defers to expediency, 155 Ilyushin-2, 'SHTURMOVIK', 138 Imminence ofwar, 56 Imperial Army, break-up of (1917),

39 Initiative, 109, 112, 113, 122, 123,

154-6, 183 I nformers , 115 Innerführung, 52 Inter-ethnic hostilities,

encouragement of, 84 Intervention, British role in, 53

Journals, military, not disinformation, 10

Kalinin, Mikhail, 55, 120 Karmal, Babrak, 178 KGB,97, 104, 161, 181, 187 Khrushchev, N. S., 41, 48 Kindergarten, 13 KOMSOMOL, 6, 29-33, 39, 47, 55,

56,61,62,87,97, 104, 161, 181, 187

Korean airliner incident (1983), 156

Leadership, 172 Leave (navy), 165, 167 Lenin, aura of, etc, 6, 39

and ODVF, 134 Lenin Rooms, 24, 26, 61

Index 201

Living quarters, crowded and uncomfortable, 6

Living conditions, at sea, 165 in Soviet army, 108

Loyalty, on the battlefield, 115

Main Political Administration (MPA), 6, 40, 41, 57, 66,75,89, 173

Marxist-Leninist 'World Outlook' see Communist world outlook

'Michman' , see Ensigns Military Academies, 118, 146

centres of research, 122 Mili tary A via tion-T echnical Schools,

142 Military Commissariat, see

Commissariat Military doctrine, development of,

124 Military, friendships, 82

oath, 38, 98 Military-Scientific Society (VNO),

133 Ministry of the Interior troops

(MVD), 104,84 Morale, 60, 61, 77, 185

and motivation, general summary, 179

Morale--Political qualities, need to develop,29

M05cow-Vancouver flight (1937), 135

Mountain Waifare, 10 Mozhaiski, A. F., 129 Museums and memorials, visits to,

57,58

Nakhimov Schools/Colleges, see 'Suvorov' Schools/Colleges

NATO, 49, 54, 67,128,140,150, 166, 186, 187

NavalOfficers, 167 Naval ranks, comparability with

Western navies, 173, 174 Naval ratings, 163

reservists, 163 service, in public esteern, 161

Navy, Soviet, women in, 161

Non-commissioned officers, selection of, 104, 115

role of, 110, 114, 157, 158 Non-Russian recruits, language

ability, 78, 80, 87, 105 Northern Ireland, British Army

involvement, 55, 59 Nuclear war, Soviet philosophy of, 7 Nursery schools, II

ODVF, 'Society ofFriends ofthe Air Fleet', 134

Officers, Army, selection and education, 117, 118, 119, 120

recruitment, 38, 39 engineer, Soviet Air Forces, 157,

158, 159 privileges, 96 training, 87

Oktobrists, 6, 23 Operation orders, comprehensive

nature of, 155 Orlyonok exercise, 30, 31, 34 OSAVIAKHIM, 133

Party, endorsements by, 144 cells in Armed Forces, 62

Patriotism, 5, 6, 58, 59 Pay, 89, 90, 115, 143, 170 Peace Forces, Soviet Forces as, 22, 60 Persecution, of soldiers by NCOs, 91,

92, 95 PersonneI, ofSoviet Air Forces, 127,

128, 140 Pioneers, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29

Palaces, 23, 24 induction ceremony, 25 Oath,26 role in military training, 26

Poland,45 Polikarpov, N. N., aircraft designer,

133 Political enlightenment, see

Enlightenment Programme Political indoctrination, early

, influence, 3 Political instruction, not before age of

seven,6 Politruk, 39

202 Index

Praporshchik, see Ensigns Pre-service training, 162 Proletarian pilots, a first generation

of, 132 Propaganda, effectiveness of, 73 Psychology, in military journals, 152 Public opinion, Party view of, 8

Racism, in Soviet Armed F orces, 81-6

Radio Free Kabul, 178 Reagan, President, 45 Reaganism, 45 'Ready for Labour and Defence

Organisation of the USSR', 30 Red Air Force, inter-war years, 136

training, pre-World War 11, 133 los ses 1941, 137

Red Army, in Civil War, x, 40 task of (General A. A. Svechin), 8

Reservists, naval, 163 Royal Army Education Corps, 55 'Russe soldier', ix Russian soldiers, on Eastern Front,

1914-18, xiii

Sailors, Soviet, 161, 162 School uniforms, democratising effect

of, 16 Self-discipline, in Soviet Forces, 180 Slav population, low birthrate, 79 Socialisation, the process, 13 'Socialist competition' 149, 150, 165 Society of Friends of the Air Fleet

(ODVF),134 Soviet Air Forces, formation of, 1948,

139 difficulty of observation, 126 post-1945, 138 recruiting from privileged dass,

141 role in space exploration, 160 motivation in, 149

Soviet airman, the, 126, 127 Soviet Armed Forces, effect on

society, 5 five separate arms, xiv status of, 88, 89 training, 90, 106, 109-12

Soviet Army, 'a school of culture', 63 training, 106, 109-12 women in, 124, 125

Soviet Aviation, 'world air-police' role, 131

expansion in 1930s, 132 Soviet Constitution, 18, 19, 21 'Soviet Man', concept of, 16, 27, 62 Soviet society, 5, 33, 34 Soviet socialist state, 43 Soviet Soldier, demands made upon,

109 descendant of the Russian soldier,

x in Spanish Civil War and Finland,

XIII

a soldier of peace, 60 Sport, 37 Stalin,J. V, 40, 139 'Star wars', 47 'Steeling of the will', 55, 56 Strategie Air Command USAF,

indoctrination of crews, 51 Strategie bombardment, lack of

success in World War 11, 138 Strategie Rocket Forces, 104, 106 Suvorov schools/colleges, 118, 143,167 Svechin, A. A., General, the task of

the Red Army, 8

Tactical Flying exercises, 150 TB-l Reconnaissance Aircraft, 135 Technological advantages, Western,

140 Training, in Soviet Armed Forces,

90,142,143,106-12 Tupolev, A. N., 133

Uni ted Aircraft, 48 United States Air Force, anti­

communist propaganda, 50 Strategie Air Command,

indoctrination of crews, 51 United States Corps ofChaplains,

role in 'brainwashing', 50 United Steel Corporation, 48 Universal Military Service Law, 162 Universities, military courses in, 146,

147

Index 203

Ustinov, D. F., Marshai ofthe Soviet Union, 81

Vigilance, need for, 67 'Voice ofAmerica', 43 Voroshilov General Staff Academy,

123

Washington-Tokyo-Peking axis, 46 Wars, Soviet classification of, 59 Western technology, respect for, 146 Winter Palace, battle for, 20 'Winter War', see Fenno-Soviet War

(1939-40) 'World Capitalist System', 47, 61 World War 11, propaganda,

emphasis on, 7

German experience of Soviet enemy, 182, 183

Yefimov, A. N., Marshai of Aviation, 153

Yepishev, A. A., General ofthe Army, 58, 87

Young Communist League, see KOMSOMOL

Zampolit, Deputy Commander for Political Affairs, 6-9, 39-42,47, 54-9,60-6,69,70,72,75,76, 83,84,93,97-9, 178, 187

ZARNITSA exercise, 28, 56 Zhukovskiy, N.Y., 130 Zhukovskiy Aviation Engineering

Academy, 146, 149