7/28/2019 Notes Form 2 Chapter 4

1/4

Chapter 4: Interdependence Among Living Organisms and the

Environment

Interdependence among living organisms

Interaction between living organisms

- Example of plants that live on trees to obtain sunlight are: the moneyplant, the staghorn fern- Example of animals: remora fish and shark

7/28/2019 Notes Form 2 Chapter 4

2/4

-Examples: stem borers and oil palm leaves, Aphids and trees

-A parasite may live outside the body (ectoparasite) or inside the body(endoparasite) of another living organisms (host).

Examples:

i. sea anemone and hermit crabii. Ox peckers eat the leeches and ticks that feed on buffaloes.

-For example:a. Flowering plants compete with weeds to obtain water and mineral salts

b. Lions a pride compete for foodc. Plants in a tropical rainforest compete for basic needs. Taller trees obtasunlight more easily.

- Biological control has many advantages as compared to using pesticideSome of them area. does not pollute the environment

b. does not kill other pests because natural enemies are usedc. is cheap and safe to use.- For examplea. owls and snakes eat rats

b. fire ants eat aphids on leaves-Two types of interaction used in biological control area. parasitism where the parasite destroys crops

b. predator-prey eventually removes the pest.

1. A food chain is an energy link showing how energy in food is passed

from plants (producers) to animals (consumers).Paddy rat bird eagle2. When the organism in a food chain die, they are decomposed by

decomposers such as fungi and bacteria, into simple minerals.

7/28/2019 Notes Form 2 Chapter 4

3/4

Producers, Consumers and Decomposers

1. Producers are all green plants that make food through photosynthesis.2. Consumers are animals that eat plants or other animals.

3. Decomposers are organisms that decompose dead organisms (animalsor plants) and change them into simple substances. Examples of

decomposers are bacteria and fungi.

Photosynthesis

Role of photosynthesisa) enable green plants to make their own food

b) regulate and maintain carbon dioxide content in atmospherec) increase oxygen content in the atmosphere

Experiment to investigate the product of photosynthesis (starch)

Experiment to show that plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

Factors that affect Photosynthesis

- Carbon dioxide in atmosphere- temperature- Chlorophyll

-sunlight

The Importance of photosynthesis

* Sodium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide

Tertiary consumer

Secondary consumer

Primary consumer

ProducerPlant

Insect

Bird

Snake

7/28/2019 Notes Form 2 Chapter 4

4/4

1. maintain the equilibrium of an ecosystem.2. supplies food to animals3. removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

4. Enables green plants to make their own food.5. Regulates equal and maintains carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.6. Increases oxygen content in the atmosphere. This gas is used byorganisms for respiration as well as in the process of combustion, rusting

and decomposition

Natural Gas Cycle

1. Natural gas cycles maintain the content of gases in the air.2. The carbon and oxygen cycles are two natural gas cycles.

The Carbon cycle

- The carbon cycle is the circulation of the carbon element on Earth.

- These processes take place continuously.

- The carbon cycle maintains the content of carbon dioxide in the air.

-The processes that release carbon dioxide into the air include:

a) respiration and breathing

b)combustion

c) decomposition

-Photosynthesis (in green plants) removes carbon dioxide from air

The Oxygen Cycle

-The oxygen cycle is the circulation of oxygen on Earth

- These processes take place continuously

- The oxygen cycle maintains the content of oxygen in the air.

The Role of Human in Maintaning the Balance of Nature

- Human beings are a part of the ecosystem that depend on living and

nonliving things for survival.-Human beings interact with the ecosystem to obtain needs and to lead

comfortable lives.- We obtain our needs in many ways. At the same time, we also disturb th

balance of nature. Human activities bring about an imbalance and declinin the ecosystem.

- Human activities that destroy the balance of nature arei. Forestry/logging v. Agricultureii. Industry vi. Constructioniii. Housing vii. Mining

iv. FishingThe greenhouse effect

- The greenhouse effect occurs when carbon dioxide (in atmosphere) trap

heat from escaping to outer space.

- Also known as global warming

- Effect of global warming:

a) raises Earths temperature / changes in worlds weather and climate

b) sea level increases causing flood in low-;lying coastal areas.

c) melting of ice caps at both Earths poles.

Ultraviolet rays that reach the Earth can cause:

a) Skin cancer

b) Cataract of the eyes

c) Human immune system to malfunction

Effects of acid rain:

a) Destroy sculptures

b) lower the soil pH value which is unsuitable for plants

c) Pollutes river habitat unsuitable for aquatic organisms

Importance of Conservation and Preservation of Living Organisms