Notes for Infantry Officers on Trench Warfare UK 1916

8/7/2019 Notes for Infantry Officers on Trench Warfare UK 1916

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NOTES

YOR

INFAN'TRY OFFICERS

ON

TRENCH WARFARE.

'Compiled by the Gener,o,l Sta.lI[

W ' . .i n OPF10E,

M(M'cl~ ,1916.

LONDON:

PRIN'l'BD FOR ms H.A.JESTY'S Sl'A'!'IONER"i '0FFIIJE,iB ~ llA RR IS tFN A N.D S ON S., sr, MAR 'r IN " f$ LA Jl .T E ,

1'1I.!N'rnill'1l p!,!'Ul.l>JNAI~Y 1~O.ais M.;lJ"ES1~T.

(lJ ],SOQ2) w't.1I'. 1$1}92-61')17 lUu 4/16 E: &. S . 1'.lG{124.

CONTENTS.

,/,,-

T~''I3D4h li~bti"'g'(lu'J:" /I. pll'lSa oj' w,n, ..•.

COI1S ' id~l , .t im l~ a ffao~l l ,!> des~" o f d l !!@c eeN!l;tur€ of field d~!\mc~s '" 'H

::Ioe. "!f6n~ive,s[iki~ in treneh \\'H,,'ra~'Ii :r _ri.l!"l~g ~u n,sb~wQyk .•. , ..f; .l)lsclplm() ••• .•• .... ..,'I 'Ir'llinivg of sp"cjillMs ...

Wl I .I IW1l .. ll il l •

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SSII9

1IA:t' , 11.-·Si'JrJl;& ANIl OON$~·ft\1~TIO~ or 'Jl'lIHlI"C'IDlS •.

!l Dlflibemte l Ii ting lIr tl ·" il"JiJ~s '" n. ...

! I S iUJ .1g ( II t renche s i ll t ~l e PH<!lGoM Q~ tha 91~ill'DylQ OOllcoohllcntU Ilnildi!l~D .J ,2 "folXls" ". ... ... ...i3 P . ~ I ' O " 1 I . i . 1coo .d l) l ,i on o r l\ Ilue o r t l 'm:LC:h~s

],1 SI.rollQ"vo!nt~ ~jl(li.dejl'~;'lde.[Uo....lities ".1 5 D ll f: el 'l ce s J C DJ :&a 'l "< ," I . he f lx ll lt " S :l 'l l !{jr(r ... • '" ' ..

llJ l?rOOilclu}".( l ",M,. . CClI'1RWlOOtillg tl"ilJIOIIIIB i·Il'tl,.. Jl'""",ell,c/i o r lj,~· ! W · e - I l I Y .. . . . , . . . . ' . . . 1 9

17 O (> lLB t l' u et i{ l na l d cf .a ilB ilf ~l'iell(Jh ,'s .. , 17

R'b'l!. troueh(lS 11

. J 3 ' 1 ! M ~wm'in1 23LoephCil~,s .... >'5Ov rbO l\d (lOve" 25Buppor~ kencl'f)'l. ,., 25O"01:1:mI1lll.ioo;i;i"1l tl'8nob.ag ',. 25

18 Ol>ab6Jos..... .:lU Protect, 01 1 r r o m . s M1 1 m 'l l20 lf aobm\l gun ,oollp];,ootnmlts21 L!itril.u~s ... ..•., .") Dr~i"aS"",al~d iloodr.g ".iii l ? ,e .l e n? e o ~b \ 1~I~ i~1 fl ;l ; . . " '

2-i ' I.mlnmgm d j~ lD g •. ,I m.

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GilJ;"lm.AI. 'J!'nllNOO RCHl'fIlill,

2-f> Sl'st-eUI ,oh"liei oHl'enche.8 ",' ... •..

26 Dcs()~'alltioil illme'~hPJ:lo.r ~"W!"rY;Dgon t I f relief... ."

21 Pl'CCimeioIlS an d u,r~an~m<ln~B l lCe<1J lS ru 'Y 'r.hl1'.ing.. ,~H"r~8 HIll\diil~ "yer tl'el1"b!,~.". ... .., • ..' .. , ".2" Dutif.s m LI'encb<l" •••'30 $1~,,"1nmtillllin 1 I ' . , l l , c b c O !3l. Wo, rk i . u . tN !i( )h . . , ...;12 Observation and sn~p;ng

$8 (Jo'(1jlc,I"ai.i{)n :with IIHil!'lP""Z . t S aDi t: ,! !, j< > JI f u n d 001'<3 o r f te f.~5 Gom1i"11rlie . r. tiWl\~,t a R ap Oi'1ia; ...

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IH3 53 6,;)1

1)739 ·:. w41

' " 4 t£ .45~!i41

4.

Cn/u'. IV......Qilt!rL"1.U.ATION OF A 'l'RII}1CII' LI:~ ANll AcrrlOl'tIN OA&E 01' A'I"I'k llx.

~cc.,,7 G ~n :ar !!.l eO ns ]idem tio:.l:> S" . . ..B S 1llsll'ibYltioll oj mel) ill. ~relloIJ"s1 19 1 II nc h 1110 gUlls ..•• •..

40 Mtiou in e&S$ obUaok>II Acliml, a{~uUIle:ry In ease ,af al.[~;:.l ..•

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4 ,2: Neoo for ~ roj 'u : IIJVQP")' !) . tl iOP . n . ~ i u4 1 1 .ltlla~try p l i e p ! l .r M ' O I i .lOt a t t O O k ilil4* Equipment ... .•. 59,.elimiiiluj' bomhardmene ~o46 The ass:l.1;llt ".. 5047 Action of'llrtmel'l' am·b.g HIll U9rLult 1i048 E mp lo yn re nt ,o f liU1ClihlO g u n s ji2

49 U~e of gl"cl)ladilU'l; •.•. ... (12e o Oom.lil.Ujj.iCilliol;~ 1;8

Al'PBN'llIX A.-llte~, ; ; twork Commull[ca.tiQJI '.I. ',ro'neiJes,.AI'PENJ)lX ll.-R~piil! Wi re En t aD g l a i) 1 0 I l, t .; .A l'l'l!lI"ll-l.1i:O.-I1himllmtian of Obslne!ils IIniLF.Ol'l\gil'ollltd,liJ·J'IlNf.n:XJ~.-[lifantij' ~~d Artill&ry In.te~~O()mJlIlnJl!caMO'a.

2 - v G I . l n , I 1 $ , i L \ \ . " l I D 1 1 \G ll-liOmJ.

13

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J ,rmng - cmMt 0 <1.D ., i' 6 "' S ;" ~ Lin".Dmgmri l af SUJ:l,il'rV"i~ioll,Fire, And COi tr it r lln .i < ;; l~ IQ!l Tra l1( lh~~"Di(lgmu;! o .f a Se~ti(>,u, jl[ fI. l>"'Oll~LIDs with ,S!lperlrisioll 1_'!'QI,cb,

Du,g -o.n ts , (L ' I' ldSheH l 'Nl . llChea.AltC\ ' l laM 1'" Oyga.riill!ltl'otl <)/;~ I)'!',ont. Line,TYlIEio(.StmlliP'~il't for, 50 Men. ,fihl,ppOti.mg ,or f.lel"Oog l'olDl.Ty],e l> oi J!' ife ],'renc:bes,Type ofBombing Pit witlll'l'OU>,(:lien.Comnmnic;a:f.ion 1.'l:CIlCh. Pr ~l'JI lrecl: Jot Fjl'~.

' M et h ,o d o f .D~S.iglltllg: 81t·. .igit~ l.cngtb. of Comm"nlcaLiuli l 'I'roueh(or PI'Oter,:tion H!lIl ' ills t 13omlJi llg ,

'[yp~Q f 8''':lk Wiw" Elrt~~ng!lnnelJ;t.Wi~, El1,L~lellWJ1t,n,Kuiie ReGt."

':l'ypes ! ! : i Ilu!\'"o1!t ll'rI!:me~.' 1 )1 ' 6. u l _ e 0D ? r<p ]~dD~g : .O l lt ., .'l':rP~ 01 Mn(lW.De9 l : \ l 1 ~nlpl!lCf!l:menls.l)~'<!I1Iltw~~k()"mmn"!~t1on 'l'I'ench.~retl!odJl of 'p.,tth)g ~!PIl'Iipid Eul:n,ngle:ln~I)t.,A uw lM 'l ic 'i ia to l tS -l lh 'U d p:il"

N D T E S F O R I N JF A 1 \ lU Y O F F I C K R S O NT R E N C H W A H F A R E .

Cl1AP'DJ:J? I.

S'P}X:U.,li, OU.,,\1l.AC'l'EMS.:t!IOO 0];1 'l'1t1!iXCEJ "\V A~F_ll1E,.

l!. TI'e7!;; l t F ig ld in fJ o oZ y ~ P lu m of Wru-!a;re.

The in lJ J ;l -Ol 't ance a~~u!l.)Mby t!-ellch w,tlillt"e.aud th e Pl 'Oi1'Cs)5made i :J it l1 e I tp p li ca ti ol l. o f field nwtifil!ll:tioll I; loTUJ,in the ~d0UCeQ f

the' I l ) t t ! l c i c - $lv1 il(l-(~",e < Ifel'li)()l'1l.i:O

~yst\lmR oftl'eucl:ies.,,~a;yC

f'rn(llJil 'odi. neCIM~!;'I:u'r s p ec ia l i us tr uc ei on in tile tl"tioils o f '~ ~n (! h·constm ction and treu cb . figl~~ing•. Lt ltlU$t; !l,c,"'el·tbele8S, 1 ; : 1 ; l c l o < , ' l ; I ' l y

ondo1'SW('.)cl Una.1itunela fig1ifi ing as o t n l y B , j_)11("~ilof O~l'!i~l~n..":. ! W e Itliat instn'etioll in tms subject, ¢¥'entdiLl :IS it i~j it; , ? n l} r tm~ b l 'i l. - n¢hof - the'tcl'£llin:ing of,tt-oop s, To" g : t i n ll. deelstve ~ l L I c c e 8 i S Uw (lneUi¥

must be driven out of his defeimes aud 11is armies crushed in Utepen, . ..1 'he .aimoftreuch iighl;Uig is , tbe!'efoh'c, to create a fu,"ou1i'b~e$itl~!I,tiQlI' for 'ficM operatioas, which the'troops llUl:st be l capa111eoftu rllw g t,o R OC QU nt"

2. C'Olis i f lCJ'llt1:QIlS q t f & . t i J 1 { J DIi~~rJn() f I )e! lm.ce8.

I. T lu ;e e, f ile ts t n 1'<Htiell~a,r g ive to modern trellch fightipgunder 1?l"eSij'llt oontlltloM ~wst of its !;pecinl ell:lI'l'Mt'.l1~i,st:ie~.The'sa ;Iol\e~

(~) T be eo:n~jnml·l plo,a~·i!nity o f t b e( }P l ll os in g fo t'W .~ ;(b ) 'rho leng~h ,(!!f time foJ' ' i" h i1 ; h t ,bey hava gm e l' [\ ,l ly a c, g u p ie d

the'erunil g'l'oQlld;(a ) The fact that neither side has a jlank $.0long (W i , t . rCmll.illS

Oi l t .b.e deJ;msive, 80 t ha .t e V 6Q I attack n,us t hI!>TI'OD:.ta1.

2. As a result of the lengl'll. of time. the opposing £01"005 havebeen in 1IIosep~'oxiini~y onpractically .the same g!·olJ.ll8; th.e Qrlginnlth~pehes dug at. the .end of- a; JJ~,-iod of manoeuvre Q,peratibns .hn:vegl:'Uwn i b . & ? Q . , ll on rp J ;i ca te 9- s y st em o f ~nt:re_nC]Uil~l1t-s. The de~ignlmd.or~nnlZl1t lOn or tbo.se l:uav.e been lofll1(JD,ced by t lJ :e I l1 l it l .l rs : ·o f

.1

(.Im al't:illr~I'Y,. u p tO~Il1ibl;es U q . ' l l! ~a ,v ie rt h! }n c(mM b . . I 1t il ii ie d. Inol'dinary field_ - o p . e J : : : - ! ; i Q n s " ,,:hi;Dh tbp s tatiollary' l \! \t l1 iDe of t,hefig11l:iing :has ·u m( le Itpo.'$ ,h fe to bring u p . Ar~a1lJ5'~Il!~eph !b.~vehetm made by !l. ( ! : f J j r e : f u l l i y t lu:!ugMou~ system of mt~:r"[!OlliDrnl!l"~"I'tiM for the IDfI>'X:il'l:H~ill ~c.opel: 'I£,thm ~e~w:ee!1artilLcl?, and infa~t"y,both in attack and defllD()~ n'l\dl\-1~fljnl!ry ]jJj,~ lind timeto '!'eg;~~~'em a ll t!il·getS.witllil1 ~ 'l l. \l gG , T h \i l~ eitli~' side has itjl'\ ,ilis, -po.wm

tQ e l i n c e l l i ~ l ! i i t e Jle,ary ,fil'sat ~'w'J~11{l1't l lotiOOIl, l!?R .1l-!ll,$e-)e~~e,Gtal'i\et, and fdo mrilJltai:nl tha~ fk" t o r. ;1 · l eng t l:Lof t'rnl!l wlllicl;dif!l 'c ul tie s o f ( tD l! li ll lI lit i~ n slJ):iply ,w{luld Ji'l!b ow t~}h~ q!It: l:~IOl!-}1l;mlmreli,l',r-e a{lGl'n.tiOD3. (k)n.~t:qllently, th~, mplll!l ty :"'1~h,which1'l.i'~ill"'"'Y c~ form , 1 ; 1 . ba! 'J " !l iS~ ~ , InMt a.ttack mll.bs' ~~meeessM'Y"that the '1'iIOm~Iit ~f~he ~Illt. ~hollld come R,1l:L 'Sl1l]).r~$~,aIMl~~etl'of.lllcihesfl'Olil which. Mlntt!lci; 1~, to be mad" should t:hel'sfori!. bew H i l l . ·in d o se S .' S - o m u . l t4 1" g ( l i < ; : t a , ' 1 1 1 J ( ! > (if lihe o : p p ~ i n ~ , ifl'ont , 1 1 1, [ l e ." , ' ,3, A $'yfi'~ew of .tl'e~.qhe-s m\<~st_tb,ermqIJ, b e, d eS lg n ~d . w l tid 1.

f ~ c i ! i t , a t e j ; the P l < e : : p a1 ' I O ) l o n !Ultl l a~ e l :J .. i: U s : · o f ; ) 0 1 1uD&!:peetec1lllilSa.ult,aud ,It t .ha same 'f;ime is a i I : a J Y t e d . to D:!.e0to[),~udd,sn.?tt,·lI:k bytl:eeltemy, The o1'g!l.l'liz!ttkIIlOf '8t trench l'y~t(';U1to ~ ,~ooh t~ te a t~v. .<* l8. an im'!W, ;ki. l1t point, wbicll' ls fl~que:nJI~ n eg~ eo )t eu " ~ ajl.dntl~mdt.'(Jlllllbe6 1 i ; J : ' V e~QQ~. l~M~i!:yl,Ra~t? W h e n n n . a c ~ ~ k ' ! . ! I t l t I D ; n £ 1 e4 , t h ei ll Jt le Ii ~i Q Il ~ a.tt!).ci;:

will be obvious to 'bhe enemy bya er H l. l. r ec nn -

l rn .i l: lS l :l ll o.~ ! \nd_i>l J! JpH se _ \l .i Jj !>e"1) :b o f bhe 9 . ucat loX l,4, Moclel'n field fo;tt li6~atfOlls. owa. tll.el1' !lll1bo1:at.e fo,'m to t;~e

~lflaU!J enrpl<J~e,a, m[htt,ook .iI!<!1~ldp,f~'nce respectively, .A . ~:tl{;)l'\lli de, u . o f -~ "b ;t~ I ; l. !o~em._~,~ l~_th.el"tif~el\<!,uessal'Y;'J'be Iljl11 of ~e >lil'i>~ 'st.a:gcs 01 1Il :tt a0 ki s _ ,~ ' o b t l h i n . t t . -i!(}D't.i'I:l~m th ~

ell.e.llly'.~. cle!'!l.p:'~ fi.1l~ t(J. ·@llsoh(]o.w and ~t!illll: the, /g!IiJll t).ws

m ad e. P e il et ;~ fl .t io n 1!S e-Ifected by 111:elmS of an i n f.O l iub ly ~uH ,w lh .icl l, a s h as b een ~:t1, llIl,iSt ~1Il~vQid~l)],Yhe £:L'''Il~M &!I1d,d~pe)ldS,I01' :>1J.()~'i\SSo n (l, o ; : : i o r t E l i n IIle~'$1Il'1l o:f SlIl'p'l·l$e.'I'be in.t'}'l1ti'Y :It.t.'lel~ m ty 1 . l .) - ru n i s 't e i: R . b y LllJY 01.'rul o:f tb e follow .

h,g r uJ !thcdE i ; -

( 1 < ' ) ' Uu '1 p .r ev i0 1 ls d e; st ~" IP t ~: O ?l b ;r b ? ~1 ll xt i: cJ l: ne !l ~ 0 1 ' e~IilQ~i?,"- , C ; fnnnes ' l ' l 'C a - comllil:uiiti.Ql1 of beth, o J ~ h e e ll e- Il lY S l :l li ~( ;e 1- 1&dcleJlY ~~. illtludiW -rg ,obstacieil'j _

(b J The:Sliilkillg' () f t lue ropral and .d~I;;J, , , ,~mODof the INr~~~~e~of the defending {":fc.e by bomb,oird:ment o;l'l.ly ~ l J , f 1 '

eml)lo:J~l;l,nt ? f, qn e :or thu, .Ile,,~ ~~rrt!;; ? f , war, ~lIC~.f1$Q . $l Jb .J J. 'I at mg g ,y t( l! ' . ne ts o f .hqllJ~d fu,~, ,Pl'lOI .to II"S au lt ,

(I i) KBllping d&wli l io :\ it il e f ir e o ve '" o! 'th6 n;l'ell. to ' b : e .crosl>~,d bytlleabtaeldng wflw.t.ry long l}lIougM6 ellilibl~,th~ !l~~l;ItiHi-in g t wo Jfs tOI . 'e ;XC11 t ~e c ", Ve l: ,of~bc..e1!'e;myjs d"j:~@e~",; ~

( ~~ ) T h e l> !o t; i; ~~ o~ ; by "!\l~t..I]I,orJ b~;t'l-a$'~$),,0 ' t f l , e 1 1 . 1 - e a . ~,be ._,l I ! 1 < i l LU l t i , l d , S l j . (!.!! ~o , P l 'i l.Vf ll lt ,t h e, a r nV ' l iJ o f ).'el:niol'c~!!'~-il:t~;

(II) "l'hlr G l i E l p E l £ s a . 1 or d'Mtnuctlo'n o ~ t l'O 'O p~ ~cinedlllg .£0).'fOWl! til;-Mtflck_

~ , '1 'f l II1Mt. thew m.easw:-eS th e def~lIloo 'e;IDp,loys t io i t'Q l [qW I_ fig ,

I Hm l. n~ : -

(u) () 'onstant cJO&) QbswVIl.t:ioIl" with aview to, the det'f)diou,()f, any lIilig us ,'ofh up elld\llg abtac_k ;* , _l

(b) Cdn~entl'$;ti6j'! of, fire GU<Iny oIeMcteilassllwbly w:hiehmtll~ht b~:thel~relllde to a~em,111;;, "

(I!) !:;':JJlC~(Ilti",twJ!, 9£ ( ir e o f " "'t iI 1cl 'Y , li1 'I'I dm w g u m, a-i:lilli l T l 1 ! 1 > \l[Qm~ll,wide (l. f l l O J ) . t . t W IJolis iblCJ; :oT~1 ' [ tny llM'~of th lil~OliG'lyifi_g I : ! l l t ' . V O O I 1 L th e tw o l l i l f # ! . , $(,i as to 'prcvilnt ' t<h'e.penBtFat1._On 6f the def(liiJoo,; ,

(4 ) Ob$h,cl~s' :to dhlay the i l l l 1 3 ! l - r u t . i n g troops l I S I O D g as :ro~sihle. under tliia fire ;

{~), : ean;E ~. of :fire: to p~>eVe)lt~th!l :ooWOl:C!lDIfl!l.tofior the.OOi id 'i ng l fp of l1l'at~l'ildii,a-m.ll'l\l.nitiolt, 01 ' ~llPlllie!;'to, allyMdy of trQ o ps · th at hiili succeeded in p 1 il le "r a, ~i ll g t 1 1I l

, defence ; - '(f) DiSpo;alti.Qil Q f works so T hSt ol oe al is e a nd c on fi ne t:hfJ effect

o f -' } l' lne tr at iO ) l ' ai l~ahyPQi!L~'it(if) ])e~tr[ldioll by l'Ii'tiliery :Iii'", ci f ·flny el1~n.y troops ~h~t

1 1 W i : l ren~tr"'llBd;(Ii.) Iij}!liedii\.W.¢r.}tliJtei·.,fl.tt(l,'~k~ to c h i v e olih t ll C } . !U r o . c k m ' 1 ; I bBfOl'l'J, they can have l'e~oI'e;recli'from the confusion of .thc aS~Ej)'l l tand h!l.V:6es:lilibli~lled'tll'el<li'l'llvBs ~eGLl!'e~)'in tli~' citptllnld

<Ill!~~~.,3 . Nat~!)'4 I)j li'i~ld j)Cf~I.~~-c.'h.

A ca rl s it 1 ~31 'l it iou o f ; ti l- o al:kl '\"e '~ll(fWS:thltt 'tllt!l'e'nte cel'ta-ill. f e a . I > t l l ' e l i

w hi:~i~liie Gsfll!<iiti!l.lin a~)7~t8lU o.f trenches, ~iley TDll~<!t b~ . I>t;l'Olljf,to 1'tls1sth~.,.vJ,'bo~h,w:dIlI"nt; t ; b ~ y rnusc b~ s,teal ~md d~lglled tof~~"Plll",bythl!' ,I 1)i1IZ!I.'t1Glll of I.-bliquesnd eillilll ~6 -Jii~ \i f hll,l\<l and,; ~ b o v ~ n n , Q I l -na eI 1 i, ne g1 j iI lS , t JM~ 1 3 L e ' v e l o p m e l l ti of' I : . b i E imWnrumvolume ill .fu'~0wi,'· ! \hy:r:i l j :~,of, jilf\iil~b{on.t.; tm y l I D ."'It.he -P i :.o16( ; te ' i]]j,y ·ft~~rol)~fl'llla wil:II hi.;l(lrm . " " i . ] f ' " ~il1tltlIgl"ll1ell,1i; illl o:!rl~1' tOn'et~illat!ackurg mfMlt'rJ ':l!).de~ this ;firo; 1:hey, mmt pl'o'v.~,d(l p":ote,ctwn£,"1'MTh'gIlJI'l'ison ' \> M l i r is P W$(l.~~e:i·~n(~ ~l,rist tbe el'fd~tp f !tI~tillru'y111% Fi:l :e and $elteJ' b'<lni: l:acs nru.st-oe mnnerous III order tp·ft\iM)i!m6(!a~ ~li:f!'atlilitranaJt),loClps t o ~ ", p ffiie:d in, J ;; h£m ' P1 '~v iQUst~;a.n [I.~~(jl~o _Jl!t h~ tH l e ll '! ts - .l i! l :~ and i! ll so , i~ t he · d ef en oo ;, t o l n e : V J e o

·, jIJSPlmlwQ .o f h0-5~i} t l a l '~aJ le~y !:ire, ~ .o Fern~tt the wl¥p,orm'y with-d n ~w al o f th e gal 'rI$91l ft:o)ll '~ b~!\;Vtly ShBU~d :':011e, lI ,ud ~Q ~¢CGIll.~

modat!l tI'OOp'" f,a~'Loeai CQ '1llll6 e~...'ttwck in , cJ;asep l 'Q~imit.Y t-o~hepoint:;; ',vli~l'e th~i may b.e l'eq'lllired, Caliwl).lliieli~_~.Ils1ll11l>~ *eample, to tl.d:itiit ( II ~ e r;api.d l '~()ooujJatiQn. 6f tem_p('l'M'ill:r~,'tl;el\£lwd1;~\encJii,es.to n :i in j) ll ~e ,t h fl i mf u )p f ID 'I l( l1 CB o f ho~hlill lira with l'eiJa,forcs-

m~iltal:l,d ! J , ~ 1 ' p : p 1 1 l ID J;d to faciliW;oo l 'o(W,! ,e(l1:lnt;eNlttao;:k~ ¢ l o i S l "

~ b l l ~ i ' V : ! l : : t j _ 0 l laft lje .Wf\m:r must~B pf:cI:i!idll:d TOP bJ ' li~~)Hli~lf~ J~£(1'i~

In !id,\Ya.il¢,(; i5 f th'e h()~t .lme: ati~lby oiJl; 'I) l""lllrg stations III o~, MhH l dit: 'Finallr~ tI1ell.Y!!tllln of tren e:ktM 1 1rU SG'aclll:rit .oil iri:m,m(litL~

' . f ;. f/ " h'&l>ilm."",t of B"";l' '~I""- '1"dnt<, 'il!l:"",~w or ,~~!,",i?"1""~'1l eu~ ;."

:e"~"'y~~\v!r~ iQ me'ltWl!'·cg';~~.·t -s~~S~CtiQIl$H, l~.

s

l"efj ldjl.lsbment oJtl. !J1l f i'on~ se "tl lapthe el' fect of Jlenet.:r!lition ~tanyl : lQ in~ma,y:be l o ct ll li .5c da. nd nMd>l 1o '~ weaken tb~ hold Q] t h e· de :i e :nc e0 : 1 l · a d j a c o u e , trenehes, '

. - 4 . T l i. a ( )_ { l en t iV f J : : f j ' p i > r i t in , t j l f ~ ' M k J i T a : i j a , · I l ' .

T.he att..'li::1rOi l I ll tc h i1,sySI;.em. 01 defencesaa lias beea il~ll.Cribed

dettl,Wds in.all t';Mib d~ll. and g~U~n~~'y'af a '¥til], high Qrl$m-,ruldin_1i~as!lb"r~il1at~ ~~ .t de :l ',do .w [ lt ? t h <3 ,~o:v~t .r w-ade$ ,; n q u i ck p~~~e.eptl011" ntpld dM!SlOl\, ;aud Intellcg(On tnnt]~t,~"!,,It,ll! morn ~h~uevec the c~e"thlI t success d~penW ! u pon qU~l;htWl of Ie;~~te:rl\bipinS'tlhm:dilli(Vt 'il : ' iomllJa)!lde)'I1,U p 0 1 1 i r l ; l o p i d a m n ; e e i i , i ti _ 9 l l an ti , r e ad inas s ~Q

aec;ap.·~ r!?spo)l~ibimy on , .,t.]~.f~,P!l~'~.o f th e. map Qgl~hlj ~l:o!;,M~lchQti,ll1(10dimll III peace h"ILHJ.mg' to. foster tbese qlla;btIe8 '~R d toiful;n'~!i~.01 1 even 'the moot '8u.b0l:dl,uate .Ieailefflt~e. '!<i:cewty 1 ' 0 , 1 : '

actmg, 111 cases of U1'bre! lc )' , oD~he'.!.r 'Q'iY,!l.l'~p{ll'l~~bl~lby •. .Attlio1llarnetim», tb:e ~ L a , t , . e qfeof1ip<u'a:t:i~ llflW.tlVJty~ which 1~,th e normalcondltion of lire -in the tnlllchoo, ill wry unft,..\ 'ou~a4ie 'toythod e\ fe lQ : Pm , ~~ it o f tilese qllalit~@i!i Offi,;.~l'i1 and 'DlleD. !he~'e.~s fl!ll

Insidious ~e;mJ.ellcJ' i I : .O ll:l'p~e II!;to:o.·,passIve 'and leMla~gle . ' < 1 ttl tude,R "a b.l at w h ic h o Oi 'o o'1 :$of aU ranks .1. ; \ '1<$ tQ b( l~oI l t l ic .eu g'11.(l.lil~ i 1cQdt :~etost\wing of ~he OffWlSi,.e~p~dt, und~ sucll llnfuvOI1Ta_bJ:e con-

ditions 00115(,,1'l!le~r;~Jjt !I.t1;ei]tlan., MmOl', 1 0 0 1 1 . 1 ~pMll"I? l"!'I1;CS Il,n,<,!eons","~ t oecu p,iltioa dm'ing ~he toUl' ~falltJin . the n'lmche!i nITni8 'h~the, ""est mw;~ oiElili!;!1.~~rirLing t"he' efliili6ncyof tho t~'oop.~! ~here~'1ir, maintenance, 'and impnov,ementof t]u~ tre'llcllr~ fUrti'sJ.u

amplework toa-tlQl'd ~1~lplOy1;nelJ!t,:~G:th,e trQ~ps,.;Vllo r r ; J . l s t be_llliu;l'~to ull<\e:rsta;nd t h a t U u . $ wprJ< 1.'e,ac;tS·~!!l '.theuow:n f f 1 ; ' I ' f J : 1 r m the

Sl:I3>lJe0:1. :illcre.\~e.il &~qill:i~y~lid c~J:o.r~ ;:L lu t ~!,~lltllllW mote£ 1 l. yo .u ! 'a bl e, 0 0 ' l timUh < CQ l !l s~ _ a. l> t;I.Ce'' 'I~y in hiir.ls,,;wg. tben,emymfi<y lead to}. l'~pr[sHil . at ,6~~, ~!ld f01"this reruro!l issoo:ae~~f.ll~'neglected, but, If P ' J ~O}V~ l .' ed ln . .. tal!'l;;),J~ results 'In. 'Ill 1l1~1.i~l!1~e

m-a~teJ.'Y,it g i : v e i ; i t , i : l e t r o . , . C i p S . ~hhe~t!hy i l L i . ~ e ) f e . s : t ¥ '. d :wlitolesom~top tcs of Co;f)!lV<?.rffi,tioo, 1 I : I ) : d I:t achlenls. I ; h e , dol1~_Io l ) u r p O O i > 0: £l"iL'i~in~ th e mO l'; J, .l I). f~ij l' QW!l t t 'ooJ!Swhihlt I~;wel'ln~~hlllt ~f nj~,e ne :m ,Y s . E v er y efl'oI"t·f;]l;ollld be made to o b l : l T h m , th e mils ~e ry Q v el :

tbO'H)~;ts.s'iliJlilft;.

5. 1'r~~llingi n lfig¥-wj;J;k,

Th e p!'o~imil:iy of th e opposing lill~j tb J.H·,Off)'ess,u f a ,e l" I~ ,l · e o ) ; O l 1 I l a i s s t :J . . n c e a nd :l .h e , e l, ,~ e! l> nd ·®nI;U.ll1j)~~w.~tehwhich I ! I $ e . , r

side JJ.\.aiut&lnJ over tbe' 01;4&1" ,h ;A .VO,i l lc l i¢as 'e ( j the . iu : l l~~r~aI lj j. f .! . ."c \f ,fi1gbt.,wOTk. Many'o,'f th e ,a.''illyQ,peratimT~ i.lll';idJent!ll-to u\ouollw!\I'fin~, ~ ,only o o @ , J , 'r j e c l l out ll'tlfider covel' of narkness, 'I'h~

@.o$t.t'tf¢ticf1l J) f Jiew t,l"Mch~l! ID'$ighM)£ t,hoenclII;Yr'alld .much o·{tb:eiI' : n1>tin tel l l\ ;) Joe and :repa'U",. th e (JOll!llrUC~IO:~,T:e[lrur, and, lmvro.\~-

moort . of ,' ohst f l.c le s ,< : .nld . . in.marlY ' I ) ; ; ! J l ~ e . ! ' ; : ! 1 i 1 l bn~glUl ; l ,\ i1TI3 of .Illat;en~'l~im d S'to[e$.~u,d , the ~.~ef "f tnog:!ll:rlSon, ca-nno,t ~A'~~.:rl'led ,out ~.~dllYJi$ht.. Tl:t0~~)llb~y 0 1 1 : , .tro61~an!l many of 'the !Da,lsw~S' ~flil'eJlnratiioll ro,,r.3.11 a.ttMK1 a l J , foll' lll~t:J;]!ce, the l'e1l10V!il of 0\11' e m D

obstaclES., e,MIl on]y be kept fl 'Olll !h.1l enewy's kIlDw!e,ilge by c81'ry~ing '~h~m ,out r~~ni$'hl., " The, OIO&.l1·er_'()Dp:aj~$a1lce of th:e ,e.nemy'ihOll;t lUH) and hlS olliltacl",~@ondof th 'grouud to be-crossed by an~$S<),'ult[~ th e 1"Q~'k1 )£ n~ght l}jl'~l"o.ls,n:nd ;Q l,1,I .chof t l ~ · O }itIell~il'icll)ion6£ ' tjl:e t~:Oops oppo~¢{l ~Q tl))~" ve~"'J ~ll'lpor,t.aIit []U.tY~CIliil onTIlybe'etrec~ix1 b y $ ll 'j;1 .] 1 e:n~l'prjses ¢<!.l~ied ou t by l 1 ig J lt ~ g ( i. in s th lLeen.~my"s l!aul'olil 0.1' Jif>tetiiiig posts, 0·r sometime.<; ag(l,ins~ ';:\s n l J ! , 1 l

$ectron 0:1 hi s tl'e:tl;¢:he~, T.I'idll.ing in <l>Hthew b l' ai :l il he 6 o f ni~ht-WOl'k: is an impo!·t~nt" part. of the inst·"!l.~ti.Q'nof troops bd9rel~a;yillg [(I)' e l l e ft'O)it, .

6, J)i6~~i.1!C.

Tbk hartlslli.ps, di$~n:;.Eol"t)'and,.. d M . l , g e r ' s of life in the !;ffilcli~s

'm,*~ g ~ J u .; I: tID Il li da ', ll p onthe e ! ) . O l U l . ' a 1I~(jft~e, t rQQPS_i~the£rbntulatt..1ick on'anen&ny in " p os itiolll ,str 'eOlgtrumed,f ll ld aefellded b}f;lV~l'J' dev iGe ,~l u~~ , 1 l 1gen \l ,i ty and f:Qrel;ho,lllg:[;'~ ean ~Q i jcei1 jr eeaT l ir Jo rexceptional FMOll~tidlll arid dowrm in a tron, and, t!((j .d~'fCllc~ oftlioe:.ncbes-~.gMl1i~ ~,nattacK, prdlu£ledgen,~'a.lly P'Y' ~ pr:.:;,tra.cted,.wn.d.&.·vfite_ h pm J ,J ru i li u .e n lj ,_ ;l ;. nd o ft en b j~ h 1 31 3mp l~ 'yme. )1 it of sorneen ti .l 'e~y new n;nd un fo r es e en a g i>ney , l :e q u 'i r~ s . t h eU l .tmOH~ s te • •d-f~tlloos ~1I~dd<:l'vot:i(jn~ No inmnt)·y will~. possess those ~U:lli~i~ (,()tl1la J'eqlllsrte , deg ree. tba .~ I~aa_not a . v , e s ; x :lllghstan d"'J;d O le .cl;$c)pllIle.'E:be, fil'~~a ad g f u <' J. 't ~t l I; .I .. tn ,o f a ' ll . tmmmg should th~l'efore Q~ thaesw..bir$hm!i'n~·of'the strictest 'discipline. 'FG'&ttain.. thi. l l there is no' o : t h ~ 1 ! ' m.etli0d t :) ja : n . o o n s tr u b il > Mi.a pi'edse ~iiU,s t : l · . i C t cllfot'~!'lmellj; o f

1l1~t'Chdi~~ipliine; inf!~tense on u; r i~, id cliactil l l\ \S 'A ju thff ~el"fob'HI-M13of ,eyen t.he I~~nost deOO:l:l~ ~f C~l.llPamJ:b~!'l~ek ~'01l.tllm" ! l .np _ur ' -ooil_~liIg~,ttWt~!on_t~ap'pniI'en~[l'~l"IBi~g _4etaii Illi>Ulll! oft):'R!.lllllg.W~tbol l t sw:-h;p.reytous prep,.ratu;m th~ 'S!]~llt and ~hOroll~h'f ;: l,:~tl'U-ti'Ol:loi w 'Q rk . . lldpftronna.llco of du:ti!)S) ia 1 : l ~ . d ; ' I J i i ! S s and 'ill.d<ing~l',in the pre~nCtJ ofth e 8Jlellly~,a:nd 6ft~:I~witho'Utd:i"tiet S1I,pe_rviiio)lof !I. \SlI!peri~l);W lti~ a~tin~ll;h good frem had t l ' o o ' p a ' l I . n d s p e HS\lCW~ , a m J .) ': 4 p o s! l1 1 , J l[ l' o ( ltttamm$nt.

'1. '1!n:n,'w,imfjo f Specia li sM.

, 'Tha p r'llOeJ;lt~ypeQ t warff\l.'$ in the tr-euclles flUS, i .l lyol vc-t i. . thethtinmg of ,a . p r op o rt io ll , 6fm{ } )l in i nf u .n .ky un it s III d,uti\ls'oi aBP~.;:),lIJ l1lI.:t~r'e,@ ' 9 ,~ , egr~D.' !.d~. th toW:l l! .·g j . p i< .>nCie ._rwork,sniping1 &r.Awdrd of :»I'lI'tning' i8n&:es)o,l'Y ; l . . ! n ; e g < l ; ; r d . ~ '~M ~l'iiiiling lit ' thes'e

men, They must be :made· to !"NilisB tihat thei..: tra:iuil1g; iubh¢seE'pIW,i i ll dmties is i " ' " additim. t o t b ei r o l 'd in n rYDt< ii ni l1 g M iufaniil'V

'SClI,clieis:siud Iii:JU"l~llOt b ~ ' l I n ( ) \ " e a to in i;e .11 'l I"$-wi t]1 ti'lm·pedol",l[i.a~c~,gf J1.istil'din~::r dll tiM, ..of iri,f~,nlf'Y.wldi~!l, \8X:Mp~wben tb",yl l , l ; e . reqlt)I:f)!:l fO,r the, s p e o , l l l , l 4\ltJ~, ~.~Iu¢h they ha w be-e'lltJj'flinar!

10

CRAFTER II,

Sl~~'NG .MID CONS~'IWc:rI@J:I .(}\i' T,MNCllES'.

8, EilibC')'ala&ling of 'f i-(J11el!e:tJ.

1, The In'obiem of s lect~ngthe po,simon of fire :branch.es val'i.~according to tn!! dJ)cllws,ta:nees. under wihicl~the clil;;,illl'l has to bemade and, the wOI.'k f!a;l'!~iedout. TlIe sit.i.ngall(ll eonseruerion o[1\0 trench line ill the prooenc6 o·f the enemy and under fun) is·i ln.Jl\ I~!)rea by i(lctOl"~' whleh :U'<) absent in 'the, ,delibIlI'a.W andundisturbed ci:loioosuch ,~s ean 'b\'l made when pl'I'lparin,g a l'el:kl'

line, It isimport(l'~t to 1'l?cognifie. thab the 'tiwo problems areclli;t;inct, and ~bu;ttheir !!olution ~ fo\' dilfel' n~m~hQd$.2, Tbe :lh'st step in, the ease of aline which isbo be construeted

free from intederence. by the enemy, !md under .circumstaneeswhioh u'I;! l.ke t ime ill f!lebo!' of minor Impontanee, ~a' <l deliberate

~eoo:nna)asailOe of 'tiw ground, ' } " J b J g rl),9onl1!\, ia~oo¢e 'Will \ D l J : I ! ! a l l yllow'<;Il!'t '01tw o s i; ng es , ' TI le f ir s t d~ais witA thllpI'()bl~m 01 1 1;l:roodIines, ;Omp!WIl9 tbe ' lI!'ari ts of alterp~~i' \oe generi!.l 1iOl\ltiow.s~'deic-al'll!l.lIe." tIle gensral Ilne '00be t a. ke :! I u p . and l&ys down oertampo~t.~ oc 10 ali~ies as h.av~g speo;i,il.l itUpOI·t®ll(l~ and co.Ui'flg, for!l~e.i~L~l'cn.tllil.e~t. JFol!o\yl~q 'on .,this, ,a., sll.;;Qnd,more aC~lned.,rec.o_illla'issam;;e 1. lQflde, 11;1 which , .,re QO' I lS lde! 'ed, , t ; h e 19.= o.f th e\i6'd~~t 'O be const1:Jj:cted for the def"nce of the ta.ctic~l fjl'atul'Mand Ibc·alities ia:ld dow~ in bh.e geueral S ~ h e : O : I I !' . j J i ll 'd bhe m~thoclor t)1~flting the ill;ia!,,!Jl.b,be'~f>'eellth.~3~I!tL'ong pcints 01"localities,As ,~ 1"\)~ldt of thi", det!lillecl! ·TCCOWlflWlHlllOOj l o. rg e < ;C Il lo _pll\,ulil :1!Io1'1l

prod<l()(ld showing the exact sitirtg and 'onstl 'uetionru. a e r o U ofthe essential \\'0)'"\,,,, The, decision .as to the genel 'a.] line to bet,! 'l'k(mup, is the business of the. GfilleTl\l , t . ; J ; T of the formation{division, COl'pS ()l', 3.111ly) concerned. '1 'hl ' l Chief Eng.ineet' om,CflI'

'l',/;!ll a dv ls es s t o i ih a , com tr uc :b iO li .; lI -l Mt\lils ( X i ' t 1 1 i i . ] i . : o e ~o;:lij~ted, Inboth 6tag>e>, of the l 'e ~OIl nn i sS< ' Ine e' d u e ' \l 'G ;g t. t s hm il dl b e g iv < i1 1 w th Q.quM;ti 'c'!D3'o ~ f l O C i l i t i e ' ! l lor Ilttad~ ~nd " , i f se(;luil~'!rgQo~l o b . ' r ( l I ' V ' a . t i - o n ,11>1'ourselves I l X l : t l (leoyiug ib'to th e enemy', cohesion in defenceby mutn~,l suppod of · a rl jQU1 i ll ,g wOf 'b , dl'l).i.u&ge Ilend coneealment ;the fiaal dec)i' Sioll OI.l.' I'ived at is !I. bAlance' between tile often

o on f! ,a ~h iS : l 'e (r u h' ~m r.: l~ ts o f t he se , d . i i t e J . ' e l : , t eoll~iC iel. ': i it;~,o.i! l~".Th~~l'(ler of '1111portllnce o f t hi l: " ," od ea l I S: al~bhm.; : .J?OlIlf t dllGlrlW1,l.U the,~w o I;ltageil, of the T12,COllna;IS6.lluoe: N'ot tmblr th e l;'ecoml~lS~ce

h8.Sb e e . n . completed shotdd any work be begun" and, althQl.Igh~11eclose study of the gn; ,uml . dux-il!l,g bha e .: t, ec u t; jm l l. o f tIle w (l'rb ,;yinlwoba.bly S\lgg~~t impl'ovementa in (let,an-in f®~ a goo(l deal lifthe dd~!;ii ISbo\l,kl·be left to b~ flJa:bOl'l\~d I!Iotthm $~e-it "vill~ . e ' l d Q I . J i l lUe neC! ls$Q , l' y 01 ' (l.{l"iMble to ·rute:r~m'y lif the. e~selltil\l

. .

fc .a: tur~~, cle ti l 'l 'mined by the rseonnnissanee, dlll'iu g U nl OC!l~$tnIO-t ion, o r tl'Ui de:rences.3. Unl~" the ground is !i,Most absolutely Hat , tb.e 1 : I l .QSt . impor-

bmt ques tion in sljr i:llg trMld\es iswhethel.' to" OC<:> i iPVthe oops ofthe bills, establishing t h e ' ) front line t .n8.l1ches, 00 eith~!' t;l~e crest()l' the f or wa rd , . sl op e , ()l' to withdmw tlm ~m!!in fi:ont line to tl,e,l'.lVel\te s lo pe t al ;: i: ng U l. IJ'w h at i s !m OWI l 9l; t h e ; ) ,c o b a c l > - " 01; ' "l'~~h'ed"postilion, '.'I.\e ellief ,u'gumellt advauced ill fo.VOtll' 6£ tlli~ l,flt.!:tBI'

: po s it ;io \\ i s hbab ita ff or ds g r ea te r secw.'it;y agairul t hostile dlol'tillel'Yfire. No,w it mu st be borne in milJcl tlj(l,b th e qu es tion of PI '< ' l -

teell1011b:o~ 1l1'ti~1Ilry.fire, so far M it; is a , I f < l , c t e d by sitin~, isa.lmollt ,IIDtlJ,'llly on e of .securIty frOtlt obsel'vl\ti,on, .Any tal:giltenD btl,heavily and I lc cu I ;' at cl y l ll l. g a. g ed . i1 f u' e,OI l it can be effe!lt.helyobsel',"ed 'fu!:lm III point -in the occupation of the £ol'e0 which ismu ') :'y in g .; mt V h 0 bombar< ilment, 'fh e p esition or t,h e ~bse1"verl'U.iativQ to the 'g u u i s im lf u" \. he ria l; hhat of the tnl'gebto the gun

P ? J> it io li . ~ .mo t eqllllUY.,,?, If ith, r ~ ,.irle is ill w c.u llriltl.an of tilelIUl-to~, t > . l E I d l ean establish an a I ' t i U e r ) , Qfti"er ~\'ttba telescopefind 0. telephone on tbe higll g1' und, i t > : ! faoil ities £ 6 1 ' observatioll!)'f f ire 11.1'0 grml, tm' eha. u th oo e 6);' :its opponent) ;:,itl.l",ted lower down

t~le elopes, 'l~~I~ be!-ng th e c a : $ i . > l t k, .~ " ,baok 1?Clsi~jo~'" , Ioo;e;sl;b~;!.d\'a:ab:lg~ot P' l ' ( ) t :eC~IGJ\ from fll'tiUel'y' f,l'~ ...lahued f ? -i ' ; ~ lmlecll!5.

'illS cl:t.lu'leny to the lmelrny' s oi :tsClD. 'Vl . ll 'S,the !180 olE tIle high gl\Ql1'lJ,d,E, ;: : p el 'i ence , ha s shown that;, except in th e eas e o,f is olated flr~tlll'M

of small extent, when a oon~otl"(l.tion of fire llift..y eJi'eot tlie, d(;l(lh'cdpurpose, the emJ)' efl \\ :bi l'<J W , bY to deny ground to he nemy isto

o~cupy it oneaelf1'1'011 t line t~'el_L(;ll!~Sen tlls tJ'GS~ Illi' Ilw\\;atd slope IU'B c e J :t C l - m l y

~iQIQ1: l ( ld to "iew an d tliG!'e:fol'e to hO'nIbal'dl1l ell' t, t .ho i1Sh , t h is i~"o~ .so much , the esse all it wou ld be if the e'1'Ie1l:'o/ Wel~e ll'Joking·down On them, and tim disadvnutage ean be diminished b yadequate pTOV'i$io l l oi I1lIIItw-ia.1PI"Ot0Ct iOl l for th e g ar rL "J .Q u , Ont h e o tl 1 e~ · h a n d) b J J, eo ( \~ Il ~m t "iO il o f tIl'.h igh gl'O'll~tU ! ,- i "e~ ; \ foo ll l! gof mpet'lCll'jty whllilu~aeb, ia.vlJl)1:ab1.r on HI ~ornl of the'tl.'o,o)?S,O~ly tJiOS\l, wlw ' h ave e : x. p e t' I€ ! lc ed l~ '1Jl~1lruppl'!lCl<lte t,~e- d~p!~~slUg~ft~Gt produead by the fee1mg of d.lsoolll lm't and mfe1'lOFI ~y ofpo~i(;ioJJ ·uude. ' which troops slIffer, ~v·hobaTe, bo 0CcUpy fo r SOl)lO

time t1'!liIcbe~ looked dOW ll U PCl )l by ~lto se of th e e!l]r!;ll1y. TJaef or w ar d. p o si ti on ha s t11C furth-Ill' Uk-allt~~ if th e front Iine. isnot dug too fa.r dO\\'11 the fdr\Wliil-d slopthfLt. supporting Lr-el 'ches,communications, ~Ilcl the wOl'ksi)} wb.,ieh a. l~'ge p roJ loo 't io :m of .thegIlL'tHl'IU 1 1 ' \ " 6 , enjoy fIl compnrative l l A f f i u m t , y £1'0111 obsermtlOll,Ih oil"el1$,' i"e ~{)t i cm th o fO.rWM'I'l 110SltiOll olfers gl'eoattlJ:' f(l,eili~i0!.l

fill' 0 b S B.r va ti on , o n )'v hich ~bo e tF e ct i " ( ,n ~ i : r f the t~reYlol,l.1il pl'Opal'fi-Wi ll i l JY b,jlllb'lt~l:a.nellt Ji~l'g61:l' db]JEluds, 'and For' til' nosem b l : ; . ' oft ; I 'OOp~for the al>sa:!~1t,;01000 to ~ile f l 'o l l to lin(l ",nd u lloh lrerved, ., :k,Sp eeial C t ' ) u d : i t o i o f l 5 ~ll,"'y j \ls tify ilia' delih \w at< e ch oiee of t.l)6

" I '\ 1 :t ir e (t " po s i l; i. o n . IT it; is .!,\:dop~oo, ;al.Ti,'iulgement.s must ; be l ll I\ ,( l~r .o deny r.lui enet1"lY ae:ee~~·to tb crest of t;h~ hill,lIndl to se}!.u)'(!it

fo r OlJl"sillv!j,.'>, T h e £ rd .l 1t ~ re .n {l h li~\\l mtl~t n !}~ be too f(~i'ue]Oow

!;he C ! , , , , , , , t i'llie-.l)Q:t;, 1 0 0 y!l;L'(kwjJl usually be fIliI' entlugli ' ! l . . l l d 1$

<i e uf lie fe nt 'f ie ld o f f ir e if J( ) iwll iDi1G gUllS m 'e w e ll , alwd-alld , th~I'CollUIS,th e .a n amp le number of Mp.s,fonvaro to,t .he;top, tonll (lW ofwntmuo~ ob~(\l'vation 9[ th~ ~orl\'( \1,'i1~ lQ . p e.. . W l th these 111''''.oo. ut io n li , a nd l'ea,oine-sstQ ¢Iehv"r' au immBlimoo i!im1 v:igOI~uSc ou .n ~al '" a£ fa: ck lin ;til e en ~t n: y if Lt-e'~~p[lea[('$Gin tfltl el'~~,t]l() tin,('J:t

position 1~\:J;y soruetim~s 00 taken up when eonditioua imp,ow a.t er n p o ra ri ly : de fe 1l !s iv e ·a tt i~ uC1e a nd . tilB . 1 0 0 0 1 (jQ,11~riOrit ,y in :n·t:illc~·1iswitll the ·enemy. : B l l t . i~ th·j!, tW Q l.inesteHla.i;n f~cill.!t onec.uother Oil '~jl()2itl!le gt ( amd for'p, ] I? ! 'o b a4 t ed penod it mll beimposaible to P l ( even .~d ie r ;] le .r n111 lde f iu iw Jy . f.mm !1siabiisb:illgih.hir~elf' on t ! : J . e , crelit u nles s l.t is 1 r m l " Q 1 i h ~ , d in our.line,. 5. III decidiJwg. QIli potb.tbe,g~Il I'~1 and the de~iled t~'llueo:f~heIm e .[1, C9!ll.1i.l!JU WUdeM Y, w h!~h )si;Q be ~voJ.;led, l=> toww;iI!lIDil;!cin.g it t . ; x ! ~t~'l\.igb.t. An i i-Degohil' line) .\vith fj:equ!lE.t ~a.lIi{O,n~1!1

and l'e.ellliral;lt:sl..gi'l'ils Sti~;1.te[1 ' f'.'li)illities f?l: cci:nuentl'aM~n Df lire0\'01' l il ly d($ll'el1!, M'~n and.: fot, th e most efft'cGtWI! ~m :p l oY l .l lt m t o F .mlLchin~.g'1Illl\ Itw iU e .. "' ;p .( l~ sh o l) ~ l el l, wt ha o f'h 'e ne bt G' e .n J] la do:!iJ:ej bttt ·e~lit,fl,bl"COllJstrtlc,~iol'il will. minimise th\') e£ fcc~ of t.b i s .In .m !.)' cnM :~!l,{~!l'tF(lct is gw.\e'I~~'Uy l·e~ipro~a'I.;fl'Gm ~I 8O.j1ent ill

om ' Iine ~ " ' i l l ~PM' t o f . ~h e e U \ ' ) Il 1 " V 8 l in e p u sJ il ed f .o r w ' n .! '& i llt iQ b h eadj9iri!ng )""'o.ntrI'~!t~w ill b e eX llo .s :ed to o u r e n. fi la -d e f i 1 : C , ,],Il~Temil. l{kJi l lj,pplj' 'with almos.t equal furce. 00& large ,salLent,. eon-st1'l1c~d tQ i include-au , i~pol '~\l>-nt tacbical PO~:Dl! t ,and. to minol'.ll'reg+i[al'iti~.~in~h9 tI'~ 6f trenches, ' E l. em : t. ti lf . s h o) .i l( l !; le madeas 11 ; I1 lW~t .01·01 ' m ¥ : i l , t ' i a . b l e p::!'in<:;jpi~. '1:'hj'l r " , i t ' . l l ). W ' I lhciu1~ be used'~o!c~lywheJ.'e 6iL"C!ullstiUl:!.)efi ·d.!.'iln.md them. 'rite ,detelIDiili.lngcon.1i id~! 'u:tiQru;; hi ' t l l e r l ' .l!a$"i:l. ! L l ' a two. !~ ,

~ O ! ) Whethe]' t lie 1 iQ . ~M iO ll o f t.h~ point in , q1 i' e$~ io :nby l J , 1 ! .

WPlIlrl f.wiHt,ne fUitm'El .(ffiellt!;iV(l[l.(:tim,i : w i : ' - b o u t · undulywefikening our Iins i '

~ Z , ) Whetlfel: ' i tsp~Qn by t h e. i l_ p .emy wou ld .! lel 'iOllsl,·~hl")'<1J~I1. the- Se(llliity 'of o nr tl'jmcil(ls.

9.Sit~'fIji.if

'be'Mllc$ in > tfriJPti!teJ<i;fI'ofd~e Bflm.rqJ~

1. The ' jJ I' es eu o o o r t.be,'eauwy 'will fl:eq;ueJ)tIy ,ltl&ke it iml)O$$ib~O}to seleet tl le po.si.l>ionot Ike tl'enO~69 entirely (in th e motH!!! 'of bhegl'o~ul!dl. .Tbeir ~ite :w~UO$t$1i ,0 0 d~e,i.d,~'db r .the ~IIMl~ = ' ! : l ' i ( ~)c(}ldent ( i t ! dose~ghlimg, \ 9 ' . ( \ ' tl li ;l ll ' . g e !lm1l i , ,P9 i ll .t ,·ou will c~.mmdl!rvugMy with ~he Lligb'"\~'llt.ru.~,mf11'lt v~~chea 10)1'·the Jll{1Iu~e)lt 1 : ' 1Ml!l ~iJWtCk, 1'J.'oopswbo ,Q.l . 't l ul 'nnble. to mllke'ally fiIJil'tl10J:: 1tilVall~(j

w. l l i l l .i the~ '"ecupy abos t il . e. t roncb w.btoh b~g l le en ~a .p t 1 ll ;edm t : : l lc .WUl'~ of the atliacl~ OJ;' &~n,l't 1 1 , 1 ; ouce Ji..·PI."Ol{l)l:e fOl' tligmoolye~W !m t C O \'O L' b l:ie .y G an ~?'it;n tine tQ ol:s a t their d.ispo5!rl, g'l)lera,l.I ·y.l ' o l ' o h e I U q : ; . t pu t ; 0 1 1 1 . ) " lh" .e'u;h'(;[lchJ!l;g"oo.ol. Mui!l) c a n be d O l O ' "

1 ? r ! i 1 f J , o : l D t 1 i n: ~ ~ffil'i:i:sta~~'illtb.e w ! ! ' y of·s i n a l } !l;(ljuS'~lllellt&{>:fpos!tio:1~'.:nd of ~h e d\&t1~bue IOL ; I , o:E their ll~ell.w.th n. "'Jlew kI ,the. fu~u"eJ J ;e n la J pU l: e: u t o f ~ l. )e II"" '~Y c( jve .· :coi l~ t l :' I l.c te< : l i n to :~Jl~ bC} l j j rille' :~b~tdi'C\in\lIt:i~llo(JS: wiJI o.dnlit. U r i l 0 1 1 s I;h~sjs doll,~ ilflJl\i),!l of' the wm:k

nl,aY h e f ou n d a ,f t! )l "'m J'd ~ to be u seles s, v al u ab le time, a:ncl et);ortwill hava been w ~st~ed, !HI,tl.,tmQP$ m( l iY e i th ! l l' b . a · w ~ to try "'ndhO ll d ~ I1 l I. o1 !1 ;v cu r -a ,b l~ . p r un tlO ID J O~ ' b e e Jq _ lQ S !i (l a g ai n in . t il ie e on -~tl '!! .ct 'lOn oI a ~ l ' e ' O O o ne . S er iOUBwo i' lt ; wiiU gWlcerally be (lDp{nl!l~ibl~

b e f o !: ~ d l l a k . UDJ ~ 1 l. 1'r ll J1 g &m:i;l 1l ~._ i . ' 4 : I ) , 'D c ID~(! t o t' . ~ h 6 c1 l' l 1 YClJy.;~.!~g .Il.re,,~d.-after d~li1'ItIS dlffic1il~toavotd nnilta.k~~ill tl)e

C h DlL oo .,:lm d s~ tillig o f:a l in e, . E v·e :ry o ff io o. I', . t ho n, - wh o IlJ ld s h isOOln!'Jl;'i~lld..If";mtb10 to m a.k ~ 1 I l l r t ' b . r o . . , PJ,ogll@!S)lilwul.d:take.".'dvantas:e

. ( j o f t~(!.dayh,gh~to st!,ldJ: the.~rQUlld :tU>far asci~'¢Um~k'lil.Ce.~pernnt,~ nd a I1 Q \ lI cl !.'~"k~ up hl~ il'll:.ud 'ex<¥l~Iy what line h e' w ill 't.n.ke' ~11j,If foreed to dlrg,lmMelf in, ,.'

2 .. ~l 'he-li~:J. . iJii. ¥,r Q ble m th ,) ;& ~i.!re.8 in t~lis, case .is whetller 'a .n Y o ttll~ gl 'Oun~ '110"01],s]lo\t1d b~ ", bau ll ol \~ p!, m order ·tQooctl!lle a : !! lo re

sl)llU8,ble hn~ o.f .~s.fen~, . G~:n~i' iI,)ly, if the dl<"ck iii, ID(!r~]ytem,!?Ol'al"Y anrill,t is ul.tell(led 10 resume ·tba a.dvimooa~ tb'B e i J , J : l i 0 1 1 t

~p'poL:uni~y, all gr'oUlliil ~~rned oiliould:.he l~"ld, ,!x~e:pt"f~i .,eel;:!'ll~lll.Ol. !'\dJlmtuum~ 1 I D , l I l S ~ some PQ);~~WIl 'i~ i l l e . , . , - 1 . ' I ' nmtena ble"'~lJ:l st Q~l!ll.tel:"f1>ttiI<Ck; Lf"how,evl;:l"j strategi~"l at' t!tct'ica;1 consideua-"tlOfj~ ,!/,'eq_ulIJJ'a. ~.~lll)()J·~r'Yah<J.Ild.?Ilm.~~ {if ~be :fern>mr!i i :tD.ovefiJ.~llt.

and the. ~llStl'~C~lOll of a <lefel1sl\'e line t. Q be held fo~ SQuro time.

t!l~d.e~I~,OIl.Wln be .,gOV~I'Jl\k!, ft:o.ag['?).~ teli:.tent b y th e ~:ime¢oJ!1J'

~ldl'l~at:iQI~1;las Q ,h ' e , ' V : l ! y dlscu~d lntnkmg IIp!i; l ine d:elilJ~m'~,toi1y.I t . o d .t rua.yoo i d v h ; ' f ! , b i l : e ~C > glve u p . t : p ·e > tm d on SNTIe !;I<I1.'j;s, of th ofl:on·t;

. 3. The ~li.t~faptrqrysi·tillg (jf " !- pl 'im,cb. line. !ti'o):)Jetruct~t\d .in tlle$ec·II ::eumsblD.C( ls wlll 1;Ai1 '~dJ" dep en d on tbe· puwer- pOisk"iU:d by the

offioorson t~l!l :t:ip~t ~11 recoguise dUI'.ing. ·thl' '!;!$!"[9U~. s J : a f . , < , S 9£ 9"

ba :WIG .t l1~ mmor l ~! tt !. i. rn s o f ' !r~ 1 t:,,~t~~h!tll'!?ol'ta.n{le. 1'he 1i -b iH1;yc.U·~gIIlS~ Jth~1ie lSi,a:m!.y ~'iJ.liireaJ b J . ])):f:Y'Wll!S tr;)'ini~gja.n d liS tic

''lmlcllt.)1which every ~ffiC.Bl· .ffillst !'i~!ldyto' P 91S~~. .

10 . C01lc~fml1it;

.The c l~~e, I0J'mene ,o . if 3~'1!11 !-eoonD;Liss,g,~Cilbl1;$ m:nle oonce;,I~!iJ)iHl t

;Of,{I ,pa~~~o?~l lnpOOSlble , hll'e l~OIa;t.ed! woi'ks aud glm~pla~cm~.I}W

cnn ~e W~d.e:Ll;,!IRa tl'l'lllches'ln,tI w ood may remain undetellted if?1""''U':~~l~ n6t,pv:etxlon~., ¥ut aerIal obool'¥e~ ena mit' oillyl ; Ilv1l1 . )aI ; Ily l ( ie ;~re , t l " " n < l : h 4 9 m qp,(m c;;;"lml;t1 bu t call 0~tAill

p b ot o~ ra .p b $r u.owmg .· ev :e !. ': }'trellPilllpcd every. t't"'"Vlirse. , :G;Q9d'1WI'Opl!'ffi~ .pho~()g:rapl!isshow eyen I;h~w.Ire ,enoo.llglemmits. Tlris iii,[wt to be!.nterpl'l1t.ed as me(\;)illlg tallt !n.ll <lttmJ.tiQn nood bep.1.td.~·thBg)UeptlQIl! o! ,CO~9.lm~l!t. A!1ythin~~lmt.tend$ to make "Rtl'B;,C'll ~e. '5,sC:9ru;I,)Hm~1.1$~11d lifi~M.~S ~lie diffiel!lty o fob~eTYi :n 'g 1 ( jr e?H It [o!' ~ ' ? - obsel'vel"cHil ~he gil'~Undllll' of v,~IuB. If Ua.tul'al covel'lS tur llM tOi lco[ lU [I~ ~he o l X i l l t e l l . DB~f·1l. ~.l '~m 'c. b .: tt ~ p a W ' t l :e u l a r . a l ~ o..tmay :not b,ed?~ec~d itt m@e fllld It. ~y .e~l;la ~1i"'4e.tli~I~.o;riS"oft !l ~ e nc :l nY 5 al tl l~ el ya .t . t TI t!e .~ t. .g !, when I t : lSIDQst ,vuliMy:a;hle . . InSl~Plgb~:'9r.rc~·eB'WIt' ll ayHl ,, :" ~ t 6 < eOl:iCool~,entt)l\l ~iaing o ft htj , w ir e~'nt""llgIe[ue.l1~ a~i!--"S,llpe!~I,sIO.J],,!-,ucl~;Il;mUD.m'L,tl011~roncb\lS. m\);5tuut be O'\'sriooJwd, lI'a,eks a.nd.'much tr·ampled gl"'~md!lI!QW l~,p

14

'Veny cl 3.J'[1 l 'J ;vm t li e · au " , a nd . Jil my draw att Bu tir Jl) b o' an. oth,(>l'\viije'f 11hidden work. ' V : - onk ,done to bcildi\~ themsehrfis ,1 > l<3silyconcealed fl 'OI1l ! I. ec i{ 1, lz ec on na is e an ce ; b o b I il :r e e .\ .i st eu < ll ) o:ftl 'el1chesl 'Otmill ' P J : 1 e a : i l . l l l g into !l b u i l di ng g i 1 ; " e s a e le er ilildice.tion o r :its

occupation, ..'1'htl t ; 1 . ( ) t t ;tH1.t ,tr~lic;he~ fVln,ot loe~ll.cea]~d .from iLei'iiWobserva-

tioo! IIl~~ it J]]OS~ iml1Qrtant 1;~]atevery aylO~e\l ll .of tnlJlcnes, shouldbe so ~ 1 ¢ . l ' l i g l 1 e . d ·th~i;"~I,a'~tack C 1 I l l he made, Irotn ~hen\ without ~henooea"ity of censtmcting fresb tl'{lllclie:S!l.t the last moment, whicbwould :give a}Vi~y the fach that <linat4ck was intended, AirmeDCIl.llIWt. rreO W ih(lt:b .e~· >I b)"tlllfcli. h . oc qt l[ !l e{ L or Ilot: 'i1l1t i1 ol l( ; c om in g

( lawn d:'Ulg<ll"lHtSly 1.ow, .

11, ,DiliUdill{jS.

It will freqlll!D.i;l.y ha:Pll:en thElt substanbial buildings a re f ou n dclose to the sCleete(l line oI.defence, The q_ue.bOll' then M'[see"':hethel' to ocCJI.Pf them Oll' to demollahfhern, The deci.~ion willIdcpend.I;!!llli.el'a,J.l.t ~.pOl.l tw o 1 )0 1ILt'!,. w h e l; he r t hw . r . h a v e : e el lara w:h~bes n b e lJl:lp 'L '()v c~ l mto g oo d. co ver, mull wiJet.1i.er l't IS p oss ib le todemolish tUllill. Buililil!lf,'ll in (I!" ollar the front Hne IIlVillt'i~bly11mw a lot . o f til:e £COl'll. m : "W l o l' Y , and unless good cover can 00o oJ lt ru ct ~l 'il l c .( ll in ec tio ll " \~ lit h t hl 3m . ,W 0 :n ot bi l1 lf :! b ll i! ; . sh el l tl~bP$·'alia hloo1;il < ; I f 1J"l~kling~,oil the other hM4) with .eellarswhichcall b.., irnp)'o'Vetl to give good' cover agaillSt. bom.b ll i l-dT l 'l en t 11 ( IIY0Oil1lj:tny oQiliSiollsproved ve,t'.t difficult to, tiI.~e. Buildings. of eil isll:ltme h ad b €ttO l' 00 included in th e line if PO~f$.ibM, ®'S t he y 'c anbe CQl. I .v~rwdint-o s tron g p oin ts , a .n d if loTt to b e e ee up ie d by "h eeDemy mig1i t pl'ove bllth f~ thnrn.In ]]e fka-h to the de£encll Il.nd,l!.ua bt li il ,c :1 o t o i !. tt :a \l k. A . building' which h li.,s n o o eflars m ay l~ e J e . £ l tou t of ~he Iiae 'if it \ l\) .. n b e d fu i: :t i\ lw Y d e: tI 10 1i 5h ed ~ o a s '0 0 ~ 1fo rd DO

cover to the enemy. Efteobive demolition is a 'technical job Ivhiellrequit'SS"th e eo-operatiou Q f tb ~ H .E . and demii.flGls O J. certaiu amountc f t i m e , Wlle~i'l it - L ' I ~eJthel' p O J 1$ i. p le t o 1 l Q , ; 1 ' 1 ' , ' O L 1 t !!ill < l f f u e t i v e

d!M:loJ . iwou; 1101' desirable 0 discod tI le lin t) ~0 lIS to Inclu de abllildfug 01' a gIJ01\P o f llu ildmg Jll th e< le m a. ? liome~iil1es be held as •

!I1t..l!idvll,n~edpoot ~o pFtWent then' OiceulJatn'~ by ~~ '~tH~my, It!thlR case 'bbcy must, h@-~onllected U}) .nth . ti le nUi.Hl line hy eonr-iuunicaticn tl'(lllehes.~d S'Pec]u.k .measnree 'to de.aJ at the shO:rbefitpo o ~~b '] e J .l ot ie e "W i th a s u d l.'iIl en te rp ris e m u st D e I trr Q .J lg eil.

12. Tf 'OQd,f .

. 1 . A p~tio~ in. ~ w~~l a , f f " i l l ' f u I Ii; c~'tain ! l ; T ! 1 ' ? l l . n t ", r cOll,ce(l , . lfl lGll~UB.ll l l obt>CI '- ' I '1l .!aQJ1. U15 eas); tp CPJHl~".1 t~ wu: !1 ( lI ltM 1g le~ 'Il Hl lt s o

t lt a t ! lob i lr , tw· : .wt iUwy fIt.;: . O O J l ! i o t lJe b' ! 'Qu gb1t· tQ bear o n it. If t .h~]~sli~~Q:n,of. t~e line ta.kel \ up ,is,9 1 1 < ; U !;b,n-t. t.lJ.eenemy ~nl es't1l.blishb I ll J £ al f mf ll ~e. thB wood Iu " will ellJOY SII"I11}'11:' ad\,( l,i .J .w.ges. Thm-e,"~ ll re ., 'W h er a M l! '~ Q . i~:fumlom Q f cloi.ce, ~e b)}~t litl.Q to t :l lr e J IW t~olle w M c l J - l :iIJrl ll~'tl .~cov;el: from Cbsep'~tioll fl;1l"oUl:<;E)h 'oo; ·whll· tdeuyillg th~ e<:lge:of the \ o.oa ~o the enel))Y. 'fhe B'Xact llii;La.llCIl

15

:in IIid e, t.h e w oo d 'o f t his p oa ieion eWlflot bG ~tilfinitely laid down, b'll,t,.experlence has s'hown tbt 30 to v O yards from the fl'Ollt_ edgeusually provides lMlIP]eonce~bnent fJ'om observation. Tlnder jioch",:lmlSt!lil1C<l8~?~la. t he f l'o nt e d! £e i:f ?l e! l b e o cc up lo cl ,'a !l h.oJSti .ooa l'tlU el'Y c an o btl\U 1 '~heP ! 1 U 1 , ! ' I " of It W Ith !loonl!'& ~y. Bl~t'IYod.~'?it~,IIparidos al'C geiler.illy more Guit .'1bte in n . wood .than tr.enclrt'J's,im ,e~t1l.ercas th.e. space bet\Vjl ien parapet and p ! i - l " M l o - s should be

:m~(las ' l :la.IT~w. " !" possih]cto keep dll~vl l casualeies from spl,i Ilt0['$lo f shell bunting in"the trees, Otherwiae the sltmg and ,desJ.gll of! tTI l n. c )l ,e ;; i n a ~'ood dQno t call fQl 'a.ny special o'bs.eorva,tiollS.! 2: If.~,",-o,oilc8;nllot be iri:oluded in th e Iine and h as 00 he, I , e f , t\ I ll o o cu p i e & . i n c J, Q 9 i i PL'Oxi)nj·~y to it! special l , I o t " l' I W g e m ' e n f i; l un!~t..he'oade for-the eeneeutration of ;Itre on tlle n r edge of the woodjl).l;d on. the, gr01~d between it and tbe front lil1e tr&nch~to deal,!"Ibh an .a.~lack by enemy who could !ls'sem.ble uneeen wlde,r' ,oovery f the woed,

l 13,6'enflml })ptJo/,r,ptUmof'~ Une. oj :'b'WWlias.*

I The fron t s .,.~w m of trenches ccmprises th e h~ll~ lin~ ~tlld it<;

ISUPPOyt an d ruel'WJ~reuches. In .fl·on~ of thll. :front line is a . n .

?hst.acle e.ol:l.tin\lOU~ e X " c e p t fo r IUU"J:~W~llCOII$pi~\1oUS~lm(esc ! O t -

~D_ te l' ~' iI lJ st o s E \r v e} > 'l e n~ £ 0 1 :.l'eOOmloltl'mg :p.'\.tl'ol~. ' I l e t['e~ohNmay i be . c o n. st t: u. ct .~ d. c omp le ;t e. ). y b el ow gJ:O'lllli3, they :lDliji consise off It eombination of tt:cnch and Pt!J.1l.l?!lt ,or t.he neeel!.~'y OOV0.l ' mayI !.m]11'ovided entirel_y 3"bO'lfll .g;rouud ]e:v~1by tho constructi:pJ,l ",f

bre.18tW?rks. ~!Je first (;y:p~ is 1feJ'Y seldom met v d t i l ; , ; whUe, tllillise of br&1.si:;wGiil:s is prMtically confiued to positmolls wherewater wltk-es t be .m ne oo s Sa J. 'Y ~ ll !d where t.im ead .m its of their OOTI.-

~tl!uction. The eqmb;in;):ti9n o f t r£ 1 l. ci b(W l d pal'a,pe~ is tlui:.~ mooteommo':l-ly met with, the de:ptk of t4\j ~e~ch. being ge.ne~·~ll'ycl,etel':mmeu.by the wct;n"sso~ the !ljt a n . d blfiil1ti.es fOl' .drainage.'Ibe front line g'1.'!lll.lt·1Il1y O O n [ { l s t : s · til two parts, the '1ll 'Cc trelJ,ch. a-nd!;fie (lD!JmIand (y1::·~t~p{ll"Visi.ontr'lnd!. Th e '!il'" t l 'C l1 .ei l mayei&hell '~ < !:-coo utin uo us tren ch (th ou gh :in 1;10 ~ shou ld it be an aD5() ·J~tely~t1'aight o'le), tr&V91'l3 'ed o ,t tlnil;.'\bl~ jntel"'\'ll;l" to gi,veprotec-

non fl'(1111 ~lidefu:e !Ulidtil locallse ~e e:fFe(lt: .Ofehell bl,ltstiil,OTMl(ty eon sis b of ili-e b a ys , T . ,s h a ped 01' L:shl ;\ped in p lan , ju tU n.gf(jl'w~wdf rom the aupervinon treneh, The latteT m a ooat inuQus .trench a.ffording 118:.SY Iateral ecmmunicetten elese behind ,the :fire.bays ot 1l!.x, t' l 'ellcb,· ;M1),dconD .e.~ ll ed ·~vi th t1 1,GWlat .i 'J'ellullli.t. i . l l t e ~ . . , . l ' t l & .

Ii'! th e elise of fire blkY s ~liel'll must; lJa .0. c omm ii ll ic a. ti Q )i J t rn :n .e h .fOl'wat:d from the st !pe l" 'l r ia i. ( ) ll tl',~n'ilhto I l i c l : i "t )ay. Irithe _ ofII; ( lo nt ll lt lQ u a fir e t rench t ire 1;Jesl';"position fOr th!ii>e.comlll\mi~tiant ,mnahe" -t~ corne into th e fire, tl ' lmCn is' 'behi.ncl R trail'n"(le., and.ther should hlj Qnl l l su .ch COlllll1mlioca.tion t [ ' ; ; l ' ! , , , i l i behill .d a,oollt.ve'~·Ysjl(!on.d tx'a.VIl;~'II&" (See fi3s. S, 3., anti 4.)

2: , Emp,ac~:mel1itr; tor ma:0hine guns a.re c"onstl'l\cted :itt th~' buut

UI

l ine so t;lla,t ~he whole froutof the Iine can be swept with macbin$gUll! fire, w lu eh . fo l" th e m !l.;< _]~u m. effecl;"s ho illd . b e fro m a. flankacrOM the front covered. It 'ts, therefore, es,sen,ha] that the. traceof a . tren ch s hoyld:,!lO t 'b e ,3trai~h,t. M i\C hi.n .1 il g un s can als o ofte"lie effectively e mp loy ed b eh h id til f l " 9 . D , t Ih1~ in small .iueon-SpiCUOUB eiD,pla.ooin~l:i,t81 wh~e they 'Ill:(~y e~c.ipe, de~etlo~, I J . , n c lecJiBequC--1iI~ l:iOn'lb~1.'dment prIor ~o ii-n at~ ,ek. • Th e questton of

mao lt i' ,l e , g ut \ em'rlla:!ements JJ!ilust al\v1R>ys I " e e ' " m r e · mos~ earefulatte.n.tl0n. (See Sectlol,l 20. )3 . T 1Le~\ Il p -p o r tj;;t'~nche~ (see S , e o l i i o n l~ (7»acooroinoda t! i \ ~lle fin

support to the i iM:1.·.isol!l. of the front trBnC~lr, re~dy ,1'0.: imm.el~i1lta:emroI'ceffii;1I1t' 01.' lo.oo,i CQllUteNi-ttl\ck; t,h ey alao fnull<!h COVl;\r 1,~w hich th 'e bulk ,o f t he gal'rlliUll of th e £ l'Q n~ t...en~'h ea n he ' t - em_PQ

l'(lJily wi thdr ll -wn ( lW"iugbombMx lmel_ lt . * Tile ~uppm:~.lill~shou}'/~always be Qll tbructecl as a second une of I'e~lstanoo, if th~ fil'i!~

line is los t, ~~ndahould be pl'Otecl:ed by- an obstacle. The JmedfBl1ppor t t,renebeJ'l ~;1y Qtma.y po~ b e e on ti nu o u s , it ' i s ll1"i :l~etll ,b]~i>hll.tit sh()1l1itbe ; LD ~ny case It JI B co nn ected tQ t J) e filont Jtne b' il 's q u en t o om. rn u n im - ti o, n, t 1' 0u c h cs . In Oi'd~'l't ll !! .t s ap p or c .t r! !D c he

1 1 . 1 ! l . . Y n ot, s um .e r f)'Om t I l e l ) Q l li J I o o .l ' l i . m e r u . , ~ t h ~ f l o . " . n e line U H l Y \s h ou ld not P o , n ea re r tl ia .n 5 0 Y ! J o l ' ; C i a ,belll.nd It, ;'l,nd th e most,

f av ~ lUmb le p o s i: ti ,o ii Liii tt9 ln 7'0 ~o 100 yt\1:d~,belili:u jJ:. "4 . l3 e M -!l;1 tb e s n pP Q r ~ we,neb'*\, <\Ilt1t\,!.s;O :CQllil$:l;~~a 1'1'1th th~lllby commuu ic s ti ou ~tenchell) lies th e reserve Iine, Whl<l1 t 11 '1 [1,1~QnS JS tof i!I. line oJ' tt'anohc[; but ' more 1;IS\Ul.l1y of d~g·(}uts; Qften i0l1nedhy i~l_Pl'Ovillg tbe coye.' JbffQl'ded by some llatural fe!ll ture, . . ,~·lte. reserve tF(nlchoi j <Jjl' cl"g-\luts are to lii-C(lOfiiiiI'IOd_f\t,o the b,aLtahonl'e~~'ve, "wihose P ' \ l l ' P O O O i. q th e lo~1 c~Ulltol'-llitta<.;k. ~heresel· ...eline may be from 4O11to ~OOJ!u'(ls In l'e~u;6f fi~,front ltne, . .

5. To 'the:' aiJ6v,eitte often added ~renches made for aSjJemalpurpose, c.g., a. I,bombing trench" (which is.a t rench d.ug.belrind thefl'Ol1& line \vithine)J,!i.! grenade throwing r u s ta I lc e , o f I t. " I t~ pu:n:posebefl1lg to e nab le ,.a n o mm ?y who h as c !1 p ~~ ~d the front, line '? bedriveu ou t by .gren:tdh) or ~ (H l: ll Ie d ' s ILt ; . , t l' e llohes c1ni; o~ th eeommuiliMtiOI\ tr;enches fill' bi le . I ' LC tJOl l ll 'modatlOn of nren iJlunng ,8 -

bOl)lll;n'dI~~eht. ( S ~ e S'Mt.ion 19 (8) 1 ) ; 1 ) ( \ f i r ; . 3.). , .'

G. ASylltenl 0'£ tl'~n,eheB i~ also lU!ru!dly pro'\I1ded WIth It ~el'leeo!, 'W ol'l:;t p rep ared for an wWldl de(en-cl!;, 1 L ! 1 < l surrounded Wlt~l a,contillulHIS ODl).tt1.gJ!e,~mo\\fn vari.o~sll t IlS , ' : k~e~/ ':!ill,lppo~tlng} ; I 9 i : n t i i , " " st l' ol )g ': po iu t£ ," . ,0 1 ' ' (re~dmtl!. ' Th'l!lr ",]j)B-ptIS t? breakl4) ~ Jl,Mile a-htackwluch bas }lE!IHl'tr'lli;!";d. th~~9nt 1mc, 111ldpt'i'lyent its r~l'the1' .!i.evelollment and 'bUllS ~o meditate coulltm··attack, 'Theil" garrison must bold out to the last, whatever

" Under r~voUl'Slble'I'ir,,,um:stan""s the bUilk of-'the s a u l s i " ' ' ' :ofth" frontlil)e~y lIormally b . . I > 8 -COOnlJ ll .oda~d daJ:UDg tiro dn.y iu , th~ s.~p~ort tl'e~oJ~e8,laa'li"g~]'e front !,ii,,,- ttl be ~1;,uoned by groups of ~e'Q,~n~so)lly. 'Il~efI~I~lionol t'\w. ' i ltisi ;";b,, ;UOIJ of lll{ln ttl. ~Iw : tr a! lo h es .i s d ,I S, t, }1 ~6 il .e ~I&~~ tilClu"ploc !i:V. T~e qlileslmill of ti:mpr();VJ1ilOli. ~d pO;S, l~ lo: j l .of shillter ngl l- l 'Dst

tllO w~atlwr . , ,1101bom~{-d~llCllt. ~o1"th " garl:1"OiI of ~h e fir" and SlIJ;'lpI){tt rl1nC!ho, i s dis.,?ns~"d~te,l' III thl~ ~l:tapter.

1 7

' !i \- p p e llS~o t he l~ st ,o f th e,-lh n T beY lll1 !s t C Olli as ;"sUI'£.II'is-e tot ;h r , ; eM,my; a.)~,d, therefore, be c..,eIl]lIy concealed. Ni ) d e Ji ni t. !rll1o;s CIUl b .e l .a ;l d d .o ;' "u a .s .t Q tl~ei.I·ltambel' ona, given i! 'O ll tage Ol'

th el\': r ela tiv e p os :u w n. IVljJ~ .I·egaIl1 0 0. tb e fi: 'o ll! t line; tiri!! willuSUlIiI)y depend 01; th e I'a.oilitl!!s o f f ' l l J l : e d lJyt;ll,(l ground COl' theirC()~OOalllle~)t- . .A(lJ~jOlltw'n·k$ o f t lr is ld ll d lillonld, if pOIlsil)lc,a(fo,r4 mlltlI!}_! ~ll'p'pol't. t9 -01i.HtIlotlle,.

7. InLtl;!ne:s lire p) ;'~ \( i tl !Sd in"all tl'el1("he~ <lJIld [fi\]sb be in pOl~jtiOlk~

? , l K y of aceess 'II-lld pro Irl;e~~d'i J ,'om f i re , 'T, lley are usuaUy ff i4de inr.~l~ell.d$,, , , , t th e end of 1 < 1 1 0 1 ' t tl 'enc.hes le,u1il1S 0 1 1 ' fl'tJll1 th ~ supai ' .v l~ton. t;n:.nch.

901l l inunieiHicm ~n'!il<lbe!l are made ~ th e front syst:cm fl'omI lOU : ts 0 1 1 roads w hich can be raaeh d w l(!l(m t too much expcsm-eto vtew,

14. 'u'ongPoinM,(jqul j)efml·deij, L - I J C a l i l i e $ .

1: In eV~I'y line t~ew w iU ,be ~ certain m1lIlllH~I'I II P Q i l lt s ofwhich th~ , IOS$, 01 ' ~hell", occupatlOll by,th~ enemy. would -seriously<tlid.!l,llJgel, I ;he secul'ltr oi th o !'ll!l~of th e J me or Would we , ak&n thedei~ndlll:,s ~o14 ~]] I t . . Tbel'B w1JI !\Jw 1 1r ota ,b ly b e Qt)lel' pointsWIIl~11Me ~~·tlc\dady favol'lra.hlc fOol ' defE'll~. Bucil pomt.ssho(lld

1'lOCal17.Il.~pell1iM, tl'e;,tm~mt M Ul! to d evel ep til !;h~ u t;:llO,St ' t ,bOll 'cRpf.l-lnhblll:S .1'01'd~[ellCe, pllIdto ~ll(\ble the t)'j'iQPs ,"0 held 00. tIl

~1~1lm.even ~f~' th~ I l; ,i gh ] )o u rm g j Je n't iO Il S o f tllo line hacv'e l I ,eenI ,Qs,t . . InD.aal~lO~l" ~f the . lI l«u· I ' a, I~ bo{; ,weel~them are g~eal,th\lreiiil(H11rl be small HIWrille~llI1tB '\'Ilorke. 'I'll 1l.IlpOl"'t~1l'~ t.hin"', abou r .;\I~these works is tJla.t. tllllil' w o u l d be l1¢a,ignrail s o as 'to he~~bJetoD!f:e_l ' a p ro tr ;w te d , ; L"7 IS tA;~Ce, 'U1S lI p po l'~ed iE I1ec, e ,s . _i .: r y;~ohosWeattacks from JUW direcnion, f la.nk and 1'e<1ll' as well as- fl·cmta.l.:'he iDlpOI'~lICa o f, t .h e POh l ; t t o be >5tnmglilIel1ed, iw-posit ion, an dIlls patti!:'!! g e ne l' 3.H y < \eW l' nl in e t ll e Sl'el\- to b e embr ac ed wit-hill th e1'8r1~~t.el· ?f th e work, S p ea kin g g e l1 !c raUy , hl"ge defeadedloca,lLtles eifel' r..less'co.ncentl'a.tcll·t;l.rg't to the ~llelUt~~uns, auda.~!l, t l,el 'More, less vulaer . .ble, but they ~b.~QrbJal'g~g 'M ih " oo$ .. 2 . T heru n.,n ' jlit;:l'O-tl.gpaint rei~r~'eo'l to'ill h...,t sectJoll i s .genol. 'aJl\ '11 1 t 'h e J l!I lt ur e o f - an e n¢ .l ,C !s ed lnfu,n~L'Y redolDM wltll & '¢()n~inllod~l"!lr& );I!::~ ~I'ot!n d lts whole [phl,jnletol', dE<Jr igDecl~1J be held by agaulsoll : w - ~ n o ' 4may be ..nyth\ng from a aeetion ~, o,hall !190rupa !1Y .Th ~ earl'l~Ons h o\ l~ cl 'b e - ke pt a .s S 'n la ,. U ;u P Q I !~ ib le , ,~nr,J iili~ dlilfeuceproVlded by mlldll!legll~ as fu.l"3J5 pOil~lbll!. Tbifl ~ype ,of woi'kmust be e.''Il' flllly concealed mlCi strongly const!'u-cted, 01 ' it w-iUbec( lme ~ "shen·trap,"Qood born 1>-})['oof pr0' teation 10j· iti'gar .r . i&011 .$llould be pt'o,iicled w:ithin th pedmet r 'of the wode.(See fi". 5 .)

3.1\6 more iillJlorta'nt p oin .ts a re b eUw ' ( le fe nd e: ~l by a "')'-sternof tl'enc]le$OOVenng a mOl'e exr.elld,edl!!il'oo,.,RndfoJl'lIIlillg wh Ht isbettel" ,deaoril,le~as . 1 1 . a~feil.ded ]o~Hty, .Thep~dll.le~r ot'imCh :1

d.efendefl !Qqthty sholl!(] b!lpTOVlded Wi th d ,e j' -(m Il Gs .~"'ainst ailattack f ') 'om any diJ'f)o:i~iQ:D,tlieae a8f~ni:oo consisting efih~'I~of a.

(ll 120(0) '4, B

HI 19

addition to this" p l ' im a . I · _ Y role, ,ehese 9 ~ 1 : ' o n . g . Pl?inl;s furnish $.

hil,rni.ew9rk, OD. which, by dlggl l lg ' trenches "ill t il e ln te r 'l a .l a :, t\. newline wi,thin the Z!).Il1'l can be - r a . p i d J , y eonsbructed to lJIeet anvc\1.ent~ality, 'A second sim:ilM" z on e m a.y be prepared inrearof nhe fi~t,

16 . l !t 'o cm . ifWrewhen OW l . !' t 1 '1 W I ' ir ? ! ! 1hmdbe<l m the ,Pi ' lWJMe o f th ep,~W1/~!J '

. 1. 'l'he procedure in the case of cQ n.stl' lIJ;: ting'i lI I ine when hosti leil,li;Qr'fe:rel1oo has not tel be reckoned with has already beeu

descdbe~" In, the CWll';t~·\l:ct;iotJ. of ,3. line' in 'th~ [!l'e~IllfCe of ~t\ii,lle1'l!).Ytho f ir st ob ject ill to g«t . !:lpme--BOl·t o f c ov er , ~'8 quickly fl~

rns~i~l~ fbI' ~lle .rrJl'ln$,li!,e. "NoJ!'maHy what happens is thatmdlll'ldl1a] III >fi stal'l; to e l i ; ! : pl,~ for' .themselves wh~I'(!they WIll'G

~~eIl the, ~1vance stepped. As ('IOOl)as, possible these pits:n:JOIll~(11.11}Wlth oneanother 00 fafro a. ecnnnuous fire t~eitl(:.h.. Thi$b'(Illio1~ lIrtI-y wtiill!l.tcly form tb,e front fire treneh, aecntinueus' tl '<inch ,1'01-'p u rposes of h l~e l '>\ l communica tion being t iubljeCjuellt lyd~lg behind' it, (\1' it :m,~y b eco me th e $u[lel'v.isiol'! t1"<m cll,f~'esh ilL'1It.renohes being p l l> il ie il O l l. t at· in tel"V<l. i tl i l r0111 lit; to th.e fl"ont. In~itll~I' '~) bG t more ·e."l]ecially in the f Q T I I l e r, .mueh ,sllbseq'Jlm~labour w i ll be ",,,1Qd if toe queIltiQnof .tr."a-l'oo'"SB8 in t ,h e I in al tI'enchis taken into ~'O\l-u·t) lJqbh i . t } th e "l)<~ciilg 0 '£ t he 1 i1 ': <1 ;c,-?Jlstrucf;edp its ;ln ~l in th e jo.ini!lg of iIl~lfll]]'t1p to f?~~,-;" t ' I :? M h (ace dj ,j t< l ;i , l~r{j~t'~ll~g tr'J>vet"~s ill Se t lO 'J ~ ~ 7).. II l.t II! clt:C1ded to use tl~o. I, t·C)H:In·fll '$t formed ~'S_;I &lpm' \ / 'L~tOn el'cncJl, 'the Jl ,e:xl;.~trtge, .dlalr libis completed, .ls tll;~t T-hem.dsate p lm h ed iO .l'w u ,l'd fl'Q m it t o . fo rmthe nrillg biys. Th" work of diggillg the in.{1ivldl'liiJ pitIJwill bebeglll l l by the inftmtl 'y willi &oy too~sthe.v bav,e, gtllilBl-nlly, as Im-l!been. said, mQ~t1y-with i:nfll.nt)'y'entl'6Ilchin,g tools, '1'1'OOL):UIl.l1~t,

_ th erefore, 'b e well pI'aqti:!ed in digging thernselves inby night QI'

,day with these too.ls, ;B\,t hMViel ' ! ;()oismust be g nt up 60 thethiIl~ line as ~OOR as,possible, and eVQ:-7pla'l l for an a(I"ilJ1Ce shotU(lprevide for a . ce:roo,m number of ~hgg1n_gtQQk, o th !: !l ' , t h an tIll"

(mtl'enclling, t ,9QI, ::iecomp.a.l1yillg :tbe. atta!)k,.* and iO]~dii.il numberbeil~g .Sllppl '-' l l lCllted 'Q,.~ ocly as po!;:)ible. wieh every l " L V i i i l a b l . e ;pIckan d $llovel. ItlllS,y be nceesss I'Y 0 0 'WIlt £0 1 ' .tl~lI'kbefove a mr'g_G

' llJa~~i~y,of ~?l!i ea . ~.lJI 'o llght uJ;Uin~l 5el'.ious work ~tW117pted,b ut It IS s om etim es possible, l Iu de l' ( lo ve Jl -m g { u :e f rom the !U't.illw.'Yto d.ig5)jconlil.mlll!.W ti:ellc'hby day. In 'Wi ' CI1$~ (;!.ve~'Yel'f'{)l·t__ID\lstbe made to s,et gopd u-enches dug as sooaea.pcselble, One of thefi l ' lOt requirements :is to ) get .seme wLre ill [{"(Ifit of the i tl 'eMb, .8& thisg ives a. gre~ter fel)l~j .l1go f s ec 11 rit y tq the men di~'gi,ng (~eeAppelldix. B)•. DUl'Ulg the f1t'St two 01' tlll:ec f lityS It li~y bee :x p e ;: t~ ! l " 'h a~ tla~ Dew litw will be subjected Lu llea.~1bOllLlloot'd-me at l ): .l te ~ 'I 1 a. ti :n g with :r(lpe;~ted cO'UlJ.ter,a 't tacks. tf: the frollt

• S~e O;,npwr V,(Il 1(2002) A4

20

17 ,(JIJI18tJJ"litti()lml J]~t(J.il8 of Ttimclle~,'

1, Fir<! 7j'J:l!diC~,-1'h"l'~is no s~le<lp!ltOOJ'11 of fir? tl'lm';b:Va,l'iou&types which, b30'\Tebeen f Qun4 useful .\\l"@ 8ho\:r! IIIfigs, 6to S, bt1.~the t.ype Il~d! varies aOGOr~lng~ to local c,on(htl!l~~'.Allyfi 'r" tl'enelil; howey "' ,llIQ.i:\tfulfil th e 'fol.kl\\'lhg eMGllt.llt.lCQndltlOlls:-

'(a) The pll,l;(l.pet m\I:;.~'bB'buileb,pl'oof; . '(b) EV0l'Y mao mus t be able to (h'e ~V6'r t h e P ! L l' n. P ", tWltl, pr;>lnil'., effect ( ie", 1>0 t,bat:he can hi~ the b()~tOllJ: of Ju s o wn wll,'e);( ~ ) ' fi ', w el >S~S lnL1Sb lJc adeq:~. , .t ' e ; . ' , '( < 1 ) A p a; ra (l os m u st be }} l ,ov !ded til g l"vepl 'i)tectlOl1 aga l l l. $ t the. b(rdk·blw>t of hi.gn exp los ivci'.i " , ' I

(e) -The. = = . of the tl"llncb should. be 1 l' l't gU! .a ,l ·, ~ p nwl I! e-

fianlnng lire ; . 'and if tlii.e ·~tellcl1is to. 4 1 ! he.ld.for ally kmgth of L une ;-,(f) 'l'he a . i d o o l'!J;!St b e ir'~ ve~ted; ,o ( g ) 'lhe bottnmof tlttlJ t :1 . ' e ! u e ll m u s t b £ l· i: lO Q l .' c d .,

" 'h e,n ;U 'I 'O w eI ' a h 'e n< :b . is th e bett~r th e COVi1i.l',which, it a.'ff{)~ds,:E[o\Veve~, a tJ.I"ellcll wMch ma.y ba'\'e- to he ocolll?le(i for 1fometiJIli~

nlUst a lt ow f l'e !l {lo m, o f mevement, Tlle re l;u H is th at- a. fire :.~l'ellOh

' is U$!lally Dl~e ~l!:ooll enough to s U o " _ " of :.n0vt!~e.u.t behind tbe~i\]e 'O f men mllillllmg, ~lwepal,~,p!lt, Every mall IIIW i t .. 00 a)ile to nsebisrifle pYEll" the parapet; 0,1\ tib f)~hcr'llan{l people, nlOv.rn .g, ~IQDg,th ldretich d~' .u\oitwnnb to bl'"d;G~tool'down low in 01'(1[;1' to g e~

21

their heads lIn diel'th e .eov er of the p.. '1impll~, Therefore th 6 trelluhusually bas .. fi ring step about IS inehe; .s h!o!\di al l,dl\ leet 6 inchesbelow UI~ Cl'e~t of ' the IW'aJ>e~ and bei:tul(l this (I. deepel ' pOl'tiQIl

~,l'otn 1 8 u l ,c h e! l to 2 f! i! ilt 6 inches bI'Oa!l 'a;t th e 1.)ottom an d from6 feet b:; 7 :fe.et b~lolV t l iio cre,s t line of the p@ll 'a .P l !t ( . .Be ligs, '7 , 8),' f b £ l filing ,step .llws,t t"3.W a levelsurface ; : L Q . C Ig i. VI! !)l f ir m f oO ) th .o ld ',

Itm~y eithel' consist of I'IU~al'th s te p s Q " On g .l y r ev el te d ,w .i tll p la ,n krbeld up by well driven piekets , or 0:£ st,Ot~t;pI1Lll,~S hid on low timbertL'c8t1~e, Sandba.gs are aorne'Ltme!i used,htl~are not suitable , as aueha firillglTtepg¢ts vel')' slippBry in w!it wea~h61>allclllsually t t l e k " s 3..

slope oo.th,e );,!l1l;l',,§O that it gi~s a ve,~y ins&C\U'!lfQ(ltho~(1. Heigl~tfrom Jirmg g ~ep to m'est to ~ 11 '~q \l:.eiltly tes ted. T he only ~~$t l~whethl)l' the i ll ai vi Ci na .l D i aB can lme: his J'[60 etl 'cctively over thetop,g. *a1>wJe~,.-TJ."averses !I .l 'e» t;ron5 huttr~sea of earchj utt il lg out

from tbe front 01' th rear rile!! of tile, ~I'e;n(J.hsoas.to spU~ it iuto ,8.

s eI "i ", l! of e :o ru p a l' tm ! )n t$ .T I J! !> J .r o b je ct i s t o deCl'e:llle t,h e ex posu re of~he&:a.V-l 'i. ilon~{),elltlJad~tire W\d t919,oalisethe effect of 'Hillen burst-JJl~, in th e tt 'eDl.ih. F or both these ])w;pdses they l} lUSt b e s tr on g and!solid, They 'Should.bt_made fr.OID s .te 12 feet thick, S,bOlild overlapthe ,vidtll' ,o f the. trenc1;l by:2 feet. .at lear.; t; ~nd musb be strongly

l'(lVl)otted. A t:r.a\'Il:t'5tl 1$ deserfbed !IS· <I i "£:01'''1"8.1"(1'' ~!'!lNlll"Se ClI'!\."lllar" travel'$O 3...:x:ordingas, it juts ou t from the bock l O t ' the Frontf ll -c e o f 'the {~'e:n(::1i res lmc.ti '\I£ly, Real' tf'l \v()J'Ses are g nerall y. a e o e p t e d a s t h e b e F i t £01'norma:! u s c , bllt <ill o o o a s i o n ; . ' : I m lfO,t"Y!ll'd

'tl"u:vet'se i: a u sefu l to p rov ide fuie tD !L Ha u k. ' I' l' av ii it "& ! l$ a dd to th elength of trench nec~wy 1;0 acCorr : ll :Dod~t9 a giVen I l .. l .! lnper ,of rifles,nnd, if _ they are too freqt~ent, add to the d i t l 1 l l u , J t . y of superVision andc on t;'~ L F J;Q Y !1 I.1 8 f il et to , 30 fe~t,is th e I"IOl'm~lle,ngth. of ba y bBtw ee n~'Vi·o!ldla.cel)t}rave~'fl~, Tr:tiY!lJ"J>e$l in a t .rench facil ita, te l~()mbinga tt ( 'wk s a il )1 \g ] f .s i al :J :g t h ., ,! -s 'gl'anad~scan l)e thro iii11from under covel'of ' ! J . &t:',!\iVIil!'Se,,geneeaJl.y i'Dto the nex:t bay bu t one, As,:\. j>l 'otectLollagainst tbis the.l'~ should hll}at il)cl'!ll'v;l.ls in tb:e liu01 spt'We;J, withou~tra,ilrs~, IongMo~ugh to pru) 'V;()Mll()mbiog from ' b eh i nd! t h '\ l, t n"avu rse

_. - -' !!!!I '~

II'I

~-- _ . " " ' . . . . --- . . . . .~'--,.. .-,1I

I J i

II I , I

II

L

I II

1a .t one end or [,he .sp!,lceto beyond !.il!)tt',/-Vctse a~ Liheother end.'rhie leng:~h of t~ell()h should be IIt l 'a ' ,gl~tap<l ths' :tra.vel'lle'S Oileither

23

'l'he queetion of loophole;" c l t " A i n ; l o g e , lAtrines; is dealt. w i tillater.4 . Bl ' et ;l>8 i'Wm '&$ ; -BreMtwo: rk" s ruford. very good c ov el', 'b ut t he h:

co,nstl'l Jiction itwolve$ much time a.nd vel'y bea.vy ]aiiow", 'fl leyare tlleJ-eforo -usuilly made only when the state ,o f the groundCQ i : n p 0 1 s it.Breastworks al'{>,ll'lO,fe conspicuous tba)l tro)):ehl.s, btl t "llXth

breastwm';)::s1 if well built, do n ot s uf fe r m . C l l :e heavily tl1~1:i a trenchunder' artillery fil~i ~lnd. are more .easily repaired, whil~t 'beingvery much more eQlIl l lorJ;. l ;b]e te live 1 1 1 •.1kI,th b! ;®$t \"O:r :k~ must ~~. at i"'lst .1 0 feet. thick At top ; andLa"e (h very. g entle ex ,teriol' ·s lo~e. T he ~itch~"(ca;va.ti"'l'I can beused .as. an obst.llcle" ap(J. ean btl filled w1th WITe. Wh0D eon-R'b~uetillg I)i bI'elUlt'wo\'k (11)l .o f the mO!l~ im_POl'!.ah\ t poin~~ to 'look~'oi:>tha.t the 11eID,' edge of tb.e bo 'r r ow . p i t: p - front 01 the pSI"8;pst

L9far enough from tll( ) root of the llIltel.'lO\' ~lQope', There lS' 1\

tenda:ncy 011 the P!l ,1' t of tll~ ( lig g et's ~ o snV€H;.llem~.(ih'El~ labour bydj,ggiug ~I "t (m '<l l'~S the P,U' . ip;ct . This m u s .1 : b e g u ard ed aga:~l1!ltb y mal'kmg w ~ t h , . . ta 'p~ '" l ine beyond w J l . I . ! " . h ChmiEl mu.st lis no

dlggilOj§,and by CQDsIJI ,mt supervisiou '00siJe thAt it; is observed.To a, 'IQert4in the position of t lii s line, find by dt<\wing l~lieminimum

width ofbl;\~ nec~ly to secure 11 thickness .of 10 fe(lta~ 1bQP,~a l l .dmid: !lit, Jml,S'~ 2; f eM ; t b Ill'()vide fOI:.3> b e rt l! l a t the f oo t o f 'i ;h e e xt er ic rslope. ItWm'S.'tV5 mueh tiDiJe if woodea stl'et.ch!irs are made toC&l 'ry the e>n:.th,and 1 1 1 < U l l , gangWl!o'ysRj ' , ! ) [mille fo r th ~ (::;)J'riel'K.

If n o p l; l~ ~s 01' bl ' \ l \$hw(104 ~!.l'Q avalla.ble, . n t ' S neM ing laid on '~hGground WIll serve to p :royu le- '" p alih wa;v" W ork 01!-M b( 'S 'uu 011·1!.

bJ;eas~w()J:k m:u~t 'be com,pl.el;elI aB quu:ldyas possible, b~c!!","~,,':I,HeW work is lik,aly to l~I'OV(l a . t'lInptrnS: tat'get for .a.:ttillery fW'Iil,

to which in the e u ; d y slci.gesit ig:v l'Y v l l l n e 1 ' 8 . J , ; l l e , and also becausei.t is :impol'tallt to get the work thl"O:Ugli. jfpc)~ible in the dry.1 1 1 tlJe kind of site which detl)mJ.ds 11 ; 151'(lIMI'~WO:d(,th e bon-ow l'i~very ~sjly fills with ' \Va,tel ', (!oudunder thls- eondition workl;>ect")ll,es vetyslow' and ~\low>; and may even become i ! l .l j J : 1 o m l i b l e ,

Tho interior Illopee of P l U ' & - p e t rmd parado~ must be llt;roIlgly.l"'C7etted; hm-dlework < ' > I ' GOIID.Il I.l.ubstituw, .firmly anehcred, forms

th e best form 0:£ l'o1Tetlnent; eii:ndb0l.g3 do 11'01;>'ltalld ~,l:teweaother'50 Willi. Once, t .l1e.:n;yetmcut has been put u p , d.igging close 00th e foot o: f it ID'[I!it en no accou nt be a.l!owec), .

. ' r i l : l , e lJ~t . I n e th Q d o f cOn~~J'u¢ti!lg a . breastwork is 1 1 . \ <follows :-Put l ip tWi), ['evetm.e .noo of gab~QllsOl'hu.hlles-ol' if using sandbagsbui ld ·two· M.lIdbag wall tj: -lO feot rupaJ."il; fi ll in bi;t\\fMI'l with"'il,l'~h; build \ l ip ·a r 'llm~ti:ngooul'se in f r o R t j fitLalily I D I l . . k :( _ \ I I · v w . ' y

gentle slope to bhe front. .B:i·el}!!o~W01~.k.!;OOlllltl'Uc~e.d wholly Oi'Hl-airJr ?fJS<tlldba"'s.a.ro much

mom vulnerable to' MTWIHI 'Y iil',e t ll i\D ea' I' tl 1 b~l$~WOA~ snd 1U'tIe xpen s iY I l , of JImte.ria.l . They arB 1;0 be I\voidlld eX ce .p t f or mmQ l "works,f>uch as' blMkillg' a,t"l'ench leading- bowi 'l-rds the. enemy,~I'tjc.'\aing 'f!. read, &(l, 'rhey .are, bowell"Ji!:l.', often found in the.fmullIiae, when breast~ erke have ha.d!to be constructed in tho

TI1I.IS

2 5

l ll Ji i( _l in g u p a glllp .formed hy .1irtillSl'j' fu:e" ;is..1I . Sl)cct'ldytempm.m:ytepair. '.' . _

5: Loop4ole8.-All fumg by nig b~ and to m .eet an a.Maclkw.:I!ethel' by day 'O r b y ' n ig b t. , must lle over the top of the p~rapet.Inall lito t Ii e: ncne 's , . h owever , iii certain .nUll,I"bOl· of loopholes, arel l,ocess.1, .l '; ifol ' t 'heuse (if snipers to inilict c<>-su~ILies PlI filie Qnell.lj'

wbenever OPPQIt l1~d t .Y offers, to !lonoy n i n a , i:rn.ted~l'e w . i t . I t liswork, keep kim under ooV(>l', flnd ketlJ? dowll lhe Jh:e \lif lii~1ll1i~]!'l' UsU!tl l. r one or :t~vo locpholes aee made ill hlch bay ofWe-th'e tl'e"oabes.

Vado.us types o~ loophole haY8 been designed and are in 'Use.Itis not intended to describe them. in this lI)~filph!et,* but oulyto l.\ty down the conditions that a satiiSfitch91'Y loClphole tUl.1,St ful1iL' J ,' ] le mos t hopprt~nt o f > tl! ~s e i. $ ooncedmenHrom t lh e . fr ont .; i(JI'

tbia rena.oll, aed to o'bk\.i-ll.if pO~9'ih!e enfl :l lido f ire; l09Pho~~should be placed obIiq1l61y in the p<tl'a;pet. The ttlli,ximum

amounf of eover llould be provid"c ll rO l" th . e· i r\(ll' , and tb,e steelloophole platee wil,h a met ..ll fla,p itll .Iose t 1 1 0 loophole makeprobably tile best fOl'lli of loophole. L09pilo1es should have acur~ (~.Ildmlg 01'f;(lUil,t\form of cloth) hat;lg on t h : i : l fuo~;'a sid!).to' be 'LI~~ in·the f!iru;llB w ay ,as ~ p hotog rap hel" u eea I\, black c.l'i!l.th.

O l l S 0 1 ' V i _ n . g $~i'I~iotl~,itnd luok.out posts oobind the lines'Mf)l,aldbe prnvi¢l.od \vitb 'llin~Q'f!.$picll~u$.lcopholes, bl~tloophoies '!1;l'e IlO~,

"'i l' - rule, much used 101' loilkin,j;' out fr'{)ln the ~renchi exeapbw' lleI'1 j .special Ieopholesfor observat' ion with t!!leilcopes are made.POl'iscorl&~ and small p ieces of urirror s .et u p ab a u < ll ,u g ] e-o n ~h llP[ll11.t.O~ give EI,. better vlew w ith 1~15 exposure,Loopholes have I1SlI<)lly tp be·madejn I> .parapet: a.t night. T!la

alignlllrmt lil1LlSt be (1M'efully ~it_ed ru l9 1:Ml'){,ed by ,day. .6 . O ~ ' I J ' i· /u , - ., ,! i lCI)Wl'.~O'Vli~·hl3a. .d COVill' is tUl,ve~' u sed in ,IllY trench

which i~to be occupied as, ;l, jh'e trQncJ;l. OVt'l:hllad COVel' Iorshelters and dug-outs ci s dealt with in tlte paragl'l1:ph.o n tlllht

~ubj(jc;!;' :BeYQndth:is tJlJe oIlly case in which oVi!!rheair pr9tec'~ipuis likelr to be l'eql~lt'e~ is, in l'l~l'e in~t~ncll~; OVCL'l'er.r exposedbmgths of CQUlm-umca .tW[l t l" el le ln31ml m tbe ionll of :l;raversllkno\vn · l Il S ·; ' I, . . briilge'" bJ'a;vel's!\. . .

7. SlIppal't 1·:r-e1 le.4c s~- StlPPOl't· b l '< J l1 ahe~ shou ld be. designeda s i; r! i- v eraed 11 .1 '; ;)t r ru l ( ;l lGIJ , but t he s up iu :l lill io n. tr en ch m il uslially:omitted+ 'Protection agaitlst shell fire ill. the f~u'm of deep.dog- cuts call be m.a! ie in the !Ou'JlpOl'~ linE! behind i;lll~~l'adloo.whel '~as the'!I' nee in ,th e frOO '!t ~l'enc-h: i~terferes, ,\vidl th e I'll.plfl!nli1lllIll1B' of the trench and IS ma.dIllI~~lb~e.. '14e csu pport lll~il

should be conneetsd. by "lll\I,U€U'!HIS CQmmu:mca.t.lol!, trellche~:. to thefront lineJMlr~ i f t iJereis an ob~t..' tclcil~fw.nt. i)f 't,he SIJJ''Po~ nne amust be so !' -ITlI.ll.ged a{l not tto lllt0!·fen;r wIth (be l'ltp.lif l'elnf{)t'Q.e.mont 01 elu} frollt line W 'cn(ili8S. . .

8 . CQll!inttnii:atian T r enG lt es .. . . . : . . . . T o lrlfotd l)-l'Ot~cti,ou!from en6!la-de

" D~8.)<ipUo.,~sof VM'iol1s tfl'c~ Q f i ( ) (} l~l \Q}e wil l be fOll"ci lu notes t!mt arcClrCllw'ei! w w t ) t I f tile ~r~op8 rrom time to iilna.

:fire and to mhihniaeexposure ,to shl'apJ:Hll in tholllj comllll1ni?-'ltiollt.r 'l1ch~ m1lst be well 'bent or tr~nt:!oed. ~' 1 ; . & best type )S' bh ewinding one, b,~,tthe curves 1lJ1lISt,be Illtilicienl;ly prenounced tcg ive real P l : ( ) t . e C : t i ? 1 l 9 4 l; a. iu s t e nf il t; .d e f ir :C !. If t ra ve l' S1 lS : "1 '6 mll,de,the bes t ) .J !l>t 't ern lS an !:Sta.nd t1'3ve),se 'l'lrlbh.. ~he tl'ellCh golO~ roundit on b'citb, sides, The ,torne~'8 of tr;\"I',erses should be rounded and

1I0 't eq l l<l :Y 'e .; 'lIli,thi;:'j are -easler ,to Pu.ss fOl' . < ; : Ulan with u . Iead O.·~o.lCa ·Iltl"·etcl!lel;* fI.J1d al'll easier W revet, IhI'lMC>e$slll.,)," l}rote~hoil.

e a1 'l a ls o b~ o ll ·t a. il le d 1)y J : J1l l,Hng t lt e tL 'e l1rches z lg" :> '. .aggedin p lan ,snd this makes ~'eveUing easier, . ,. .E xcep t. in sU \'JJi soil a,s s.ol.i;dchalk, comlllllllica~ron tL'ellcnO!! WhLC~

fl,Wrequired to r.~lIl(l.tnsel'Vl,,~able f~l' IIIilo,ng t~me 01' to $t..'tll,iwet""Batluel' m·Llst 'be l'(lvetted. EXJlel·~Ie.nce 1Il Fland-u<l hll8 ~l1owntha.t'eV(I'!l if tho-sirliss !M'e g iven M flat~,81ope as 1j1 t'hIlJ Will. f ! l J l lili, A "cen 'm of . I8 inches :shpuld be l~[thetween the edge of ,thet.rench and ~he P~:l\:P\lt. 'EM ITi,iJ ;}im~: ",idUi at the ,ooLtom

should be 2 foot 6 inches, and 3 :feet -I S bettoc, ; Increasing themo:til. reduces th e p'ivtect4on afforded, and tile 'WIdth of. ~ leet atlO11abottollllJhQu~d seldom be exceeded The revetted ~clilS mostbe give!! ,Ill s lo ri ll f rom 4/1, to 3 /1 , not cu b llea~ly v e.rtIC ~I .' T ~edep tl'illf th e tt:etlch. f I"o) . l1 tOI~ o :f p~ra.l'let lobotOOl'll of, tllmch~r: l l(bOrbM~'ilLshocld- be '7 £eet; !If pO$slble" "I' i'bab Pt:O,llodIOllO~ ,t~.s

( ie pt hi s ~ I' li )n llh l!-ndwhat p~l'ape~ c1etJ!l~lds on t he ~ 'J .te ~llCl fUJlllit."CSjordra;iljage. The questIOn. of drainage 1ll1u:tn.h'iays l'C~lyep~'-t~cnl~l' ~ttel1tj'6n, in the siti)lg and constl:uctiQil of, oom~ImlC<)"lion trench~, !IJ.Id~loeyshonld be boarded, ,,,:ttl:! Il,4~a~n\1I1( le1: theboa.rds as soon as pessible after I')Olllltru-ctll)n. E9.$SLng l'lae~ ~d;m a lorig t l ' 6 1 1 C b , occ:asipnal sid 'i tl~. should be .UTailged, Iiln~a~~n~posts should 1l;1w~Js be pIQ~d.at the ellt.l'1l.l.D.~e to OOllllnunlmtlOn

trend.cs; a,uilltlrapy bl"atH:h~s,qtf tlle'lll, to ~l;J!owwhe re t~e)' ,11la.?', .Sp cial arl'fi,n:g~inellt:smust be made to I),fI"ord l?~'O~ctlOn-,bgaIllsf,

the enemy's b'oll.·bets WOdU~lg_ aow~~a :copril ll \lrurntI 11 ,Ill-ench_,o,attack one '01 t he Iines b bInd. EQ)2 tlns purpose the enentrysbombers ill\lflt he kept at l\ diistalloo af uO'b I,e~s bluin .10 ~'a'['c1Bfromtile 1rene!l t o be }ll '9ooete<l Tbis eau be c1o~e ~y making the last,

40 Yl\l;:l~ o f ; !I ;u y eomlJ1mni:ca t il j ll t~e): l .( \h , e l1~l" ! l l, g [&. Sll,pp()'~~ c : r 1 m - r e x -Or tack·lin..: bl"~ii.Cli from the il'CI:nt; Sh"algbt · lI .l ld l U'o vlc 1m g f Ol '

maehinc glln o~ !'1~e TIL'" ,down the ' st r' ai g ht , pO 'f '~ i0 .u (aee!l'ig: ,n):Aclog.leg treneh W1U do ~£pl'Qp~~ a.r1"angeme~~ Call. b& l!IlltO:I'l fotenfilading both r~a.ches of It (S1}!lt i S ' . 12). Pl'OVlSHm UHlst be madelor loJ!ockiug t~ last {(')_yards of the ~l'~llCh at both. en~li,( fh r m (1 ll ,l lG ~ f o . ' 1 ~ e {",knife res,li!', or o'~h~vwlXe' ob.sw.ele~,)')!Msd n~1<~~eS<! a.t tile l )( lm~ wh er e 1;lie block IS to bEl,ill!I.Cle!~?,that t)1e,IM~man to [ '~ti te can quickly -pull t.he:n down, "lIl~'JPO~ltlOl_.lll~ bepasses, w H l do 3 . ! 1 . .a Wm,POT l ti :Y e ;rpO!lhel lB fol' thl$ purpose (se}e:

Dg; l.l),

"' The Inliunmill ~u.rv" it. w~ndill,g eomnUl:~ic:drrml if IlC~le$,. so t ha .t . .El.i;trdo;hal: can be earrie{l round ,t by bc,u:~~" 1;; Hi foot mdius 11r a,.trench

~ J~i!it wjde ..

\\

\

CommllllicE>tiO:ulJ. 'I ' ln;(}bes, if pr~epl'"I'sd for use as i i 1 " i J tt_ch~I~l 'e fl'squently of tlll~, utmost value fOl' flank aefell !~. when t : n ~~1emi' h(l~ succeeded in, pe~tlt.ttiJl.g the n',ont line, The hest wayo{ p rep iL )' ll 1~ . 1 1 , eOlimntUllca.liton trench .f or fi re j~ to d"ig1'-headsoffth;e tl'~l1.cih so IU; to form il itepays fueillg in the l'-eq'llil."ed directioD,or tocv:t l i _ , - e t:r(ffiebe~ lO~i'O~S [~ re-enu'ant, angl!! in 'the b'e",ch (5 eti~, 10), A eomnmniesticn tr~lich pl'Elpfired. f01' IlSC as a, f i r . ; . trench

should be protected on bobh SlUSS 1 5 y : ' I I good wiFe entangl':m,lflll!.

2S

thl'Q.~1l ~ut·, 1 ! . 1 l d , : i f .p!entUully used, are lJettel ' th~ill' no ObSbclef,(at nll,Tile maint< lUaDCe of t h .! ! wi re ob~ t. '1 , jl e·e .1 . 11$fOl' c01'I~tQ,ne care. . J

must be insJ :lCcted every n·igh.t, and. a few men should be- told oft in~ll(:h company as a permau. ent "'-iring party 1m' th(j repair rul]Impr01':ement, a: f .~b. ob~t<lcle.,

19. P1'lJtWtiQlI, p'(})n S/ldl ss«1, pJ:'Q ~"cMon aga.i=tlo.ss by s h -e ll f ir ( l i s I \ fl :' o rd ed by details iii. the:

design or tlw trwChest}lemse:h<:~, already l'e1el·~'ed.~.( l , .l:·lI-, t~lIven;e~.·ana 'koopin~ tl'encl1e1l ~rH)',h').'ow.~ possible, 1 ) . , u C } is supplementedlriy t.he provision of shelters 01' dug-cuts, Slwltenl may be classi-f i, !~da s nomb -p l " o: 'f 01' 1i1? l inte l '-P l , ( )o~~Q>_eool ' ( liug as , th .· e Y · . I ] , I ' I ) d e . s i . g n e dto r;:fI'oz,'dpI'ote ctum agulns~ shells lntt:tng them d ir ec t n nd b ll l'i lt .i ng0>:1 imp'llCt, 01' ag<J.1litlt tTho.splinters of shells bu, 'Si; over' or {I11a;'[

llil>J]].. It is iD lp ol· t.a nt to diej ,ir lg 'uis l i b_etWe.ceD·t .he two.2, 'rb e fil'st instinct ofth a men is to, improve. the prot.~Moll

:_J:l'(u'd~<lhy th e uellcb by burrowing ou t fQ l ' them:>elvcs hollQwldin t4 e :ll'Q n t f i lc Q , . under the p .1 >mp et ( " unde'rc\\1ttillg "), 'I_'hi~

1111lC~iceIDu~t bs absolutely prohibited. Unless t il es !' > h o ll ow ' s a reI'ery c1u'efL1Hy shored ' :I P t he y always l ·e811 lt. , SOOl! lel 'or later, il l t lmparapet falling in, toRd, even if tlie Sllol 'ing u,:iIl efficiently done,

~hc (i;l. 'I tsj;enoe o J : t l a . i " l l ? ' 8 sheltm:'i! under th.e l f 1 < i I J . 1 t p e t w e i \ k e W l i H~l~~i~t~\!:a to ~M p.ill'St'of a : high-c~l)li)sive shell.3, Ep;mb,pI'Mf 4l1elte1'S to ensure protection .sgainat heavy high-

".Kplo~tV,e shells have to be (Illig dsep and entered by & I1Mt·OW

{lpeliling 'and -s taps . This means tb'li it takes a n. a pp r ec i& b le t Ui ne10g'8t men ~m~ " ,r thew, ·",~d {l.S' in a. well-plnnned, attaclt: theIISfi<I,~lt will be ~lIddell I !oud unexpected, and tbe:fire of th e"Il:"tillery '1l1'ill not be l i fw(m u'Onl, ·the front trmrch lm~H t.he!£ii.mnginf'a.ntl·jor ~hena.~.,ult1ng line is almost into i~, they sreusually inadmissible in tb:e front' lice, lii:;tcept fQl' the. p l ;' (l te cb iQ I ll 0 '£machine guru! and theil' det:::l lchrnellt . ,g, '!l;od fot" ,compa.ny head-flua.rteJrs. Deep dug-ou t s are, moreover, cl~:ngel'l)US in , all t\ttM::kby gas•.A.o~l 'l ;a .i~ amou:"t of .spli!~tCl '"Pt '(l(lf (lOVBl' ~~ould b~ provided in

the front hue, wInd! will " " J : s . < l sei'Ve as l l i 'OWc. t iQ! l ag.a.tiisl; weatbl'\T,'Jh'ho'b()$t position, iu the case o ,r a ·~rench.·is in' the : Iront faee of thli ln! perviaioll breneh, ,

4 . In the C~ll.s e 1 )1 atl'Oll$'ly constructed hreastworks, dug-01J.tsgivlin~ g(l~'d protection il.ga.il~~t even dir -ect hits by the lign.teJ.'natu.I',es of high-~lllol>i\'e sJ:ell .<,.all.he .11laclellrulcl ' he pal'llpet,!l!d !U 'e D ot s o op m te t he O b Je ct 'I Ol lS winch a,pply to dug-outs in R l

front fu'e' trench, Tile pru'ape~ over the dll~-Ollt mUHt.bs sup-]lorted 1 ? ; r 'Well-lIHlo:le :'MQll,g tl'am~:i 'ruIlLUpm ~ .sce fi . In).5 . S j } ll il lt el '- p l 'QQ f 'C~veh ' ;c a .r r , a i sQ . be lliaced ehbJ,~ th e p ar l~ ~.o s.

] 11 j ;1 11 f. lc(tse Pl ' (i tEl¢t;iOIll a .ga ,. lUst · ib ru ck -h J. !\ -'S t of ! In .e ll s b u r stm gbeyond the lJ<lJl'll,(losJllust not be o_yedook()~, .

(';, No dug-outs mU!l,t 8"131' be allowed in a,h'(lneh v.'hicbiut<el'fel:ewit.h the u e of bl1el 'i tle Oi'free l?,(t .. ';~e along the tl'encl:l .

/ 29

7. 'rhe use of shelters proo.f l l ;! ! f I , W , s t he.1I·":Yhigh-sxploslve shell in~J;l lirst S.y~OOfi~ of t)'ench~~,shotlld t hC .l :e lO l' ( ; & f ( l < 1< . ll ( l. l1ybe confinedtil thl'lp?Slho~ ~ithe b;\ttallOIl te;serv~!l and I'l l •.,~~l 'ong points "0(,~'' 'eep;;,' Wlllchm.a:r fOl'~ pa.!'1. of tllli b'o'IIt system, It il'l notllIten~ed ..~ pI'O,llll;nt theu' lIse, elsewhere, S.f tIie soil QI' 'IlQ,tl!l'iLl

fe. tUH!8 0.1:0£"w()urab!e to, t hen' 'COIlS~'uctIOU, and ;ur·a.ngeme"tse~ Ibe mad e to g et m en ,O 'll;t ( j· Ethem quiekly, hut to. p oint ou t thell:Hg81'S ~bfLt.attelld their use,

'S;, y m : r g~od PI 'Ot .efMo. l lr t"Olfla ho sni le hpm1)arc l.moo tt it > a;[Ql'c1edby . f l, bt · t re nc he s, rhtlli~ al'e :tf'el~cbcs I foot w 2 feet wiele <tntl'i fellb deep, dug at l'ig ltt .. a.u S-]es M i1.11c1on ,e:ithet side of th eCOIllIllUpica.ti?" trencile8, They must be t ;, trut~ed at the top, l'

Ht~YMil eltsily collapse. Each" slit ' /' 'should be J long enouch tol101d lOw 1 _ 2 .:m en ( s ee fig. 3). . ,\Vhen they.al'e irru se an #.0 .00 ,I,~hould be itt tile end l\e(ll'eat the communication tt '( lIlch. Controll~ (\'kIllian' ",lien nU.m JUS Iih(lUe~ed in tJlese' ,I slits" th~l,ll.when in

d!lS-outs;. ~ill!liJ.g,.!, l ll 'O v h, i: 6n ~ . be llmd~ ftlJ,'thet' h:~i:~ 8Io'l~g tIleCOJHII1'l\lJ1)~ittum trcnehee for' cever for reserves hrougllt u p toi> \ IPpOl,t . 9 , OXl i ln re l '-a t tl lck .

, 9 , A few- 110~es 011 tliel!OJlst l"llc. tiol1 of cllJ.g~ou ts are a,ppel!1ded,] (II' t.l\e eonatruction of deep hO;rJlb-Pl-oof d~lg-0u ! ; S , It.K adviceaud ~f>i$ta.nce will usunlly be ·a:va·ila,ble..

(c!) l lEv~ deep. (1.l~g-0'~t.m~lst, liave, two ~l' more separate~I'Xlts 10 f! lCll i t! l t;e 1"awde.g l 'o8l l and UI case one gil(Sblookcd,

(b ) Hoof tillilbers t lH l;: ;t I l lw1l . lS be made three or foul' tim .stronger thi:4~ 13 necessary to suppor t merely th e load

du~ t~ the tlllckllBilS of 1'()of fOl" which they.are d s s i < > ' n , e d ,ThIS. ts l le ·c; e. sso; ,'Y to a R lo w :, n e il ), only 101 . ' t .h e . ~ b () ~ c of~llll iJrlJ'8t ?f·9,. sheJ l ! bilt 1111;0 foi- ~he l~olJllib~lity th!l.t-uIresh garrison may. take it U!lto their head!!' to Iiut

. .anobher !. l 0.1' 3 J ; o o e Q £ ~adh 011 top of the existi!:~/' l'OOf.

(Q ) J. r6~b~l'ilgu,]i1I'. tirnbe.l· will ~lll?pOI'b, more WL\l igCt if it

~t()9d' Ol~ les. edgll, ~:,;.,t"estlllg on 1m short.el' side, thanwlH!J.I lymg flat .011 its 1011gBi' side,

(4) The ends of ~l'oof Mlube~;'lshould n~ver be 8uppm~~~slou

s:' ildbag walla er even ll il'ee t 0 11 solid grouucl. A st. rOllO!t~mbel' name ShOlild. always be used 'on two oppoal c e:S/ .dl 'ls.of the shel ter to sUP1)ort the ends of l'oof ·tiIlJDeI"!l~~e ilg. ll?}..

(I I ) .A, ' .buI'ste~'" l;J.yer, of 6 i,ll.ch~ to 1 raob of hrick o r I li um; ',tJ1,Ould. <lIh"~)'" ..be".pl"ov!de(!. near th' e· it'll> 80d'a.oe of th eroof, O \'et ~hl~ llCH'Btel' I(lXl?l"shoa!-d be t~ layeL' .!if:DIot l e . E I S .t h l !' u [ ) l ,n ci lC l s o f e r u _ . t h t~ d.e<lt·ea~(j <\al1ger froll:ithe scattel:lDg' of },[uo swue ·or hl'iek by ~lJebUI'st of I.h~~I~.ell, As the oqJ'e~t of !~e" ~~~rsteI'' ' l~ 00 'xlllode theBhell . tiil~l",theslldac~, I.t WIU be to 11 J a. r: g6 .e;xtelltde~ealled1ft.Ilii' latero! ea.rth ll.bov!,!,ilt is mRd~D1()l'e tll,il112 lllches Urick, .

30

(f) Al'l'ang~mell~3 must be made fo~' ventila.ti.ng d\lg-Quta.Ilb ma y QQIi3.«[(>nIlHy b o l o possi .ble to· eombtne the ventiJ il ti ng ' 'P i p e ·with!\. p el'ilS co pe for lo ol,-ou t p urp os es ..

( ; g ) S plillteJ'.p .m of eover is aftordecl hy III la.yer of logs l'

beau)..s,6 inches 01' upwards ill i lepth, covered over w"ha 4J.yel' of not Jess tban ] foot, ,o f e!u·th. The fo11owi 19f61'm6 a roof p l'oof . agains~ a, (ii .inch high e,""<lllosiIVe!Oh e11: .A . la.lel ' of rails or beams, 18. .Jnches ~f eat'tbl < I

L a:lo r o f b 1" H~ k~% foot of eari1l, an()the), laye,~' o f b l' .i ekif) inches to 1 foot thick, and 0"01' ·all, 6 illchea of Ik'll.'tih,

The 1'.(lii:;;or beams must have a good ma .l 'g i ll o fBb r eDg~ho ve r t lJ .< !. t neoes~'l!'j" tceupport jhe load above .then!, so.w ~p ~~lIld th e .shock of ~he eXJ)llos,ion. Itwil] ~e seen

t h. ~t t lu s . roof ~ :h dl_ y 6 fe,e1 l; th ick . H e:n c? th e ~ l~ g-O ,!I;(WII] require-to be I l . - j ; jea~t 10 feet despif 1~>SpO!ntlQIl 1:5

not to be.lll! l.d~too conspicuous,

.Fig , 17 showa a t yp i ca l OOncr et ed dug~ollt.

2 0 , M lJ i, C} U 1W ( h en , E.m'Plae~mr}l/ ,i/ l.. (Se.o ig s. IS to 2 -2 .)

In view of th e gnl[ll l value I'll' Iilaehin;e gnne tQ ' li b e dd& I 1oo th ef > it ,i ng a n d consttuCt. iOlll of e~n'plaoomillll. t! l £01 ' them ; re q u i) :~ $ v e ry

s::)J~£i[lla.ttj»lltion and care, M .a cllin e g li M should be oo8itlOld inc !l ch l in e t ;}m ttbe:re 'is l!'tfpt\rb 0 1 th e ground in hOllt of it whichis 7 lot lInda'tbei l: Ih·!J. 'fhey should be lll'n~[lg(1idso as to , bl'iI\~a CHIS" lire to "elll' iru froip. . t of the trflMhea which they protect,In' till.is' "'ay th8i1· power- ill more: f u l l y d.e'\'~wi}d. . a .Q . d a ls o e en e ea l-l~lellt is eagiet'. It is important. that maehtne gu.n (lI,nplaccmeuts

should be eonstmeted J;O ali to be as incons picu ou s as l}o~hli!.

Ihth sides aI'€<constantly 01 1 tho Iook-out to try and Ioeate theO )lem y'" m ach in e :g ): U.1 1·ernpJacel .o.eute , and. allY suspected S : J l o : b iseert ..." 1 ! - i n , sooner 01; latex', . to be made tIle '~ii-rgel; for bombaedment ,F o1 ' · t; hl 1i.l'llaSOD, 1:00,(1.)"1'I nlliO tCl 11l'otect "hem from cl'~lIJ1~gs1 y II

chance shellin a gllluGl"ltl bml1b.wdmel1t of the Iiue, emplacemeutssh onkl 'be made -as ~~rollg a s p C1 s;s ib ~e. T he jcle~ .1 ~.:r~·a,llgemen~ill'til.at each gun should be in a, bomb-pre f shelter, with overheadc ov er , l in d ill a(h uuoo or aIld to fl , flru * of tJle p.'wt of tbe I iue it is-

~o C'l\'er. ltbdnne ~ll}l~ in ~ ' 1 . 1 1 . en~lils~d ·~mplicemllntm;"J! . . ., l th~.J . ''l!e mounted Jor fu'e 011 it . fixed lin I Ql' SO;~S' to ha 1 '" 11 csrta inamonnt Q f h.lwerse. 1[1 the laU"'r case some iotill. of Ulljil 'oYlseop l !l tfOJ. 'ID ) 'uQ l l ll ti !_ J g , ~~ll(Jwi.ngof the g-= ~ri~',"ersil1'g about ibTnn~z J! I' l Il J. {h t. ot ~ b .o u 't rW 'CW1 .t ~" , e na ] l es the size of tl1c loopholo Wbe kept d : o , v j ! l t,o ,t rlllinitIHUll, .:lind is) fm' ~hi:;;reason, va.lus.ble.Mach ine g l ,U l1o .opho]es , ~t ,my rate tho.;~ fot, u g e by ulay, ·.9D0\1](}.bilas low do,wn m hbe PM'<Jrjflllt ¥ po~~I.ble. " ! l ' v e n ' ! l ' l l>lltel'n;1trV'1'i'Bmpln~.enLell b;. sh ou ld be ptep!il·(!d. SOlUB (,If whicb :mal' '1b~·fol" u.~ing:the g un o'V er'Lhtop of the p al- ap et. II I p a:1 '- cic 'u lI U'there Sh01: '1.ldbe ,an altl'l~n:flt:i,":"e elliplllCll):ntlllt, fer liring over tllc liop;, in eOlfilea·tiQ n w i & 1 t eMh I il I1 ! ]; h i~e~1e~p l: a. o~ l 1l ll l1 ~ 4 l !d $ i tl ia t; \' !d do;se t.o' i t \ . ih a

c Om1 ee ti on w I th ea 'h of th ll C !Jvend mirchil le gun el)ilplMements

31

ebere ~hoUJ ld h ! ;l IWQ .v ic1 !< ' lda ,j _ , > ' Q Q ? bmn h-p ro of s h ll lt -e ~~ P l 'e f~ ''1 Ob l:r to!he deep 'dllg-611~ ~yp~,to ''IIllm lh ~ he crew ca.,n .t'empomrdy ":'lth-{ 'aw during II. bombaechMnt" Tlus dug-out should communicatelrect wi th the em placement,COU(TG}w omplaceanente- min gi!1le;l:'l!1.Ur be constructed in tIle

rv ctreu ch e: s ,

21, Lalrme»:

TJ)e health Df th9 t[·ciops demands 'Very ca:l'eful a;J;DiCi!.I'Yarl'allge-msnts and scrupulona ~e:illliJlcs~ ill tr(>nche~, which l~~ nave t()be occupied feu' a . ,eollsld rable length of tune, L"tullI_c accom-

)

Iltodn.tion In.1ls,u be .ample and eooy of aeeeas j. sea,!,. should, beprovided {III tha seale of at< least 2 pm' centr, of the t rooJ'el; . ls).ng

th Q.m , 11 .'ri11~ til,)$ ~h ()ttlt! b ep rovid~d on th ~ .sa?l8 sc'! 'lil. T he b ~s tplace fO-1'la,tl'llleg snd mUiIl,lS f.Qrthe fl 'ODt line IS be i ll lnd. . the Sl1per•v is io n til -€ -I llc .b in T -lle .1 l! dg a t th e end Q : f . sllQI't b l' l' Iu e be s o ff i t - .

IL f 16 1 'WeB mu s t · o e . pl 'ovidflat £01" aU t re nc h es i iI;]](;] sheM's whichh ;" v_ e 0 0 b e o ce ll l) ic (! ~ - (!Ve~ f ol ;' .!lIi!))'!; rUll'iod~by t :! ·o l1 p !'l . T h e mC) st

I~ m t l !t l 'Y ~yetem of latl'J!11l;S an t r e n c h e s IS rJll;) b ' U C k . e .,t eyatetn,b1Jocke~lieing removed m'I~ empl;i€il at, Iligh~. , . ..

\1 A SllP P~Y of ch lorate of lime sh onla Ib Ii pt InaU t re n ch e s .

I 2 . 2 . lJraina,{le' D $ < i l Fl()(lr~:lj.U"

jl D."a lu< ig · e : a :n e l preC&\I·t.lOJIS fOl' kMpi.ng trencllos dl'Y an d c leau ,

whether . they. are fire, living', 01' cOl1llmuJ1ical;iou tJ'encbes, are\ questione of !F6!l:t importance, IIct only fl'otll the poiut of .. iew of, p rli llle t''I'i l1g. the t l . 'G:lleh&.j but . a J . & : o for tbe Iiea lth of thetroops,

. In the case of Iines dug deli16l'a:tely, not ill the }fr,e,eiLce of thei!~emy, the q ! Je Si ~i o~ o f d .c .a in ag e C i l o n : M c;u"efuJI:y ~tU(l"~d!, and itw ill ·often F ""Y to d ~g d ;I :a :i :J I! l. g eb n ~m h es o f am pl e CD!p~clty ~eforeIDly w ork on (;l'm rch es 'liS conienenoed, L a.b olll' sp ent III th is w aywill be P101'O than re])tdd. I IJ . ' any ¢< '\ ll ie 'w ork on drains should

k.eep.~c e w.ith. th e progro;lSIl of thetr·encbe.ilJ sa trol,lhle i~ !:lure. ttlocew ' If W '1 \t er 1 $. i l l t )weOl 1" 0aeeu mnlate, 11 'or t b, e S ! I;m !) re.:LSOD, (lilJtB

lnus t be taken ·tM t eh e WOl 'k 6,0. e ll ch · s ee ti ol !l o f til'&mll s is left Il;~an even deptb ,e~w~1day w hW i , WQ " I ., ke ea se s. D ~; a.in ~ 3 l ! O ~ 1 1 d be g t , V . 9 m L

;],geed faJL ItwIll nanallypay to ravet the S!.d~ of an open i:htch.

i.l['j)jil). .4 g ood p attlilrn of drain is t n . " , hO:K drain, a. l'eet;aElglllarch an nel H u ed . aR ,d ao vel;e d o vel~ 'w !.th planking, laid in th e b otto:mof II. tit'eReh, which i" chen covered in Again.In. the case oftT~!lh~8 dl1g illl t:be p1'~eD;ce of the,mell'lvthe

~bl)ve me·tho('$eanM~ ~e ;lilP.nett Drainage iii avory' cl~(J)'ctiltpl"ob~em_ ill · these ci:l lcumstances" evell when th e g rou nd 15,not

p r 3.c ti ea H y. f la t. ' fr en cl i, _o s o.:D a. fOFward ~lope .C,' lnMt b e . ( lt 1W .~ e de;;;l .~pt 1 ; r l 1 : h G < fronb, i\lnd l"~.w lD s~ldo.m b! l 1 ' .l ' lI ;CtJcable to r h g d l. '1 l. !Mle'ld~ng fOl."wal'd f ! l . ' "O.. m ;the tl'.~nch.. Pl1Wt..iclI.Uy all tha:t l·e.ma~nsPQS8 Jb l e < U l ,8. meaDS oj g,ettlng. rId 0. _f ti le w a,te ~~ ~ nd ,k6epln~

th'encile9 .reasonably dl'Y lind clea.n ~fI CQn$t! i .n~. pUlnp. l11g an d

1.1lIttin~d . own some -e{lJ't O f. D~"~Il(l:or iaoJ? iE1 :g . . &~mp~l!i~.sii.e·1 gooddeep holes:, .sho1l.ldbe made itt UlWt,\,a.ls ~o one 'sIde of the b'8lloh.

32

They should be 'wwetted and stil:ut~ed and I,l'ildged over withp h ,n l;; c ov er s. Fl. 'om these the' water ~l.!Otlld. ! ;i e p u !: !" p e- d ' ou t 11often. ,as m iJ.Y b e !l,~oo ss a'1 "y oVlll ' the _ p a r a - p e t 01 " ' the parn.¢lo,according to whieh way tbe gl'O'UIUil slopes. I f-_Ilhe gl'O'!!!ld fala0 0 th e l~e~l";cb.lillneis can be cu t to Iesd oM ' into the nutural drab's.of tbe eoull~I'Y' rll:l~itho Wl,tel' pumped into these channels,ehanuel ulong- tile s.ideof the trench or dowa ·t;be centre of 1 ;

should' UelUlthe- water i1)OOthestlllJP--Jlit~ uud ib IDi1$t be ~o}-~tiMIt1y cleared, If the channel is ell,t down bb_~CQ!ltil'e < If th~

t;J,'elll~li it can be bridged ov.er by fspeeia.l lloorlllg beaads, whi 'I.musb b e : b'CrqLlfl'llLly ta1<eu up anti cleaned. If the level of the \'y at er ' I u t he : gl 'O u nii l'iMs ~ibave tb e level of tb e tIU(H' of t.he trenchcl1ivlous.iy no ~mollll1t of, pumping Q1' diggin~,of 5l1:np-p'it~ W i l l Ikeep (he brAnch eh'Si': Tlle (l~lrj' r'!3mBc1y t,heIl:IS tQ raise ~hs f low'0 1 the trench by p l a l l k ! ; sUFI10l·te-d 0 0 ' 1 1 .s h . o tt p i l !l - li l' es t le s , and tbe II

to raise tbe, 1Xll.1::<J;Pllt.'~C.'OI.'(1illlgly.. A most important poin~ i . ~ ~o Iget some kind of Iloorm_g or p~Y1!lg down as BOOll M possible m;l11Y new trench, J[f bhia C II be done before th,s mud has. besnchumecl111p; a gr~!tt d~a,l ,of trouble a~d. d~!5eo:mforl; will ~. saved. 'IFloo!' gt'<tj;U'lg;J Ititiopt 6 feet ~o:n",Mld · s , mollss to , 2 he~ wide, madeo~ CJl'o5Spie~~ of "i-inch by:1.·in&i plank! uo.ilmi to tw o longitucli~Hllpieces , 01 hm be :r , fl .b ou ~ o i l , lIlGhM by a lM 4e1 3, 01 \ edg e; are ensl.!y

ID3i(\e up, aad are -a very .guod -j\O~'I!1of :8oo1'il1$ fOl' brenehe;s. \

23. Defence Q f .lJ1dM~;1f!8 , \ (

It wil] o(MIi lJappSln that it III cOIlili:der:~ advisable to includesubsbant lu . l · buildings in tbe fnm.t line, Jl!xp : ie lU le 1 1M pl'o'V.edtha~ it is e'"tl'em~l:r hfi,l'tl to dlsjoqg~. I), determined tl_ef<il_ndel."fromapwpeI'ly Ol'gl;llll7.Qt1 b t\iL Clin g- _ 0 ~ tih e oUrel' h,_and, bllilil:i:ng& inor near the. fi'on$ ~hie i.nya,J,'jn,bly 'l.l"aw·a gl'!':.l,t deal of artrlJlel'Y

lite. FQI" this l:~~! !j. building .aholl.kl ~o t M.l'm.>1]ly" be- ()eell 'p ie~lb y d Q .o Y , unless le rutb.e'I' has c,flllM':<which, can bQ llllpt"Oved top rovide g ood b 11,~b·1}I'O.ofe ov er, o r s im :i1 ;l <'l :novel' c .' i. n b e made~ll1i_teclose to the house, and eo .o~f1~c~d wi~h iJ by cemnrunioation~1"¢tl.c1ws. othm'Wise, iIthe hl1liiding has been put into !I. staee ofd ei en cl ': , a g u .r :r is o lJ ls l o u !d _be detailed who wil l onlly occupy i l t . at

the la.lt momenf hI C!\Seof . !1~t i ' lClk. A building i! iJ -stronge6t- for{hlfunee when i~ Jras been knoel.ed_ abo~\.1iIIbit.' The defellsivo;u"I'ang mGUw should beconoontt'at,ed on. the ground _:floor (l,l1d

COllal'!;!, thne s]1:Ili!Lt ,011 ,,,o:I'k oli l'l.ppel' 1J~Ilt'joo i~s,zG to be 1VltSted'.In. t .he building i.tself the work ~o h e dO nie is ':-

« ( t ) Rei.nfo,{'o;e th e ceJlar i 'o o f, .if. possiWe, with concreto; itmust be wen .wore~ll11' to e'ltalile H .to tarry the ~trapi'o~eet]on. and als o tll.e ( l41mswll icb: sub.'leq_u!!l1t,fili.elli!lgwill bring dow'oon it.

0) ; LoolP~ule ~ l ' l j } WillitS f ", r r il le · 01' maahine glin fU'G' h hail.earel'the IQopholes ,U'e to tl\e grolll lc1 th e bette'1' thepi'dtl:lc.tiol1. aJlol'l:led.; but thare is ,1 \ I'ist;: of f.a.lhng iUbr.wblo:eking ~h~m up,

33

ee l Tln._i< 'l~(lqwalls u p to bhe h eig h t ef ~he i.;lop hQ les , Th i~

iW.?keni~ ... may be '~()n.eby t)lr0w.~ng earth 1 ! p a.g"~lll;1;he 01l,_j;«rde,of t .h~ bllildl)lgl. 01' UIaJ;i'lUg til wall ot··~'1ll';(w:mtt i n e a \vith e a l " i ) . h 01' ef ear '~h be~weell burdlea, ,3 :feetde~r ' of the '\ 'VIIlUof the, blliMing , to serve ~. !L burstar'b1' l rt bu , ) 'aing up inside with b~ick rubble P I " r nd It lopl: j~; rle gt'{llIuat1~w,~ ~.j1"l~(;I"'S .'1llihloOl"Il'.\n) Er:oo.t' o'I',sl'httl;ul coy l' 0""'I' lito 'l)(i!litiQIl:ji. 'rhi~j;holll~ 00

m, th~ fOl'm of if ~hie l'IJO!) 'PJ:demt;.ly of cort(lre~€, 0Hlin-wise oi hellovy rails (it' Ye~'y s t C ) J ; 1 t tirnJJsr5'-ca;r,,'ied on "at ',fillbata\wial bimber SUR!!Ol'~. O.l"' (Hl Ta, i Is o r "inlru_' .s. 'I 'h'rs:I'Qpfwill pr-qbwt, the iimh~. f.~I\l]llf~~Ulll .~ /ii(m"s.a~d the

UIOl:'e tht J':iou~. I~ knocked ~bout ~he. i>t~ '(»)l1tQl' wil] t.becover heMme.

(f) . [ , u i l : i , ' I l V C hit&l'I1,Il,[ '~1ll1'ill1rl~clltion8. by · : ! ; t n - p P ! " ) ; ilJletl~,ll\\,alls w i ! : e . r ' ( \ - M,Lte:!l§:,~r>y.

J1'1 conn eti u witll tlu~ (1fence of f:;l,t}bnjldillg t'herJl may alsol 1 - C ! ' Jilie tl'enclie§ in f l:<mt oEi~ .iJ.,lld t. o ~j1iJ.! I; l~·n9lnk ool=mtica~'1ngl}y' toolwllOll -with < ; " I i i e i~IlO~!Ul" n;nel. with t he b tJ iW f ng , the_ ,:~'llj;ll(liOful' ing- ~1-ad1i!'~y t I . - s:mJ~Jj'sli'ollg -p o in. of ,,,Mth tb,e hou se l~ t1u)

k;ee~:, "Sl:i ~ tl~~clies,'" snell MJ,tI"ito !"L1E~ady .b{Jiil~ a.e$c\"~be¢l,mhmoo( ' ! clese beh ind the house. unci Clm'r\ 'l5cood 'WIth Itby ~ O<; j p1 -

nmnieabion I.l·uuA, Iorm. a. lllld'l11 ndju.llc,t to libe defensive,al'rl1lJ!g!!llll.l!.llt!l.

2 1 - . 'Pi·aini~i:.Q,in .biggilll,r,/> ( f . , c .

Tn ( (l I1 ,t )' y 111.1.l~t be Q l J J . p a . l, J e of th_e 9 ( l ' J l. ' ll ~ 1 ' 1 I 0 ; P i Q I l , r o p i l > i l ~ an dit1.a_tntel1<~:nea, wUlwut :ij:Jlj. ! i. s~ is ta ,n ce , o iE iln f P~' P 18c o f trenches,

s.belter,ll (ei;j;e}lt deep' b~mb·p'i·-,!! ~~g.~uts)'; Md ~lI~'Il~clwh~.a !lM:ngJ !l IXi el ih i ,: po i" I st a .n t 1 )A' !l -ChQ6m. digglllrg l ) . : n d , ) ' I n . ; , t . ' k u ; t g ~l1tmng'le·mente '1101;.lli@lb is Eee8S.'1lI.l~. O:ll:1l;(el'~ _and me n l)1l1st be _¥elL.tl·aj~ ed in th ~..m ~tih od o f .! lilI ll'J ;:ln ~ 6 t1 '1 ;;WOL'¥S t o ; > b e d uf ,( a.t mgbc ,<Llld m. !l:;o;.t.,:nrl~'I'lIga pa'I1iy sde.nj;l_y 'l1l' !I. t~ k m daJ !k u 'GSIl . T ,' o{ il fl -q

S :hou~ (Lbe txaince l to dig, &c._.Jully equipped, tfOXCtlpt for I;li!llu'

p a '- l 1 m ) , . ' . _ _ _ _

Y h will.. b l 1 ;- fo u n t 1 . u s e fi ll 't .o b . ; l / I " e a . oel" l; ; lH l. EmmElli' !'if men lit e . Q . f c p .'co,mrruiy ~pedaUy t~s.inl!d lindel' _RE. l:)up,!il'Vlsi1}u in t1uI ~O'll-

. . ' li ~1 'l le ~iOI 'l . o f b:\, ( 'bfld·wireell : t!1!1g;l .em~t;s , IpQf\h.t!Ics, J:'l!vetlllllg!d l ' ! l . i t l ; ' ' I . : ! ; e, S i c . . .

i3 4

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~eUT~)l,

~~I. $:!I~tl l1)~oj , f l : ~ t m . fu f 'l~~IpJ,r.#i.

It1l!"othsbllj ,t 'eIX~"se);i$f!li1 lill"'t in oiliwy unib lli r;1ijo: l'O\lgIllIM\lInd

' S Y S W l iJ ; ·of oJal'I1'ing Qut N;Litlrs' I ' l l i>... t~~W;lihci:1, If. th e :prOpel:a:r~'~i~,g~m"I.lct.q';Il'fI iil,vle. u;m..clthe nepefllml'Y )lt~eC(l,~~i(lm." Qli& ~l':V(jd,, t ) l , _ . , . re:jj,llft,¢ tl'~ll~'~~_''';t;p. "b," .a iQg_QmpJl~l¥;l l rwl t~1~J~~tJ~fJXIJel'l.cnoo.';~f~Jy and !'.-xp,~tl'itH)~y. ~~J"Ies ly j.l,)iritllil;..'tg:~TGlle£i:l; on "theoth~,l',h;~tHtl; ' i n : v Q , I - y ! l , I l q Y on'll g,relJ.~ , : ,J j ~ _un tt~c,,-~'Ii'7~ l l : \ 1 l ~ e J t · t o - , .h e· ~ e t l l ' d : ; y ( J . f EM 6 1 ; « 1 1 6 1 1 ]nH~11itt:'~OIa\libla ' 1 [ 1 0 ; . ' 1 b1life M1{l '"Il~cgnifo£tte eth e m en ..

' ; 1 ' 1 , 0 . Ii~t ~>$;n#a;l il,!:a l!1lI'Bfll-l preliinina"l'Y 1J'e~0!l.mtissMlc.e.W h e n : e " ' \ 1 ' , e l '- 1 ! , ' 'U)!jj~i> ! <)/bQ\lt ~Q 1&!'):I..,LlQV~j."iI. Dew l i n e 0f ' t ; 1 ' e ~ , b " f f i ;

.Vt-I'tj e i! ~n1i)J f~\ r iU v - i l f i : t "ti; a 'I~~<ell(lh~~ l ~ r m i { l ~ " , . 1 y ; " b Y , . d ll - ; ,. - J f ]lQ~i'tJ. l t l .l i D . 't;h~ c1tOO I J : f ;J. 1~t.t£] lhaD, th}!. ! i<":L'~)'g~i}1.1tll %".n~I~t~ff U i ' ! ) a'~'l

u < : 1 3 ' 1 1 ' & ; r . n t oj,n(1 11Mu).h ' ) :j;: j gu.1:) . Oit)~e-r~" , M ' i 1 . ~ I~'a&t Ill"ie; I ' jHice~'nUEL,!l l l j ' l'N,,c,Q. ~!'('m OOiChMm_P;(I~J,J::t w in pfiJinl b e < ' i l ,a , " I D a I J . M , ()s~crllfllyWb§lD ta-Idug 0":0,1" ,;1 M,W lina H . i l i I . j I in the Cl,tM of ine::lll~oo'iel1~li!fltl''ll0li'l. tb;\i_~ ')lie QtI'k~ (ilia. N.Q.O.h-Qmel lCh compl. I. l I :) ' $hDutdj ' !i JJ1l) , in ~ QOJn.~I!ioo ~l~:,h~(lL ''!_~~ tlR~ bl:~!~ l ?, ~~ v~ o~ ~ tC) l ihe :~rt"I" '~1fit W I . ., 1 i I L ~ ~ ' .l m J ] . . T i t / , : ) ~[li~12ID'afi T -fu~ ~LH~Ylt]g tIll It", ~h~\Iltl l j . e U l~ b i · ( > !W l 1 e . ~ fUl' .~'il : f ) . 0 1 1 i : ' ~ . bercl·~eh-el'(}h¢f t l ; ; I - ' l t € s : p J a c e .j)~tl1!a: j , n : ' i' O : l " l l l ,~ 1 l i O f i il'(J;)lt t1fe-\loit' to bt: l · l £ l i e 1 \ ; · e t l li).u;';t, li e

obtaiTI,¥l Oil th e .IDJwwi1\~]ll",inb~:~".

(fl~ ~n{lit;1.&~ C if i 'l i r ( \, f @ ' D t i l o J } g ¥ l D ; e l i l' ~ ' - p a w . m . e , ~ § t _ { : ,(Ii $QI'~'lJI pJ'4ll"~;{$; . _

c ; : , l'psitum iii ~&\!tlle I I l , a - . : ; h i t 1 ! e ymrs" S~;ip"'h'S, & e . .1 us .[ '11' ~

. l l a w .w 1 1 ,

M D U , T ~ g ~ : .R 9 i f ' ~ ¢g'i'·"'he"~.>Ja_ps ~·I.m_oui1 PlIrij()lll'l of! t J : o o . . c h

W n , , - , T~~'I;Q e~t(iJq~1r,J11"~~MM) P ."~. 1 ) ( l a i , 1 l , ·

~f)P, iliion . . ~~ $LY iv' ll l BO fr !: !; l .stti~s. "\l'lf!k~~. ·st(il'~~.

fa ) :List.,£ .6l'LOUfill.'i!ijH:q; + , . . .(Ii) Me:tJ'l(l!~ of . .;C!mm~m<lIJ,t.iOJl with -supp( l~'h1l ]g I\J;xt.tlJery.

~ A T .r~ ntl'lI '" J~-og ~qQ l [ '1 ' k . ep - t -'HP l 1 ': I ,; I ;I ' :b ) 'M~11U lh l ti ll t h ~ h l ' e ) ~ c i h - d - i ; f i i . l 1 ~ lil(IlJilC;d 1:1;1'. . 1 ' k> lI,e 1,,1i~:F' IIl l: lTIn,t, ,~ .. ", ~(>~"eID~nt ~~h~ll ~ ~~orili iig'.$lh"~"'in Ih f t 'tteutl, lu.'? ;\1'<1, )illPt~,,~lufm-m,. ; ; ion Q~ ' fAl:u~ T~g:al"i . li llS: t ~ . ' ' ' ' ' . · ·I.r(lll ~~s,. S ue) > " " rWJQ~d.IS, of S'l-g,.. t, ~ U , ' ' ' 'oCillI:mu.l.ty ,4hl't'l1-k.f ,t j;"(,,h """res, li,'''thl'·fu~ihle" "'" ; ' ' '~nt ly; ·; i I. tilt: t rQl1dhlj<ll

" , , , i i : ''''r.o l]il;iWil,j !l'''~~ from, " "- il . ..lllt ' Ixl. ' 1 ' 1 1 1 ' 1 m~ltlilc\ t:l.,A,A.,!P 'GJj~d~~I.,ro·~!~PW\>I!lll,. 1opph i ): ,; ' l ,1 ! ) :tc l l. , 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'M - l ' I , -(ie,

(~) J \ I -r I~~g§i; r :I ! ,' il l~ : if w ru iiL y g lWU 1.'-d ; li b l{Jeet n .n, ._a t t" f~ck; for

-.t '~Lfrij;~I'·1/!tti1#l-l.(1') g , D ; . ¥ an'i Ji nge-ments for "'i~l'!aI sig:i l~~ning' , 0 ' 1 ' < i!l~llLiftml.i¢!\ol>jdl'l.

bY._Tmjk~~c

{~} &j;l~i~n' a:rl'~HIe,;emea~~.

~

J W1i~r '~i,p[lly.

It) )\.:r.·I'mi~jt1eii'tsfjjr t ; - ' o o J ! ; i[lg.,Jli~ s ' i l o p P . h h ~ H ~I"Q~m e a J . \ 1 - . · . .

r ~) ~,W by 'Y1 \ j ! l l l . ~rit,:JjlIe~r~$pod brit~'.:IJlp . I . ; a t i o l l s , a ; bn l r; b , t n : tl d wh:<!l'(' l ' l J ,blOJI !h1:: t l> I l ,nlup!l ;d.

A 1 lU ),1 llilt I , i f u e · : I n ' ~ . n ! " l i lin>; ~Jlo<U1tl~I&ir b~ Q IJj;ail!!ed.

26'. })c$!JI';'ptlr/n, () f J [ f! t hod M.O l .f fi "l I, iI lr g i J l l - t 4 IM'icj.

,,1~ ' l~~l~ follo.lJP:rrg,$\lillllll!ir,}' of; tbe:'stel~$"~o b~ Mlte::iJ.llitlJe~ (Ift l / Q ' r - W i , e E 0~f 0 1 1 " bl'l~a(b l,J~' H n _ G t - l l < . l ~ :intlre t J ' ( f u B h H I r e ' l.soil\iVffil Wi

:tgxmle til~l_r~ 1~IJl"tll~1. pi'ott;n:]lll", ':-, 01

, ( ' h : } ~II l-lice:lYlI);g 01"(101"$ o o t ~ 1 . l o·~(>.!, SlJttri! P t ' , I ' t i o , _ Q of : t l ' l ! l ' litre,tho ~rig«l:lc:S.etlt1' 'obtain from tM b l. "i g~ I~ e: ~ () l ie r J \ . l i 1 ; y « ( $ %11: !ft~l11_.<illie i n f o r :n m h r l l .~g;l,~'(bg' the .lin.;', "vol'k in.1)1·02'~es~t l i l " ! l r r : r : y ~ ' i t i J o n ,~:r:"t$t<ill 'OOa~al],:;th~, & , C ' . , ll(I~k~ \ V ! a ~ t wcelJ..uIl-l~"j,lllie;il·fthe,J:m'8 the' ! ; i ~ ' i g ! _ d t ] , ~ ~ .~Ifs'id'~]·s l~'fl;e-{)~1"Y,: ' . I : I ~ ~rit ! l 'g<}wl~hfuh! l tG~h~p. b ~ ' - ( g . ! a L 3 >

~1{1",d ~tM jaof ~Il,t>- · W e t . It tl1 lllll:kit:'t<\'n~ t;lu~t the (),Q J3dga:d(i jMM~I'~e.iJWl Ct\ulpwny, 'MlQ..ulli J ] l < J l k e 1 1 ' ! ;' l l c l l, t m g h 1·elj!lll-:n~tl..6i1n~~oftA ~hl'H ; .(~J: 'When ih(j .]~;i!l:: l,de Elt-aff'h'a."I'l( lM'l' l\ ' Il.g~11~w',!Jie 1jne' fs fo,lI8

l i _ _ ¢ l : t !il\s.}' ~~k..9 t p e - ' . nl'l,*fflll:l;yrnrl;ln~Il,JJjeDtsM ,Bn;'I'b'le.l~..tt!liliail'stR ~lil~;l;yO-Q~ thel}' ~'ecGlIn"'l~'1'll'*oti tll!l line 'M .detaii.e.d 111' . S e c t ] t l n 25 . . .

UID u s£ 'h ~ 1 '~ 1T I< lm l5 < ;l :" ': !i 't-liii:l; t1i'1it~ or <1)1 lillgoing In;ib,'Thde. J]la:y,]1o t b . e u ~ bIte- &,;m_1l S1; l'el !g l>l~ M £ 1 1 ( 1 " ,11]t m t' Q ~l> l ' b ; l i . e 1 l ' ! i l : l . _A _

~3i~t(JihO i~Iu"'r R.!ligth~:ruf '~T8, '~"l'llie,O'it'el'- ~ " " 1 i ¢ t . I . y :tlje ~ am .i lI l ',O l l ~~~ 1 . - ~ _IS h J il cl .P : Y . !L ~ p .: tt a; hQ . l1 L . U l tlie 1 ~ 1 l 1 l \ ~ut llm,"iaFEi fiVer j/r~!l!!h-~1l]"Qrn~W{) bait'cltl! Q;!l~. ' :I ': h} i; ll l~ ~ eO ,f ;f % l U ta.tel> ca,,,c!fi~l ,ail"nl' l:!gClltru1til:

a: 9 1'\l;{a.t:(I~Jrr~kl~:a;·l1ria,ti:wH'\ClldiTlg)tTI(L ~,I~j~,gower",, . J p ) Rel:~f~ e):a~,Pt,,u:-, \ (- i ~ 1 ' ; Y { : y l ' t" ' t ! ~ " ' t' ~ 1 i d~'\5;tl~ll~t1l¥,c~%,ll~il""ll;USJI~\lly

t o b o. o1 u 'H e ;1QIl~

l,)l1dru.· C\ '\<o : J'4 f d : \; ! '! ; 11 ( l~ , ~~etHIiie.

ofMtn'l'~j~Jl~"

m e.n ~ o ! ~ :QhGf Wi ll d~ l)~l '\ d eli IQ6iU :Ci1>eAI~~:ta~i®.'l : 1 , . » - ' 'OOl~.;t1t~(}1W,J'l,lt I t. tH.g e . - lJQ l'alJy ~d . to hetr II I'idre:f.t':(~- e a-By a s l]C'lt~~b!~.1 ] 1 : O l ' i k l fp pl'C",e-q,:~ 1~11:y f r C 0 1 ' f ) . d & l i : e e _ t i - ' ~ Q tH' S_y~t6Jln _ o ,El'~hd6 b~\:s:,liI1t I D : ' ~ a l ! >b~t\:·\leii. 1',~lijfs- . , ! \ a tIle ~<;>Il,;rl>at, \l ,\,iliah. they'1,1'\lJ"M~rle{1~t, W i Q : u l d 1 . 1 (l ,Y T h I : ~ ~ !\ l.£}Qm t,jql8 th i t t 1 Ile1, .

2 : 'l'l1e belgwl9' l J i ' i . T G , ? - ~ a Qi f . - r c c u R i~, biU~!ifl1"1 I J l l < l r t , l l : l i O l I ' l j , - w i t t .~JlU"lot.e"~,d of l;IaOllt J~ffilf'aIl li:"nt l lh~wMtI l%It~Q tl:~-'ClIl~he ~ m el~~i jl ~ L'lLJl~.]1f1It•~<!-Il'Ni.l-I\KL!_:[g 'Qmt 's lll\ l,st, b~ J,.:eJllt dQ\~ t .I~

TU l] !l ,m H~1 ll ' 1 l1 1d, ,3 < i ~ ,o n J t : m u i l _ !; - "! 'l ) : f i : . . : e d 1;t"2wna'whieJd 1 ; _i s 1 1 of 1 1 1 l : o ~ v .@ d

to 1»'¢~A~{ 'tti.. !l~,\~,illy~j; lbjll l~Q i,rilt; ~",t< gili.dl;'s £ l ' O n ' l ' f u e l " un-it

. . , [ fr ~! .i Gf llI i.io~"," ill¥e b y d9o'J~;~L l¢liat t ~v o b iX lH " i u t ~ f v t o i 1 l ! 1 l 1 J &t b",1"ftM~''''~eGmUl't:fi.;o~ ~~.<l'!mJIJi(l}'~ l t f t ( > ~ " i J J ) .t 1 3 c ' l t t . " t J \ l m J . , < · ll~]ievi~g'll~tl",lr6l~~t X ) e ' n :1J10""ll;IlfTzy l ) r i ' 1 . t 6 b i l ~ (iD m~nl,ctli l.in '" I;r.r"" f . lj r . . ..H~i18, . -

~~p) ..R. p, A S ,

to Q Q t'el,i~"fil ~Ii t]~e 1 3 = a t t a J : ! Q I I S . . lull ' e t o i ' l l f i i &C':t to Q~'oo':l'ded1m I;Gtba . oh!s,"* N f l i i ! i H may so f<tr. haw b~eIi· ca, i! t ie~d fo'\' !iOll,;·"~irien~i:lt.lle t!';'im'&l~rt; iI'e 11.m.tPilmted ;:arno.n£. t th~ Ill.'ln a.tth:is "point, , [oD.d vh" oo!i,~f ·~.hellU$li~,Uy :P l'O CM ds !i t:o mp < tn :m S' 0/"mull~~ .pElr~iIllS, eft1!1t.wlth Its se t 0 .E gUl tlS 3 1)1'OY1' ed l)y ~h e \1~J,lf1;

t i . o ' i ) e l".eJle:m~l.· . ~.lb I~ n~u!'l ~.~ pJ'~vj.~1e.a '!' lmdll' t1 'O)1\ ~elWh p lMoeD : < t% ' ilT!?hl,a~

goidc§ t o t " i f K t l , ,' L i Q ) l l l)e,\'a.~ti>l.t'Ww>~I\d 1 1 m ' ma;r,llili9 gn'ns.EvIW'f!f\l_ide'lu:lJ,ll;tJ?dl1 "hep'~~0"sf9n ',i)'~ .i pa.pm:sll.~~\~iilg t : ( h n n.utllbl!l'01' jpl.1)l,~ o ' i £ his tl'fffith,,'a,'Il.d , il li te n um lJh' pf III;rm 111 It. ,

~t.'ill'" II:FH6willg' n ot es o n 'o l' fl \i pr 'H ) ,j 't ; t01' v h e t l'omlll6S may beuseful··;-. .

P ; . . 1 ~ l t s ~ t ' 6 . I ; . ( ~ l ' e : n r ~1l~b:1.' l tMn!J1ill..'!; e ~ v . , ~ ~n tlfu M > J £ l t :l l ~ t J) l~W 9 l J1 g to th e lirl;lll[l,il{t,~ ~ o ~ke I~l"t r~~t¥k..~It;t\ ~;~1{~;~,\t.fil'pi'~£g't'tll)nl'!, t~,.,1.lhl; b'bmkcps ~hOl~d n ot, b e '~];:Cll>, ]~\YBry man,

1liWiijd' i~w!). Oiamlbtlg,g tIW~d. r~'" Ins belt..!tTl (j.ITi,cd'>.l'-s'IHmld ba~:e;ele1J'wit}: tm'~he";' ;1,ud a .loug i,tile i!f " ~ ~ : . Y

®'€'.[nl. ' .v<a.tel. 'pl 'J loE wadEl!"; ; , er oyemtl<;tl'l ~h"dmoo (i,1;1l; Y!lr~~!se[l]l

ill 'lI'g~ w~"'~r"

2'1. j)r(J~'¢illf!:J1~.WJI(l.1:1m:litl1i'i!mMt~ 1liJ$$~ai:'1'liffitiq it Jliliej:

' f li t< f i lHbw: l , IH ll &I'll notes, !,)IHifJlti(} of b .l re P ' I; il lt 8 . t o beo lJ~~h'1:rlill~a:tfJilrg QR : b t e " L I ~ t & . 'II;, is: ~111~blci~.;l ~mot.~ty.~tinl~"i,n~~I'lId:ion".on j;,lmtsV(I'jnt\; jLl $Amll'ng .ol'[181'~f:ql1 Trel !l t; ll W I l < I T , W t t ,

. ('4 i~ J , l l r ~~ II ~ S h l1 o \i :l db t : ! r'¢rw~d lit) \j£ifD~iJ ~lll"k in .the r , j 1 i , l w : illwli~h u.'rid millel' tb e ~ptlJJ:fi1Ulde:L' "'it.Ji ~11J](lU ~h{J:rwill g,j intll the 'ii1'1n~hes, ,

( 1 J \ A ll p (l~t~ llh 15 11 'be k~~t " . t 0 S ~ dPH w .h l l" "DHY '" il lg t o a .n < l~ romtlt~ tr,Cl.!idlO}~" . thl! liMe iIT fL'out ]TI1'I~t_.~G ' l I p r . / J ~I("\I ". An. ( jIUre~'" h O ) .l I ( i · a l l ' V f I ¥ . . : 3 b e : 1 " t'li,a;t~ 0 u d a r , , , " 'n~hl4,; iti" ~ l : e " , r 4 n o d " ' ! s : o ; l J ~ e .; f \ l L 'c ) ; · t 6 h ma n of '& '&-Ii'l ii 'to M i li L t h e b~hlll>t .sC)bl!~I1cl of - t I l e . m\H! i l n .ll'lJiit. N'6~hing' e ' ~ ' ' l ; > e 5 cl':n}I4siOlI,(]l]lttl&S~~l'Y;11d;!~u~ < \ ! I r l l M~. o fmOI'ii so i'iItfch .<ts'm{\!l .gcettlug loon trJJm th:~l>l' paxtit!l$ \"J'ul~rmr!'mg,

up IXl th~ 1)~'QI'\chGl, . , .

,(~,) J!.~,liw." wi:lll;is' C l l l : 1 : ± < l , ! 1 1 1 l 1 i f 1l."quietly1m pps:>lLl~) Ilh.l;ighliS' Ill')~lltla,lci.:~I¥!"I;1l i j i l L ( )wtJd l \f ~r 1 'M :c 1l 'i J}G; f . ! , p'$rll t ~(),~~th~C ld~~ ~eaby theha~t,ahmi CQ"-"lorrIjj..Qdpr'._ (dJ n:p'(orif~9tlitQleJ;Lciilg a "aliei' ~y@y-j~t~lr' llIII$t.l"ccC!!;lve omw'$,~""tv wflfi,t lWbioll iscbo i jB ~ ald} i l ·h~ tlil eJoil, 11) ~~H~!l~ent o .f iLil ,:Ltv.t{)'k,

{n' a l l m l i l l tddHlR filM~ ,."hile , J , : O ) l i e f < ! 21'1i~ pR@:g:ross.A:ut: rej)(\L'~·

ment,Q£ t n' P i; o; l; dl ou h l b l !, (l .V ( l lg . !) dOIl pliJJ1ClI:t10. A!; ilig~ll!l.tal. ~'\lt1OJ"

~ tw~~,*, l l_ghtl ,n ~Il~pnett~j'!j~u;g'\I.:~Lie~Ilh~\irchcp1.l~Y i ; . J ~~.n'Pj\,~~~ttr . tnw,r 9 !' (lo"er l I .o i l i i' l< I l b l !' 1 ' ;l l i: d ,g;~tIn® tWu~ at '" [!.ce";\'l~lt the11 " , ~ 4 YM liro.O'fJ;; hii1din~tJl:ll LI;e.ll'(:h Jj.H jli. ,

'1~c l I ' ( J i P I } ; ! ; , t : , n ) ' , j e s ' l1~l'tYlir. , am~l e ~ p f 'J e j! t] J Y " 1 ' 1 r( 'l 1 )ev"e,l' tltel:e is;'lJ;pl:l')b~l !li"'y df ~ltta;'Ck, l'e!'ref~"'~lrou:Ud be Ca:I'I'led l)ut·a:r .adu, '~IX,SQtbat t 1 l0 Im l' 11Y m:el1 a,rl!} .DDt IIIQnng} r1:, t,he o,J)<m ,!\it the::sa!JJ~ tame"

(fJ NQ tl'l,mdt ,QI' ptlSt G:if?uljie'l'cl' l,:m:'e:1'adlah~1by th ll t: rd P Jl ~ ~ .h¢ reJ_ie\r~tl l!i1tIl. tl1~- r e lr l > v l ll ,g , t ) ' "< ) O ) p ~ b,,& 'M~11"'ll,. ooou)l~d " I t .T h e m e .t i h o i l o f C ; : I ;l , " 1 \Y iu gQ u t ~11[;l a ,c tW ) ,1 l 'e Ii~~a f < , j ' l o Jt l' l> l ;\ ch 1 1 1 1 1st V N Y O

rlG~QtdiJ;rg tv the.. lIatU]:fj IQ f th e tl"(lnqtTll~, .The. ' following. is 11u s ua lm : e h ll o d _ :-

T ' l i < 3 p k i . t o o ~ . 1 ? G l i n $ " "l 'i ev ed . g e t- " o~l tlw . f i: l~ jn .g~te? ~!.,' l('~!'iavi!1~pigi;.o"l)n £l~, ' 1 . 1 . 1 beI:JJncl!t \m:~li l ' iM~ '0J~the 'war, ,~ "F lf f i .' l ," W]J.IC!l'~'Rnb o . g i. >r ~~~ qui~tlJl!l l : iI ' lJog li ti l l! lel l , tl1on~, th.e' I'elisvoti t"tJld l"iilieV'm~

plaoooms clla:Uge pla.ce6.:rh~ u , C ! . ' w ~en,tl"l~5',who, w,lIL ~ln~· liMntold 0 1 1 ' p»jm,;.tv ~bc,l.myp)~'t:Q{)o.'MllilJf{~l1l(l iilie,tv,an,ob,.~,.~11 !'.a.k~\l~~ from, th ~ 9~r . t S t l .l lp l 're l !, ,:))ld: l ihj il ' l \l! lIe~'~rjL_pla.toon "'lJj .Ille Oll ' t . .W L ' ; I J1 ' e ~ 1 1 ( ! 1't11l~IJ~lef4'i'1ft6~ni~Ei'liwt?:l1;eiinirof ( ( b ~ " i : . o ' , J b - ( ! . ICeJ:ir;;)'i~

~l'QPJlfl ,rn$~ be , ~ ' ? , ; w ' : t b~JIl)~d:tl111 ,P<l~'!ao~ tilt, t~ I'~r{;~t\J!leh~t~i;lithe l'ol!l}(oh~nMle>i Ise<H'l']B(l Oll~ . Bef~'e,al,sm~ th(l 'l !eheV1~lgjJiatoo'IIJ., UH f p , la u (, ) () t ! c om r na nd .0 r w fl l. s ,a t l sf J" l Ju l lS l iI f t:hllt'lll.;l1.sen t l ; J : . " J - S

h:we ' be en ~ ;j :r I JJ ~&d)' ,:pqsterl and i;h\~t,~"~vy JlI<lc1U ~'!I ' ! iJ1I l' l at tlJeb otto .1 ll o f h m OWl] WIN fr9l'Q Ul~ PQ~t J " "n ( l ,l l" t; !; e~ ]~UI1,

{f j Gi l t <~ kiiJ g O VW ( i l " \ " l Y t~(ffi~li W e o l : ! i r C \ l c 1 " ill~l>i:m:tg!1,vi1l r n h t 4 ~ 1 ) .aU 1;11( \i : t l~1'! i lc [ i . ' t lb~i"~'·aUl' l jM9,w m tJ;~}l 01;''111' !;h(l 'st 'ql '~"d t < l . O J s In

~h()'tl"o~'eb;,hllo'/e' tl)e ill.~told .oi( in , !;'t:'ntc~'~r'(nrp: 'l ' .~l~d'tJr~ frf$1;l ',eJle-fs pO'!ikt1: . Htl . will ~8 ce 't l' {1 ,m ~W m ' bc e t h e! 1 0 01o tl tl ll l , oJ I,ln.·trsnehes on lIilll 'l1aTIb, (m d , . o : f the n ~ J W j , 1 { 1 S t , 'iIlnl)pOl'l~i 5 f ) l l . c h ~ g Q~lt.

p,ltm)~ to :g~t intQ I;P,U,~:"Ylt~1 tlliem m)d ~cf; < \ S • . 'j,W~teJ!, ~"wlll' !.W~1 J, !' ~~ h ! lt h e , as.';'J)~l,fficl!mt 'i 'LlIlifb,Gl' Q ~ g~ild~ wlW !s'MW 1:!Hl waY't¢ o : : . n ) l l p a : i i v u.,d taJio:r~Matlqli:Ll'tI;lI~ . .

(gJ '£lKl'~IIJJilllitl¢Il o f i1l:el1¥ must be. "'~lX!):I~da~ D:n~l4?' t)re~9rn p a n ) ' oorn!;l1!f1'1dN'to ,be:.tt.aholl h~i1;(I'~'luaJ:1ei"S'"1"~li tlJ:~ :t"el~€il e r Et1 w CQ,ml%41lYw.J!om!J1I:\~t',,~}', i,ll'el)at~:I'I)h~m ,QQln;m(l1(la~J' 0 0 , hn;'Il.de'h~aag!iU;l.,I:t)(n':S"'hell I ,b e ) 'G l1ef ot the bn.btn)!on. .18~~ornp~e~~, ann by

l_]I.'jt:l!(je h~1itlq,_11'~1'B~J;l;1;Q) dh:isi?D:I; '} b:~!l~t.qt1.n'~~~ -wl,~n ~h~1 ' (J~ t' i' f .o f t.lu l b,i'i~ftrll4 l~ cOliiPl .~t!l. "B~tJl n~,1J:e"lt(t < , i n a l-elIe>,fffii!lt~l1r~'Im~st~1~\ke th~e, ~ - e ] I ) I : J 1 L t ! e , ll,"c bf~ittriJ:(yn ~ll~ h"!$p.;da. ;oi~1h o f"Im~, l ' c h l ; l v o a : ( l lmjst tlelIl'!!~ntil! tile l'ruief of aU ~ho trol:lrSUl~dt'rt liem. :bw: :b~n cmTIp]a~f1.

2& , ,\ f!tdi~.$.l'it ' J , ' ; n i ' 1 J h f $ ,

'TI1~j}QlIctlvh!K p!'e~\llions : fo:r ! ;la s s - i 1 I ' l r t y '<li',iilfo tnm~h line mu st

I n : ' ; T a £ l : 1 i ) b ~ ' - b e . O l l: S < lh ''f e 4 : -

r00. D'"ut:tlkllup t , 1 t & in Ti:t:nwe.l~

i, y,ifi~~niU~~' ,9~e,h'~T! IW~Q!; lL"wi:(:_(; '~iI,r,nlO~'II~"g,.ad e'\;~'iligl'q,~~}'ir."I'l'I /X cu Q } 1 ; 1 j l 1 t M, ~ l : t < j T I to k~Eip~ h ~ l f , : u t i ! ~"\hQthm. '~:\Jll~l~~!'Il)t . \I j; li '~ e :r "*~ 1M i. :$ ( juM b ,~ ' l '~ g _ lm '! l. d '' 0 PJ 'Qduce:gi.~r,;m Ih l : > tt:d1e Ill\!V . ~ c t l O 1 I ,~. ~h~'h' pl'i lJ, l.19] l1!li! ~ f,tf*d ill ~11 f , !(i1;diUl~ry l'Oil;tiIm\"£~FerreJh

~ork IS is en3uiJ. : , t~at the _DI&\mmi1' l ' l a.mmm~ Ijr ;,~oi)ki~d~ oil.ily

towJ lI , r ;ds, t im . . , 1 I b J : B C ' t l ll I l )m ! J ,au I)O,y-q,IJP.'l Q f. 'tIm en (gm;rOOll,dtIra I ' 1 : T Ip~'O,,().Illeut of t!j(1l f.r(JllcJl~s,aOl!,sI"t!fl].tW~t~1 ,tAte llocO§1l'fty ror' every l if)<)J3,

to gttt Il, P l " ( ) ! _ ' J I ! 1 ' "'IDOll~1~ 1 ft J : e ' ~ J ; :~Ii;iNJj . i fp. T h i H * ~ ) o,u:ly be dQ!1!l] ; ;Y. , ; ) . Jt0p(} 2yd,,1l1l, Il., d6Wl!itO IlJ,?g')~;1liml~1I'I'f~ tjrl}l~.t[lb~e'i 4 ~\;~!c!~bellllJl: l!:mll1~d I~II('!?,~lhl!t'eJ. ~ q : ' W J i h : - ! l 1 l ~~Fi.ltll!!, ~,Ie, J!.Qif~~ p t J -the- ~y~tl\llJ Dt ",ud{ !O bmn;!!hoo {II[\! g l! 'p;U , ll th~ ij-16Xt..sa<:t,iQn.

3 , i 'l aH , Q l li J ic w 4 f& . l~o \l J~' li lwu ld pe h;1i~li iLl, to~be 1»_,&11~1,"l>"!,I,ltheman '~be~ey~' pv~~~} 1 I} f)1:t1'(olI' tu~"(\ b}l!l l»b!if,lr lIf l J ] l ! I , : : l I ) 1 1 : \ " t ! i J l~nd d;.~tl;!b:Il~llgl~'~~O!)~tOtl~lllt . l 'I : lw::b~ e¥el'Y Ll\ghJ. A jl\l'l!I~~t;y

afsa]ldlJag~and oJh! !1"~ tooo8a'ul lmaOOl') . (I1 U ~ l ; e uBlwJly ~q 1 ; I , a . i lW ' [ i J e , rlu p ~?t l le l ii~ne111 : l>- ~V" ' lY ' n i~)F , ~ i1d ~,h~'aftij,fj$$HiQt.ti;~l' '~~- iw ,b~S 'lral'tt~{; l'(!.ql!lt'~" I.~W~f~il{tI.;go>Ul~~U,llJ {).114f " o / i ' ¢ . ~ b Q t j g l r t. _ ~11~ m i l ~ l " ~ * 't\} ~ e r , ) l !( l W ~ , t 'i.s ~ ' h a ~ : P : W & \ e l l " O ) _ l ' 1 l ~ t : t 1 1 . l ' l i i fr.'JIl! I!~hilltl '~Q ~ ' H T X ul!l'ittWllS ~l" stm>es.,t,() bM<)pS in f'nont, .so as to aII'Old, tn;mm Ill. f u ' Q . I ! eJ : l l ) e 'hi\'hU~ l I : o . s 3 . u . i 1);1.,*p ~ J " :! i ie $ , fl o n 4 , : t j l ;W; ~J'~lJ~{i t~t lOij ; li1H'~. T)p l i tt i ! - ~ Q b,"~t \lh{)!1 J~TYC sup ;p l i»$ e<: l- " '~ " ; ,VI ,ugT ) M . ' t j! > , \ l ~I P p i : { t I l " fl 'lmt IU)$

t l ' o e n E h e ~ , \ludth~ ~I'i,g'lae l'e~'I.·>(-e ~1l~J~b'fN~ 1\0(iILd; c,!.",yjpg'PWrQ . , 1 9 $I I , l P ' to th e bl],:tt<1~1~'L~~~e~W0.w~ tli.<! $I'ont ~"r)cli~}.!Jlf1, y l j u o ) . i Iy tj;~'iJlTht;pn-S'; 'L'bleto f1l'1ns:~Ml'ei>'11!l [;I 'b1:);.5 ~lw'li$tlldJ('In ]-Q~IW.Jl fill' PItt$:mih~~1:!l o :v impt0vishd bll:lldoo,.tJl, ," Rat,ion ,ppx.Ji~esm r i :l ~aL"I~y'i~parbt€' .10-must , , !: i \i ;~Yli 'b~'~I'I5,ed,"vc'lf(tJI~ the ~}il.e~lll~. .4, ~ l l l ! l $Y,''!i~_ft 1):y w L ; : ' P h _J_~, U~iJ;~ J » . ~ ~ , tJ.~fI£l;i,~'Ql)~I~

JJl.~t l1f11 r~~:-_m.'fld£ Q ~ i l l t (j _ e1.111il;Ja·lI~PFl!Ji,l);~-r?l;!<Ln' tt~'~hjth,

f",Ut\.v~, I'illl¥sry bl' .s<i .cl,~.f} .. j'bii~$a{l;~"',IJ]:~iilJ"'l!P:,~,,,f;j~;:tII;mlj~)ia'J]1l~~Y;'!i!;Y.l'i;U'~"lUjql (£til-Ill 12 J,O 2{. l IT,l):lli)~.rin~fOUllU Jl~l\';III ' I ;~ l. ! I!liln.al riDll~ XI'ho t~l!m tlJl,l:p~JW h~l"SMil :ilrtlJi:f~rg~' !;r~de. 'Tl'I(l'~~1'1g£Ld0JYOI'hbq:plf )~ ~n;tj, l)j !wJi.' ; lIl l Q N the ~tlLlf '1I:1~iP l:,f thj!hl"l{l,Jlae, ;VJ,f lh. ; l r n li a bl p N ,U ,_ I D , ,U' ,qh 'II~, ' L ! i I j ic - » t, 1 ,M l t lh o t J. ~ u e < l i f

ji1.(ltrBllcll l'ili0 i J 4 i p p ~ i' 1 I 1 e" c t. !I 1 1 :i i; s4 m t ) 1 "I 1 ;h ~l.!011'911 htl.inS iLl~!p,~

4 0

work iii l 'ea<lQi1~hJids ' i t l ' o t y . hs1u[l~iIitm5 ",rct<. 111~~"!lIt}~ile III"C~J'i.\lo:b~'1i~1"ll lhom Jb-qe'~.E~ tnt", &:haJl~~ 1I;~(hjioo~o;at<Lbl~ i'?[ ("<Il 'l :y[ug~I:P to, th~ fu'eJl@ll1:l"toCQt:n.l'itl' 'W::.t any ~nl1pl(l. aevloo' l '~quLmd ' £01' liLS0U) ~h e trencl\es , tW d to can'j" ,0ut tb Je d i'l ltl 'i b:u tw n o'f tb a m ,a ti ;J J" ia J.,T:he brigade wo~'J<sbOI~ruakQs up, f,o~' instance, Ifi~'be'd wii.1!'" kllUe,t:,Bibt b o x l o( )~ h ol ,~ s , !ift(~r~s t1) , f1oo:r gr:l . t iilgs) gl(eI!ad~ boxes:;slgfl~l\1i1.~ fO'l" (l'Omm.U1l:1CII:tiIOIl- t!~llche~J ( ;:c.

~ J ;? a :q : h ur;it iI~tlietL'O~¢];U:lioi s [ ! a d i l , i n dlii l,ho, b l " i : g . \ d , e h e u ; , lq _ W U ' ! : & r R ,11.8 III tIlE l mOl'nllQ;r ill! p O ! ; S . l b IC l ! a l "e q ui l! i& for t h e , l'na.Uirml

l'ellto be ~l'oU;ght up ~() Ilig,ht. Tb e . s t a t r C'l,pte.in 1I.l 'JI',1l11gell

fOt'ltS p~',ep<lr.atIQ'1 III the brIgade workshop ,a-ncl for semC1i'~git lipto 1J .a; t ; ' t . . .'tlPn b~4 l[ I I<1 ! rt (! ;t 's , who ,\l'l"tlnge ftlu:' Its fiLt '~hef c i l 'F l t : r U m b i o n"t~~OlO]l:ani.lls, - ,

:n, Work itt ' l r C 1 l f J k e : s ,

1. T~e j,m,poi'~lIceof \Vorl , il lS' 01 1 n oel'in{te !iyst .em. and with ad'efi~,ite pnog~~!D'.m~,bas e t11.-eacl tbee l1 ,eml?ha . s ise~" The ess~nt;i.~1ro qm tm .n.ellt$ for. ~ .l1 1;e :trsn,g:illi :lJ;1;\ l:gtVJ1iBin Si : } (l :ho l 'l 17, M,d'~UI1'r:ffiu h " i U o y - e rec wv e fil'll,t llit~I'!.I\~iQn-the.l l l U ' a e d wlee oIl.till"lllm.ent

l P - u S ' l ( b l ' l . 1 1 t le~t 10,~ ~'d~ wi~1el~i:ll.dc f l l l c e a l e d : i I S fu r a~PQ$~bl~..The f9nOI\'l l t~ ~omt~ ~~me 1!l1l-::tt. m,order o~Im:p!wt.<mc~ :-(~ ) 'H u ;I :p~'Q\r~lQn o f ~ Il;d loo pH oles , {Ql' Sll!pel1l, ,'It leas t one 'p er

,1l 'Mt:ieIi of m oM l m th s ' t IYendn ,(iI) The ooMtl '1 ;1 ;cI ; iQn o l' im p ro v emE ll l~ o f e ommu ni ca ti on tnlllehes',

there ,sll;oylq beone ~"er.pJ",i;ean fmm the ~mppo'rt)ine to , the fl r~t~'e.!lcl'ij if e,,] rpm the. ,supp'o~,t t{1;l6 to t.he. reserve line twoll('JtI I m , t ; t. a l l llluffioo," "", I'

M J~izl:~p-;~g pdS~.(trill ,pm' p~~OItl[l, pushed well f'Ol'Wibl'u..(b!) The ' eouskucti;otl ~r b omb -p 1 '0 0 f 0 1 ' s _ p li n, te r. p l~ o( )l I' shelter,

(See Section 19.) .(c ) Th e pl:ol'.i<li'elJ u f o S , . A . . , A , and g renade ~O Ot'.mI S l i o l l l n be i ; ' . \ , t ' , i

§ L A : 1 I . . , l~SW,"\fe ~ b o ' i " o o , ' * .~!]d,'Orifl gt'lj .]w1~ ,st6i:e P . } ! : l platoon, B o t h

S .A .A_ 'a .~d .g~~n¥1~s s hQu l cl :, b a ~tor_e_q,in (l!:p,th! i-!l,;Il'nl':~~~I'~~n:I lhoh li1 ,be s toro~ iil th'ell':l~l~art~nd reS;;l'l'e Iill,~!';''il:9' V< ! ' : l l as'll'ltilliifl'olJ.~line, Sll_lta~le pOS1t:~c;ns fe)Y ' ,ttu)'1>estoIte~ are: ,at, the -P0int-ll:Whe:l'~ (l(imill1IDIC(l;t:-1.0ntl'enc.lt!l$ ~'~n m W th o. va¥t(lUil J;ines.

, , 0 1#' t re ll C:h (b 9 hil ld E "'l 1J .. d~ ~)wndb!)ll:ibing pits 01: 't w e n C R e , s ( ) may b e ' m a d e [f~'~qwr.ea..' 2.,. " I'i,!.:etel l ! i : > filled ~ 1 ; J : : r a,nyw;ot'k in"the tll'lIDchoo,~he.r J:m~t~ot, ,ll;Ue'd" ~y f i l ! . k l l ;l ! % " ~rhl1 fr'om holes madeIne.~~'l11mfaooly 1 . p . . ,the, :!~cblll1d b'ehino tb.e ~r-eDehe~, ,a e rJU~p J . " n . e i > l c l l Illi1.1k~ th'i~ : g a ' o t l l ) ' c l . W , f l i c ,! l i ~ . t o wflilk Q\·QI"a:jI.d o f t . . e ; n m , o o ~ *fep~5~\ '\ l 'i j ;h the wWltl'tletioll ,of tre!lh, trl:lUcb!38. A tl'ench W.hiw.wll.loorve, !lOWIl useful pw'poo~ 3l1o ,\ ildbe ril<i(l~ ,,,,han e~l,i;b for'liUi,:g s < \< li do ag s ;l !, o oq 1J iJ ~~ W%n f li tt ed s a: nd lx ig 'S h :J .'i '1 'It ll ~ ~~i~rl'!~dfor r~]ly:,diS~ncc~ l~ ill ,pt;ele:l'aJ]le ' to' nav8 5~pr u :a t. o' t5 r u .' ti !l $fOl' 1lm:1l~'aut'l OM '!'ym ,g , "

4 -1

3, '\b _ , , , i l l be fOULIclc.(lllV nient; to ' lia:ve in. evety (l(11l11.)lMl.l ~

p'ropor~lOn of I l l f : J . l . 1 : s.peciall,Y t l ' , ' L i n e d unilli-r R . . K stipeI:vi;;;lOIiium ;U ;_ iJ IJ .t ;l oo ph ol es , l ay 1~ g to ut b ar be d w i t ' e : , 1'~'I'e'~tillg,& 0 ; ; AU men

mus t, o f ce l! l; l' \! l. e"b e il 'r ae tis ~ d in th es e- ( 1( 1£i e ! ! j bu't l' ~p~lir.:lly ul 'at[].edR 1'p l;adfor tlta more ~'cp1liicalwork.will be !01lJl'd !\ gre 'l l .t f ! .s s i '3~ncE}.4, .As a l' ugl1,guii'le. to the l 'Iumbcl' of m(IIIll.vaila.blc~ fell'work

in, ~heb l ' ( f l ~ C 1 . n e . S ,itmq,y J , : I ~ ~1'H)l(\a. l:h...~ a c O l i :r p a 'l 'l ' in ,~h6 t r e h c : ; i 1 l ' l S

wlHIl~ml.:tiil'

aeJ5o).lt ]S@~ Iqa¥lIl.~ ,tIlJ.t slg.(lalJ~I'''', lliilCIDIIl'e ~g'~Il.neI'S"o rd ,e rl i . ." S : , & : t ! , 0 f t h ~ s' 8 tbel'() .",\,,1.!l be by d(l."l,fl-b()Itt 16 to2 Q ruene.llg,,~d i i l , Bb se l' \, ~, t~Qn a nd snipillg. a uQ t l i > 1 l ; q 1 e r H i , to 2 0 l ~ aP iy~Q l . 'eJ'ie.vet;J1sm, .Tbis will h~al'e a b( lu t 1 .,2 04liv:;,t lab! l ' . fo r wjlck"MaJ~"s lto t11~ beF9~i l;1 l ,e , t : o ,~il'8'1I!!"Gfa,i' tbell'l to do two hours" \ II01 'X i l lMi l! I l lt ll '! l5 J ). g 3 0m! bwo i n thea .f li e; l' TH , )on . By nighb 40 Bl'llltl'ies Willbe l'equired, :a.n!lthe nh:t relief ,of' 40 ,l1l.lIst nl)tl1s required to workbMOr\lgo~l) .g on,fluby, Th ~ numb~.r 9 f Sell~if3{3 by night llIay'bereduced, ifpa.rtles. areworking .out ill front "'f t he t -re~;o;u .v ' . ,' 1~ e > 7- ho ve 1l0~g f !! l' e c o, b9 tf1oke'll ~ 1 : ' , ~iQ.1l 1n~y" LQCai

lJondJb'io~l~ v a , r X ~!Je o~'d~r Q . f : l1l1p:g~'~.au,c'el~ w.IlClch "\~'9['ki>h Olild ~ul1del'tlL'l\e:n, In llomet.I 'C7lll)hsll H IS lmpoSl.!!bl1' l to do mueh W'01'} tot J , l i ' i ,t?I'el'lchtl-s, by dillY,:fhe i.oiaJ)~)'.Y ,mu>l't,alwil.y~ be p~pa,~ed to ~sist .nny RE,rund

ullnel'~''\\'6da]lg'' In tljt)ll' section. of t.he 1.1:113,

~ft, O J ; $ f P ' I ) o , l i f r i J 'm~ Sn f r f l i i J l . ! "

. L .A ~o!9.d,gystem o.f $l!.1iping,:an I ohst"vathm i" , of the utmostImpor~uoo m tlIen c:b Wi\t'{a.'JXl, UIIIl.tJly every bl\tti.l<lion Illll! i!-

! > F ! t e i ~ , 1 a..t~chrllellt of t . 1 " i > ; h ; e . & ~ll.ip\,\I'~WOl'kil~gl,u~de).' ,~ se1e.c¥Crlh<.:~r,f J J ' N,O.O, Tlt~~rc1\ lti~S~1"1I to ' Re :e p t b e: ,l ii J] .emy' s l il ie s -ul; ltlRl'

conat a'ht fJ bS,Gl'vation, note' I I.l lY ( M 3 i l l g e i l in th!l liM ,; l,l id allY nl'.\Ywru"~ u p d : ' . ·Iakel:l,b;Y,tMeMll~,\';keep tb9'i;tl.cmy's sntpersin eO,eck,f , i, l Id t<l ,l i lthcb €<"-"l laJ .~]e)!( \11 'the. e nemy w l'w ll ev er oPlrortuujty o;ll'Ct'!>,

<J . '~hl.l, foUo,vin!! aIi"S the ~bil le el%e.1J '~J~1~fOI" 1lo,sj;)~c~$fuL lil:li~llillg,Ol~gl1~lIZl:~tIO)n;.-

(a), C'a;rllful ~r "t!.Qll,an(l tM ining of 'iltllpetS' ,. (11) ' ., '1 'l I l~¢ l IQsen ( I ! lld : '~ 'e l}~Q l looa le~1 pos t . !; ; OL ' loop holea ;

< < ' 9 A g o o d$;J'stm,n

",hicll wil! e n s u r e nil p a . 1 · ~ sI l f t l ). ike .u :lem~'~

, ] iil.e bemg k e - p b Ull~1ru: (:OU-sj;.'1,,1lt obse l"VrutlOl1;(d ) Good'di~il)lfue, whieh w i J : J p1'Gvrmt -p0i5tsb,e:illg1giwuJlo~\l11Y

by Wl'e]eSislll'lS,S ,

(e ) hl"Q ~if equiprueJ1t, ;(f) !:J:il.~~ipua~ i l l , . g & i 1 . liti)' in U!,\i.:rIS' d i s ; O J i s ~ " llIfC>!ifs\ a Ullllll~e[l,

1 ' 1 1 ' i ' 1 ( ) t h e l ' , d e V l i o o '$ , ' '

'3, 'J;'be fell!Jw:i:ng tlole.~ 00 tUB ",'00\'1;) poiAts lJ:lI\Y be ~\J\illd of

u5 Ie :~

(it) Sda&i~ "..1 < 4 q J ' ! t > ( f f / , ? ~ f I ' f 1 I ; f ~1tip6'l,:.I'.-¥en $ () l'l lc t~ r u1 1S t 1)'~'inw'll.:ige!lt 't4id w~t'ioilll(il1tetl, besides heilIg' good llhot::i. -Ob$e.J. ' ' '{\~

. . t ' iG! i an d tile 'l!,tiility,to J i i' iS.61'i!.\ew ha s lJ e bajj seen . 'H'~JI!.',')~t il'il j ; lCII:t~ ' l. l l . tq U l L .l if ie a .t i, O I li > i n Q . ~ni'pal1,

r el ic £ : ilUowi l1g Sj'f; {h ~ c l J . i e J ' !Joints in 'which be I l 'l lould l 'eceive1T~lilltll!'t:~

Sl{ollti "jj1fiim alia l n g v I D . J 1 ohj~1i!f;J;hr1ru'. ·u~ .ljOltN'Yi.\ti()n o111li116t stnkj;l.

m 0 ' m rd c nJ .B o f n pt .i I1 W " , t g l ) r t s .' 1 i ~ e > f L n i l C O \ . l ' I J . 9~ , t ; I ' I I ~ ' C 9 p f l f i s " 1 i ~ 1 ~ g l ~ 1 f > 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 pel'~({liph5.Us e Q f n",~ht1U !lmdIC~n$tmtit.oiIJ af a)"~dl. l :: I :, ,11,iqv,l'.

, il~ ll.rmL f 'l1~~19ul ' t:ll '~\\)!FBijDdfIig$,, . ~gu{ J: (a ,! I t Jp e~ , o f J , 6 6 j i l i o h i i ! l !\:nd.l;l;li~t~Jll 'I(W f M,(ei'.Vallie o~q'ni,riil)ili~y,tmd sllcnc,e . ."anM rfece~lUjJ)' 1 J ' l ' pMitl '11Wo

M~.r~a!lillg"y;"ci ~ing of o 'i mplc npl.ll'1Ja,Eye!l-j,glit tl'<'1ihing .Lr1!}fltiQ111).I' ul();oii~ p'flliJL'ilt~ ilf i'il ~bUl1a: of hqsl;iRe l'Hlfuli~ll.,

S I l r I . p ~ 1 C I t ! ihdtl ld. l : rl \u r . l " " ~ , H i .u : l 'q T I r i l. e ·! J .; t l i l l , y - cl lh W L I 4 ! bD s h o w n .a~r~!ilMI~l}I~,,)t-tISf''''plJ,o:;t J : f ~b."~e:m)'_'", ~Il-~l~ibl'l, rmtl a ; 1 : y i~[o1:llIpitiOJ~01'-,11ltehijj'~ U > Llw1U;-f i '01 l1 II J w'f ' l J g f ,tWE !' 1 ' I! Jl lH : ts , <JxaWHI1l.t.10Jl of .ct11J-

h'rr\'~d'·Fll~lI.<Qno]'IJ1, &(!'j Slk1)1ulcl be.l)a~aed ttl t · l r \ ; l J ; l l . . .

( 1 ) ) (Jhfli j ; .etlffirf, f!f)llliep'~'fiIffld.Q,rl>:'~i l '~~. -No J l1 e6 nij ie i-ules ( fa n b e~ilJ id!]Q 1 -vn .~.iitv t l : r .e lJ~t p . Q ~i() i!m~~()~!liui:ll:r;-~'~tt JI~:UBt·~eM~ t o , th e

m.'~: eJ1UI~:r! !;n t1 C ' ll t te l 'f ! rl~e o~. bh e Wll~Il'I",,'i'",!tIC"'!' (I)' :1;J:Hp.ers ~o ,iiiSoc,oi"el'S 'l u ta lJ le p l ~. !) ol < 1,;l!id t t \ > ntilise th om ski.l h I 1I:f. ~1Il' 6x(!eI leut ·t \ l@ l l ~ ' \I'm b 1 l ' !l'Mmd. flO!" o l ' . J s l ' l .t " " f ) , j ) i " n . o . m d a :r iip in ,g . ~~ iJ.€ardft;hej i ' 1 1 u M lal l!.' '.( 11 0 1 1 e : s : t : t i r n O } to l '~rolUloit-J. ;e . fQIe 5lt,-::h po iThM]~ c l u l c i n , g

tln..~:Q''{~ui~g, l:ig~l.~\'-':~1') (lifl. ~C1gy d;;lll~9t,~-~.,~.)" fli~ttl.nl":e. ~tl~wll1'l~ t~ } ' \ l B i l l I 11~~)bIG (;0' ~lla wllll.t~r ~Ii~l'' ! : .1 o l l l i : J l m l t l tibe "1!il"\>! , ( t ( j!Jlh!}1L

'I 'he t'lli\,iliug ofl90pho1e""S so n~ rtl.l ' l~Hll! :e' tJir; iI11'§eIlUl'0 'l, i~;rI~iIU<l,a.nd;~~Br~U(e,ntf.or' l]h~il1wrng,:;.1tL!'I iil·illg a.~ d®!illite. plltrrli'B b.·an M't

ill i~1J' a lI d g i:v es \mdie~': openings for @d~jlj:l.lit:r" lloopbolekl~l1;;;)!Y h ;iw e to r,,,let ~f!t..tllf',V,Il<n1[ltft N t 1lighji i11~th~~,'I,mw~",e1,'\'noJb~fl/'~ t l lO ' \' PI:~dlJ :1 ;<l ! ' i O ~le- dDl~0 (.lurd:l).~.so,as tiu be e.l\mp/et,l!,d' by r ,4 0y l~~h t; . 'l'Ii~.~u~~ll't;I~1:l ..t of 1 9 . I l ~ l L \ o l i : < s ~Jmllde'm.1iIm\ ea(i18[~lf

th e (fUt';i!·.f~ ti l ' t:ll~ l;i'\'"'l\ll~!'i ' i·i!·j ' l l}lnlM'. ' l 'II,!!0iiJh ira.~!~in m~niljlireoo t~1.i g.l: 'Gf,t~llU1la 4 1 glri~u a'l'E:gllli1r (jl1tlilI~to bllelq)atnpet~U"lili\! b l W t J l J > f l " W n : b e . 1 : { , b " R s : ~ ~ " S , m*t~f;§f>8elH1I;Ji1; . i l l I "or~ 9f l 'u h l: !i s.nl~:ika I lP~· , . :i ! t J ,,~ l l 'i. . .A -Lunl1~,;I;b:l't>\,!gJl th9 p''1;apet, if tll...OIlf:lIi1~g)" Q:;I. l 'j I ,hi l ly ®,llilj'"w.dl, Inay fOrlTl <1 goo"!, '~nl,p,wI8 ll~' t.'l'h!l 'l~i\ 0:1 V,(ji·kf.ft~14 e O ' . ! f I ~ 1 : , ! $ " .o f ~ t;iOl,Olll' txj TIlatGl) 'ch(i mtq~J'Qu:it¢1;l$

y a d u L If ~eJiL: $iihdb~. ~ « I 1 1 P ~ Y .~ 1l~ 1b <,~ w ~'1 l O VM "~Iw h~~dm.a $flud. d~91~.:o Ag!l"u~t 1 1 ' 1 " 1 e~.1'tJjb1\~~$rOlftld.!I. l11'tlWlIi ~!Cui~'¥ell; .. ttg;IHU'!: t ~"lI; ; ;S I), gl'm"n ,)'I:ly< t r.;; boJiliO:lltlilulh to o;leooct. Gl'ags~w",~cl"" ,vQ99 aj' hli,ll;Jldhes )]lillygwe fltlnc"",lm'l:l1t. .D \ l.mmy Ip f l; p h :O l9 .~ ·' li re . ft.i·~,J;t \ '~lue \0 ijJ~~l)~t.-eMl'Oy:is ,·li-l'e.( f t ) S.{~Ii!l1,, . .. . J1 Q R ! ' A . r ~ , , ' J : " a~I"lJ:l{:(hi1"th!\t t h : e . \I'liMe. f~'ff:nt

BEth ! ~tllj\1'!J1'~lij]~Q tJj03 j)a:t.t.1J..ioi1;;~Ca~L""W o.l'i~i l:l· o~e.t~\'a:-tlon filbill 'd'a.Wll' ~1I]. , "0t~h poat h(l,,11lg x d~tUllk irotl.tb:)

Wi>'teh. S n jp ~ l' ; S I !" ho - u J . d WOI:k' in J'!ail~1 . : r n o , t ) 1 x > e J " . - d n g w l " " i l ' < ) t h ~ '

O'!iller itj in Jh\adin~~.sJ f J . , , s.Uoot . FO" iI l' IJIf!n in t)VO, 1 1 l 1 i o - f s should 'b~t o l d ("Iii tQ ! > ; ' 1 e h y6lit.EUiCli PQ<lt. w , l c f d l d he made. to :J5$t"!~j';\ : : r ¢ , P I I I ' t . da, iJ j ~ Inpi i) r ~'lle

follow i:ng 'Ii<i;r.(liI.lgs;:-

i ! . i J ' Y : 1:411'WOI<K -dons by t.beuwlI!-Y , ;~I!,>dLl]~~guu s , t~"'I~Jl,h l _ ' l l - o I ' t a : . l ' & , ~~.~Il#r:~,O~l:'l'fut'lI:i~ lXlllts") ne-w

lo~)l lOle~, &9" l i l~t<ed d ' l l c r l l l g Iilif! c 1 ' 1 ! y . , ' ,

~ :e l' ii) :< ~il ~ O O~ II , plali},! , u l l ) f O ' l ' l ' . Ii , ,~pii"W<lllj ; ~ g ~, . ph 1 ~i .q 1 1.! l,eqll~l!meJl.t.

jfb.y ~ J 1 J 1 J e ,em.£tll\:f li}'dd 1I;t!3Jl1;:Y e ' l! l l1 e ijC iI ~ ( ) "howlb,ClY w e ~ - e ' 4 i t . ~Aliy< !)~h<lI' lIl{~I~ua:6ionof 'J lJ .fu l'ill;t; .

.A}.I pifl,~": !JMl QU~V!l! e,u~1i.t'~/r n:t l'lHl~b- }e c ru .', "'u ll y $ laMi ~d e nCOl!,I~!g'oj-! ,~lll,~y",,,,hdshQ~I~ jl~ II1I;:;p~.~~~· : r b. y all o f f i e e J . : .~1l111!?l 'Sl IhQV!t i l Io t l I~ l '! ,~ , i~ 'be {~9~'~rtl" . . ~fg1i"·wo~'k,~hQ.

(hlt~ ; Q t a d f i ; ; t i t l l t d b - J 1 e l ' ' ' ' . a ~ I ! ' l . l l . b,) ' t 1 : : J . l 1 & I) . t o 1 ' Y u f O ; '1IIt", ltl:~d W i ~ 1 . J th ed_~ .l l. I ~J ! ;lam l ' )i li l' ~ a r O le qlJipDl'Blitl· ,I. ! m 1 l ! ~ ; ; j ,tilli.ll will be f t J - l 1 y.G~Glllill.ri.(.l. r. .

I t ' ! ) . l{i~4!r~i7~G.~(lo.,d( 1 j , _ ~ d p l i n e . I & , . tH"llfl~(lry ~ ' L - P :r e v eL l -t r o r , ''tl'ole>l.s,~ . 1 ~IV 1 1 1 ¥ ' f ' ' ' W l ~t] JP : i~~by .~~PQ~ ' : .P . J ;' ~~l' t ~ J - Iwild ,~tnc!l1l1.IlWC~S$<J;l·;r~f1. . ThJ! . 1 ;f { .l t~ ~ I~U S ! )1 .p eJ . 'S \!-Ib jt)ltt;~ t~i 'i \ '~11l1{hJ.lO '~r;~~llYW."a)g~"1 1 1 . h ~ c . i; ! i ·< t > I W ,~l?rt~~l';'m:,e~~"~. J!\""f£ood ' , L l i ! i m r J t u ~ l e . . m ~t,"i~~'o': e ! I : f , 0 1 > O O ~ .

f P ) (,~M 1 1 'Eq'iJ'1p~rr.rmt.-rh m I'(J>'!ttil';]fldyc I t . c r e n nl~Jlt:idu.'ed,j·Wvu •.~t ~ougli J ~ ( l ; , ) : J ) T I i t ! J ' J J be:1;e,l 'lb!~~ tcJ<3l;:;z:lrlji~, .s i :g h t~ .~,..!'e- ~\.ost' d€lieatf}IIl,st: l'mllo: .,~Ls ant!t l ;eq l1 } pe ~~8 'i L J .I ,g ' (l;ll{L-ulJ ll>'Il.lII.e'lt 'b y .en 8:<:P1l1 l1 ;If

gPW r~~I,lH~J}I;}l t . ; t h1l<,i.lllt~~Jl~d.4 . )"Vil~ll i~ 1l1,l.tlt~l:folJjs t J . ) ( I ( I , R - 'ovel' ~ ll~W Iln~ I h l! b ' i tU ' l1 1 j Q l ~

, & J T i p , e : t a ~IIPl ll! l! whiJ rJ; if fvci l~ 1I(1 I. l-" , iJ , Ii~ .sp.~ll.ll 14 JJlii/l'~nit ~h0 ll,onv'Ji~'o(l'nC>!l\l~ ~v.i1i)Jthl;"'~lli.lp€il'~ qi t~lil'b.ttJ:tji(j!! 'tf'. l l ! > rQ.ie'eit ~ l l o L '( l< f 1 .<U[):\~Lt,"i)J. ( l -1 l~h.ej lDl'o:i l 'JM.tion a~·ru{la .l i le<j [r! :l I l \ bloeil~' .!lllClto bENmJre

<Itqu ainted l J, W , ~I J!,~"jV _ i j ; r ' < l .;t . [h.lin~ is ·6\'~:u i w]*,b t~~!J:nW'fIY"Jdi,p jP~·B)H~-V:{llm.en

iJ,l19\~M !~ g ~ t , I J i J : 1J;1~13~li*,\'(~ ijic f\1'~IU".;~l;~Jjle: 'IJi(Il,.t~1:YJl.(J{ tlle

} ~ \ ), W . n " 'i'\!i~!~'po~t!l, ' 1 ' . I . iO : : € ; J ' f ~my ' ) , ; iQQpfl(lI~~BltGlrltl iJg s~aTCllledrol:·'~yt1itllPam.~yil.hl. ; t !oP&i th~ 1ta1:a~~Tht~'t!t>gt;tlie~' wi~lj l i l l Y liI,plyM 1 1 ? j \ l 1 g - - p l n . c e ~ 111 !.:e3,)', ' I ' h e . .t1'~e81 ~ l l ' m l l J i T g : s o l & c . , . ! l l o ur 0\"11.

~1""ilcJl9S£hoLl ld b\l ~~:r:chcd1(,,' ~ ' i! ~eb l . lHBt > lmr} ;! ;wh i , ~ ,h mavshowt·I.!.!'.d~'~M.io)\of ~ h p h ~ (U e . : ~ ~ ; P 2 1 ~ . i i l~H1J' t~~* > t u 4 l ~)s. ,·wi~il)~~l0 0 .~J'y}\d:l().a"~jl~ fro:n.l :w~..,~t-'iI'lJ1lt !lIliPJ/,; 1~~P.1IJi&.mld ·~o \\~~*l : ' 5 i " [ ' a ll Y ' ! 1 :f < S ,A e s ~ { :b ) : k ! $ t ' ! ' W - h ~ ll < ) 1 1 p . ~ 4 . ~ ~ h ~ # -~ ) a $ i J! ll \n i 1 .t m : e i i l . i~1l~a.~eoj;1~~~ne-nrrs · sm j Jm g ,a . ~ ~ [; e u . 1 S g . i . I I < ; l l

an b!" ' ll1 . i. !b ,ev~rY' I :Ni .1 . ·~ l l>f'~.ho5J1eil~y'!lIiJle ~MJ.lJe 6 b ~ ( k ' · G d o . ! t l . 1 " 1 . L 1 f ' c ! 1 : I .Ql.! WI)<ll ."'WJI,\,- ~ , , , e J 1 0 1 ' ' ' ' ' i p . ( l , , \ t i Q 'H ' . '

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a . n d o f : ag g ~ "eS~ i\V ,e 'aeti{lJ!- Wfll-\jt:'l'olt i)U~ i I o ! J d ~"I}j.'.fl:1I1I:iir._Ili~cd t", I,n

COJ1~1".lled, S5l ,fij&t"th,~y can be I)ut i'J]~O'Iql'C~ n .t 9J1fJt':by & tlli¥llago~<i g c : 4 . e p : v ~ ,:& 0 ." ' . •

' ~ . J n r Q J " 1 ! ( ! $ 1 o . n . . - T : I ~ ~ r u l 'l ; il l " " ~ Yt : ~ < t \ u l' e '~ U : t l1 e _M,ri~M~ce:tb~~ C A 1 1

-got 00 to l@ catio)1 _ _of tU'geUs an d i.h~ effect Ijf til.~n·:lil'e. :E'I'I;lI',Y' e.ndeM;Ol1 l' s J IGu ld· b~ I1lnd., by. 'tn.e i-nfanJl'y to ! ls!i !l t ,- ; !t l lt l 'Al~Ilil_~el"Y

obsel\~lIlg.1)oJ>_t;g sheuld, ' be ,eQIl . Ii_pGtBd-to the il'oXl~ trenPl;e£l fOI·t;biB. J l l1rpnM.

. ~li£r.~t~y(jffi i!,;( l, '~"~l\Q.lllil J:i,ei.I1~t:mc~q ~n :,"rtil l~~1 ;m}i;t1t~a9 9£

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' 1 ' 1 , 1 0 fQl1o:'I'ing : r I . l l - e ) j ~ 1 I o 1 1 W a . T W i l ; Y ! lb B QiSij!ll;','eo <in i ' ' ; > i r o l ' ~ ~ ' ' ' ~ f l n t hyt ! l 1 C l In.fn.lltl·Y to- the i ! ~ L - I I 1 0 0 ' y ' : - "

{i!)'l 'he t t , r t i l l 1 ! . - 1 i , c 1 tbe c,p&eL'VelJ~ polfiJiqn mus 'e h~ Meoj:r~~elys t . - l i t e ! ; ! . .

(f q H - r e I ' H ) l ' I n l l g on l!!lrt!lltl! iJl'til1c!'J {ira. i m.il$t b~.iat!l~%l

,yi letlM" Bili' .; tl 'mel or fl.£. 'l'hed'il:<ect;ion (m.m . \;Wch (Hi!:sbe l ;Js l l J~f lComi1Tg sh6111· i l'be S;i"l.!~ a'M<letlj:'!l.t~IJJ,tii. , . p i : r ! l s l b i . : ; .. !! 'h e. f~ l.Z ($ . , . £ y o : ernra.n ..shells i l'eq1i1t)lb!J fUl'uil>1l y t l ; i ' o : u t } } . l e . ,

inlorruatien ' t ;Q t)J,~ a:rillJel)y-, 'he)' ..,.4ouJdb~'8(lli ,t ,a,t OI.)Cl;l

to _ the nl' \ ;) .:~t.;; ,t; i·J.~ill~r'y unit-, with ""~~te,:n~t\f? a ! l ; ; t o : o wheret-li$Y.we.L·~ fOlrnd,

' . b . ~lI'Wld1J . o ( , . i~ h x : c W j 1 ~P\1;k;-L,¥~~l.Ji~iS:t!:u4iOlls;:lfre-ll(;Cf!i'S~IYto ~l'QVIl~t t ' l l ' ! f l : i e ! ' Y ~b3el.~->;fl~tl. seo W ],;t'ililg$}V~t'l.,ae\y.~y byij i f{Hl.tty:EEP[ lr<KI~~m~ ~liel" ."V1tt .ou~ y/e~\ . .t:ln ru le o~Jied!.!lJld~rtil1i,l;l;Y'l fi rt vo ITMn k :r 1l )Wn t o ~ h :: t-W ;r~I';t'ono; 1~ljyJlCtliitlml-ll ,b y i tpproEi ichlng'he!l.dg_uartet 's, l'e;le,CY.& I)'[)(l:I/>,IQ)lS, et.ci, \\(J.tJi..., , t t ,cOOle~,lI11eilt;,--

: r 4 . $!J1~~(A~i(fh{tria ( J « N ' rf ,Fe.et.

JJl vie::\y: , )1 t 'b ( l. ~ 'm gh h of- ~ c ; m e d ; 1 .I . l" i n :g '",hic'b' t :i\..e same line oft.'I)·(lc!::ies f i : e q l ! t . e ·l ). tly l) as t o he . o l ) < J t l i l p l e d t sp-~()lltl pru.e<l.uit11:rnill..Wit ,be't~km to ~ke21{ ' . li l ·~ncb~ Ql,a:c~eu:n 'al'l<1 ':51;W'i\;;j;l 'Y s h abo> A da: I; ,t 'i ll ~,:;;J~tem oJ; b,\Hik~t~o'j):~i!~(li'lH.I$t" ~e (J;rl:\l-lP'.g~~wbf-\":.ev~l· J . 'l O § s i b J ~ . A -! ' l11PPlyof c l J i ! ,J l ' ~ 1 f u r , I lime wrIJ b e - - . ;;~ll tl'en~1i 11liil lle~d- t l ! i ) ) : l , . y . !1<lI' . .es f i ll" ~] l l'ylhg.1 l1 t t \u~ , ; > l i ~ c i~h G!'l(j·u1db~'e.'irefil.fl.r.I iTh.O$enas k+ iraDl the ~l"'i!ilCli ~8 IS ,pr .. c~tM:bJe flptl ~huuM b!iJ : i : i@ tk r r r tL . , . .

:B,J(jlc-S',?F ,d~.a'lmen will l l l e t.ack'tlll T . 1 g h · t , a way f \r ! J1n ! ;he : t tC}n :eues ;"1,6 be. i l ! Ju ; t ; 1 ~d.

. i 'f h~ d i¥ .' !l 'f l_ .\(ll,_()~ ~ "bl;;'!n~h Jeet 8' Is c_~ua~l , 1 1 1 JJl""\ll~ug<:\l_~w.Jldlil~]U,pQl~1'\~'~Ii.Ei~·l'r~~,u'd 1l~:J,b y tIg? ( l . ~ l i 1 l 1 . I , I Q . d ~Ila)'l~' pf\V~[; j l , O _ ; ; : ' 1 . s , 150:0;s,'ll,nd,pl1~'taWl. It 1(1.b I : _ O u g b . t 011mu gl. nl. o . •'. e l~~p~dl.y

46

. , , 1 . 1 )1 tt~c bleud ,,-,ilJ,l\,J,~&iort is i,fi~!lrfe1",ed wit]l I y the u se 0ft;['OM

/)t>ol'S,:tr~he p u t t e , ! l ! i , !),'l' th~ w e a l ' i n g of I 1 I l Y I i l r i , n _ & , ealeulated to o < i ' : ; . s e,CollS!;b ' l et lo ll or the'lQ\ve:.t,! hmos , I,t C&.Ia, be: W"evel 'lbed by l-(at ' i " f l i I :pEovements 6 .& fll'Me,bes l~adiug to drJ' c l ! i . ' , , · h i l i n g and

' i V I L r m t l I. :

@ ~gimeDt(].Ia.I' ,rl1)nJ¥!meabs enSlJI·jng"tl1!1.t tb1l. i}len:Sl feet Rul llAgs I),~]lO'IeiUTl\hbed with w J ~ I ~ J ! ) o i l Q l ' $ n ti J il 'o s ,Lbh ,e , g l: e ru )e L~6r(l l

t: l1tm'11Hfth,ll; tk'~eh ~l ~Ild t d l ~ i» 3 0 filiI' ru;.Is I JO s ~i bl (l , m e n rmv rh Ml ett 'fll]clWs",·~t!. dr:y

J ; i § ( I ~ ,M~, ~r(!lIgef~:J;lJ;[[ JJi.i,tteB ll" ,

~ i J ' } , : R ; y ~~In~g J,wery 0J11JQIPt;~1)1t;y wl'lle III e h .e ~ l, e: !l ld le S ~ o h~"flbrJo:oo 'fl ~d SO!l:!l',f; w.,~u ':otT !t:bU! Jtrj) e to ti.Jn e! 1 : ho ' fe .< lt , tI r lo~d,~v~U 1mb;bed, il;~ld,d ry .s oe ls .( oE w lile b a sc h IM1l .gU(hll'~ !WI 'J a pili!')put. (Ill. .

(~j, '$j ti1'.i'iing~meIl~ to givii thl'! men some exercise dail~' so asho tuain ~aiJl t l l ! ;~bhmd ",h··uhtiOlI.,

(lI) 'J Y t r L e p.~·ov,i~i~inof",iwm fl)ed h' l tJ ,~ tL-~mihe~ when p o ; ; . . " E b l c ,and hY ' ~be p rOYISI )10£ wH.I'l l1'th, sbeltel:, ltot f n oE l " a,_l J~1f~ci li~le .'ifor washing tbe feel; and c 1t'y ln g w et elo:t)e~ f ar I ll en 1 £ lj J. i; i: ugt lr ettena,he.:>,

A i ir,nrpr~~ to )~p f./O~!";l' pl»iI's 10 £ UM,t~ in' 1 1 . , bittts,iipu SOl,

tll,a,~ men , w ho ~e , OllfJ~S need m1fii~; eau b$i g iven aIlotltc!'.pa.:il' w} ; , i l oth~H'$ ~!Xe hfllll!~ m~ de.\!, rll'JI! ClVJ, 9 1 l ' 49'1)111:la y b,\;tj:<"illI~ or~,I! 'lgade ~~r'r4~lge1:nm)~jj;;t ' ! ! I : ! ) ,a l l ;fihp!l:m,;~~'I~e,e.~t~Rli~III1J~IJ.b11cing

!~~p~, U ~ . P l w ,h ,til ea u go' on \11Qi·k l ~ I~ \lilli e , ~b , l l i !)tl;Jt;4.lliiIu is ill Mi'0'" enlt~loo.,

"35, (],J'jIfin'u'I.,icatieJn~,

eo.mmnll:iC:;L~l.ons j~ th e ~rcn~1 l,['IC"u.r-eQ s t ab )! ~h r !d h ( \' e..i (orb.QIl(),b,1,;l~It T[~U<lt b.~ J':C.'l~15~~Iili,:~,t, 1,~,tb() ell!lJlt. '~f hea"ry' shellillif a.U'4 e lephq,fI)t: C,(Jm~!J[t;J.~t}Oll, 1 > 1 . r ~ t C ! : ) r J ' to 1111 ll1:t"rrupt<lc], milt] all

~if15.t)~&I~t;lh,erAI?~lV' &yr<,t~iJl [)~l"jS!I~L! ii.iglJll;,lUII!~ .fm~I,4service c.f, o r ~ l ~ ~ ' h e & 11l\1S& bll ~iI'j'il,ng,el. » ; f l d to o 1 . o ! l d , . ' ,

' J ! ! h e , .,dj~lnl,\,pt _i s J~pmJSLble f,ll' the COllll!JJUlliO!!~i9Il~ pJ , 1 1 ml;k.ttl~ho!,! , ~,~t~l'iqn Slgll<~J,~a~1Iresponsibls I lJl: 1 1 . 1 1 o<:lml!il!niiciA.tjqJ~~~1'O~ }~a£t~ho! l . l:~'l~ql1P.'t;~I'l)'~f~r\'llal'd, :L'lJe~,r'ig""dci'S i gM l SeGtiolllS H o~p ,oDB .l lA e f o. ! 1I9IpmuII!J:.!\I!i19!1' 11';01,11 lWJgM;le h",,~"lqml;l:'tei!s toba. tt t tbcH't . l l: l .~adgu iwte l li1.

, l~ i~ th f.l dn1 iy of nllr>l!iuk'l: tp ~~i~t tb ~ S ,\g MI ~rv(4 ill Hili)f O I 1 ! 1 ~ V l : u g w a y . ' ( , : -

« ( t l i j .eP;W&ing., • \;H~k!; in Iines, to ~he ITt:'!'l'eSl,,' Siltm~J S.tati on,(b ' '] i l.~kmg. ~},il, t~pP,!;l'elU IidiLJJ:D,~gB tp Lmes b:i' 'ho.ops .11 ' \ "'''''(jos

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·ment "tQun~11' i ' . I,ng « l Y o l l ' ! ; ;

, ( ~ ) P i ·e vo .r i' bi ng ~11: lln!"I1Lho~-i'ZI;l«pel'S liS. interfel 'io{l: 'wi~hImelj,.i l.'ll:YQlll> o o.e n :tllted en ng ', w ith d a,b lM 'lv hQ llill'l u 6:ll iL li.lll:l;!',t!l(1

white , a: rm ]e t s h ou l d b e- as k ed h is b u sjn e! l,S ,a nd s en t to t h e ne ll t'O s t:aeadqlJlII.r;t~rs it b , i l > a ns w er s a re l Io ts a ti s f1 . l~ ~ o[ ,y ; an y eivili~!! se'!mto uch inf ; I ine s > l : 1 J Q \ u d , imll'iGl{Ullotely be " '1 " l '~ t e 4 · . . 'Whelle t~lepllon0, J ~ n , S .!WQS!IJ'oali1! 01' tt'I~eks ~fled by tr~"~J?%0['

eommunication t t"l)cbe\!l &0" tlJty 111\lst be buried (l[' ,):ntt u~ I.l,t

r;ireh.a . heig-ht i ) , . " t DQ ~ W j D . ' lp e o o ruevemaut , All telephone Iinesa ho ul d b [ lii .p @ lle d !It'fl'equentJ in tervals . _ '.8.11, I . l l 1 i c i e l ' l ' I , sy&"enlL 0 :£ ~(lmmunieati(')Jt ' l i t ) , · Q t i i l a { \ U e l i ~t be

!l.l'.I''f.~~dl.ana lo~':.

. f f i l< .~! i>1>g~,

lrttles;s:ilrge,Il~,

,!I.lIould,;,:'!lh~eve~jl O S s i 1 5 1 e , !J.~ ~ellt, ~y o t c ; l c t ' 1 , j r ~I'), aVOId \ :( ll Ig e .' 1& 1 6 0 · ( J f tIller,bone.ines, Wi~hih ~1 b)!i{g,tl"ie,e.ael i b:fl:tt,alioh detf.ib ~wo E".!jh"m.:tll':in'~

l ij cX~ l« o rded lf i. S , w : h b l '@hMll w.Ith [wig&tle', hea.dil.li lRl"Mbs J'bJ)th0'

pm']1 0M , 0 1 t'~ltln!f n~essagtlli t o , l' ih e il ' b 'l 'l tt al \e ns : B aC~ lI e: iO )s a! '! ;~

r e' SP , o IJ s l. bl a t h at 'ther 1I.l",a1 1 \1.• h a-v e a~ " le,a ~~ tw a. o ~( ltu ;l\ils (HIaddition ,to tl \e peruuli lien~ l : I r Jg l :b i : l .a (l1·de"he~)who ~no.1\1'M~ wa.yt; Q brigade- J:Hf<l ldq~UL[· te~'I i , There roll,st a~ h~ a!. hi~tIlaliQD Mad-qlla:rttll'S gllide;; t . l}ViWY it 'lInch \1 ld 'by the OR.ttaJiim.M. .e -n $ l Io u l d, c ons t li :t ;l ., tl y b6 ~llt w ib h m e.~ Sl \g es ~tlli'gbt s a j ;b a.i i

t .o e) ' may . Iui.o'W'tbeil" w a < y t ibout . 'nie.y ShOlllt l be i1 :: h i~to d~';(;FifJe

<1.~ttn'a1i~Jf.)ul' po~l;ioIl oj their tnmon ~o lbe p"rsa, n~ t.o, whomdw), 1 l 1 1 J t o e :tlie m e ,s s . ; 1 - g I l ~ · " ' ' ,Helldq,\!ll'oon s h o 1 , l J d il13'''~.'be chang~aunlcss a l ) . . ; ! i h e;i,U&~ t ') i; !l lo w . .L Io n 1 : 11 1th"" S'1!{nill: ~t>l,n,genJ.e]itg, A : i i ._ : ;unit w[tich 1 . ! 1 w ; l 1 g B ~j,t;§ 1 1 1 . e a : d q l l . ! 4 T t e ~ ' ~ 11l11!lt a;BMea ~Df.ormtbeuD.l1;ibove, o'illc1 oolld ~I'l Q!'derLy to 1 :& b o i l K : u 11& ' ! Ie gu~detQ ~be. newhelifiqUfl.i'tI;lI,g ., , "rrhe.Sigoarl S'H"V'i:o;:ds l 'esponsi1i!"! f or £ ,f 1. nn g ~L.'eWI'!MI;l~ 1!illle"ana

wl1ctoh'esshould be I > I . \ t by sigu.a:t t , I I D e .

3 '6 - IWpoJ" ts . .

:Pol' :iodi<' ; llIl llituatiQ~ ~rtsllJ:'el'eq;llil'~ 'fI:OJri 'Q1I!.j~ ill .th~t r@cil l ( 3 !> l1~. .atn.redh(JUl's: 1 l~ \) . aJ1Y l ,\ lt ~ l'f11l?-S, ,?QOl'llj,a~ lWlllJ:J;:t.

~hll,J:lil'(l)ltioll d f th.,e ,w~,!\a:l Sl lo il l4 , 0 0 g:1~ell ui SItua-tllYn l'ep,01ibs j ast h is . af 1f tc t~ t lr e l il !: J' !; ll tb lb t¥ 01' oth el'W lS ll o f ' 1 \ , ,rra~ r~bt.lbck by tlw

e n 't i :m J " , " . .. Ally mUl.s'lld'0C'Ml,~:renlJe I~, of ~ellrse, I,?~ol:'t¢a i l / t Quce, and <vny

i ru p ol "Ln ;t lt I !1 um~aJ : w:ind ~hp~,l,el",!Sl') It,ll replirt(! 'B.,. A C!I~ll.*Y. i ',"I~OH ; l ; J : ! , c 1±i;gntn;t ~~!.IIng~h ~!Otul 'n ~ f e t e qu i r e t l l(hil}' : U . 1 ' J ) p . l 'lImts·~~:r,$,OOIl~ftel' l'lQ~n ~ pd~:.nbl'.Ali~E of ID;<I.:iJjjll'l,d,I'eqUl.tl'ld t.w e : h ~ tI 'cllleli~a s 1i mt ld D Il , l !CUdel:€d

a s \ la d .' !' :U! l iQl<;Slll l!!,~n tll!~ mO~'rl!n!!l (~,Ml? : 4~), . .". ", S t a n ' S o lnust IlNoid l~unle»lJ;I.g Ul'JI' ' lll. £ l , i 8 tl"~l'ch ]m~ ' \ Y 1 t . o

mf ue c: es ll 1wY l 'e tu I TLS : , al l~ ' ! Jorr l l,$ ,PQl1d~~e; 1Iln,ts, 0 :n ~~. oj;~rhand, must lrem,e'm.~et'~a.t {lela) OlV~l'¢'lesgn:ess 10 :rll,n,~le.l"l~l'ep01"1is .~!)U ];c\l'til!rll4!~~t\£e~<1ooeeesJ!:a I'Y \v'01'k . .00 t ful. : ;: l ;wlI.

nllrnber of~~a<lIl!M. g U ; J i s . l¥1'a:bl,f's fll ,\111 to be . e eonomis ed ill.lilie.f!torit tl~rililiB'l' I!;Il,d;ii.b'!:g~ forwbhu(I I~~ avaJliLlilll f01' cm,'Qte<"~atmok J • .' •• "

. . I t , n~~u~d te~dJilD~Y' i ; l to , plMeey\fry ~~!la.bl~Iria.~liiiJJe.gtUl ~ 1 1 t

t h , C , : m : ; > 6 . 1me . 6 t ench ea, m (I} -'(Ier toe.ua.blisiJ., an I m , p a f ; '> S 1 i ; h l ~ C\ll'l'\U:U

!?f'ill~ m fl'oJ?t ~ .lItem, I!~ t i l . ! ! ease o .f ,a, bombl'i~dmen"; thesetr'~n,M.esal'e hi!.ble toh.~ " l l"~;ZY ;badly 4a..rllltg~d and mO$~ o f. theh~l;elllIl~J~lmil.m~y b~ di.l:>ko)"acl ,Any whkh hve J;t.cenWcfltOi'tl

~LI OOl·t-a~Dly l : ) e 1 J u t (j~~ i J o f " ' < i c ( . i ~ u , ilhi:l tendency :nlU~~ t n o r e i i l ' l 1 lb " e ; s.nppl'flsged,· . '. .

Tbll.. Qb je .e f; t o, be.a.imoa a t ~ i : S to ; p b e 6 1 l ' 1 . , ' L i C ' I l i : n e gl1~IS ill 8u~'~'", 'Yl).y

t~~ J f , <!&~~l 'ab~m'P. ' I) '~ID~!}tol'by~he use. O' ~ nsphyxh~ti.Jlg gas~, the~ ~ . ~ 1 l{ #e e cl $. i. n, .~ gD ll tl '1 l. tl ., Il .: g O,\!~'11l~e~,h.IS::luf,t:n~l'l',)tt e ' ! : e l ' Y , . ~~e-p..Q f tU:!el~ .~'I"an~l.'vdn ¥e m IJ .t w l~h fu m ~lXl ,m l lJ.tW.hHW.glJlIlaw1l,i~Lh kv e lle ~H pI:jlVi~lI$1J' , , - ~ J 1 " e ~ ! ' . I w ~ 4 ._lG dep t! l, < l ind-w il l. ' t bU§i b 0 c o m -:pelled ·to; B E -O p . . . ,

Ieis 1):O,t sa ;["e~ea~~yto covel'. a la:rgt al'e!\ witt! ftl'' ' ~ . 0 . : arru.ug0for .tht.Il.~'TI,lg ( 1 1 : ' £ <. . ' . l!~ofu.. .1yeU '~.:~!l.ll~ed positiolJfq tlir~fi:te' will,,;veep <tway ~ h ( . \ lI\'!\,xefi ( 1 ' 1 j~O'ft~lle :mfa.ntl'y- · r u o t h e y tl':yto p u s hfOl'WlU'fL' ,

d ol nt nA~de l' il r n: \l iS 't t;li'el~iJl;[)' dt\~i~e thair rw!lchi~le''''''l~la oo'~,ye("llth a fL'Ontl.rnea.1id the'.~roll11:d i r r rear·of i\a;pd ill1,~ell pti:drC;.\ l l! l l·(c'llSe _?'lll8llse..: ~h!1.ot,~lIij.emplt~tements liiend. wUhtltB $~u.ndi~gg . ro l, lm I ' \i nd: : t i . t .1Jl.mt.l~th e g~nel, '&1 ;ach6I1m ofdefcmce.' I' ll ? c ,( ) ~. .t ;l 1 .\ o1 l d~ i i. o~ t b~' l \~ 'i gM1e lJ\l<wbill~ gml\ .e OlD 'PM y m .u staJ~[I;y.•m~k~,a, _c l it :e' f (J }~n i i; r ~r. tJ~, wbol~.'~~~Q~' held b: r *hebl'l.~~~j W l e Ji R ' \ ' I &W to , 1 1 l ' 1 : t . ' f I n : n ~ g _ ' t I l i 1 . . ttrl~r;.1~i1n~ < i . , f e J ? l ~ t 1 , t ~ o ~neI'l~st"'~\1(1,')Ii4~o. ,po·():]]e[\tI~ldnlntiit ~ 1l; r1:; l ,t) .gfl~; lpl1.. tiU.l lIa,n'l'1!Pft ! i n ~ :£IeptJOl' w'!tb the maclililt i g ti n: MrupThlI.1M Q f' tlie' peigt~1J~tti: illgbl"lga~ll. • " .

. ~ . p . ; :~ t lJ~U fJ1 l.,~pid. G"GI~la~lm41..t,:--A really b o~ :b -'p rQ o f t tr up l.a ,~ e-ment , JQ1'_l nacHi tl .l 1: ,gUllS, l"Jq}l,t;::es ·j}.oti;<i"!d~!!'I;bk ~liiclmf:6s of ~DYB1\

ILn~ tit thl3 OWn, t i J , J " A f a c t WJll f'enc'ltw it ,1~l\l',la,t: 9 bi> ells\ly 1 9 P< 1 . t e " &

t t l ' the< e l l e 1 I ! Y I ""!'howill b~ab).'t:todesbl'Qy i~if 11. '; ' ;hil lk~ it w U l ! 't hwhils, . .. • - ". .

n.Q~l>-l?t"\'If ,.e!l]]lll:lce:IllSllts :m.llst therefore ()1l]Y bepla.eed .1ml)-Q$IHo,1$wheN tl.:io -et'l6.~l~Yd>-nnpp o~r"'Q th13n;l., SJ1c.h a.~MI.tl relie[~e

·~IQpeE\;C)I·:w·here tbiril' l!'eliaf l ipn't 'prms W thi!) fold~ of the. grO"llDd, Q~'

In w 9 0 i L ; I , & a ,

Til",' imporktil.ce o f J ,e ~p iI l, '_ g ' l ll ;@h i ne - g:mlll' in:"Y'~ibJ6 ill ph l9CJ'tW"h~ ,f I, b omb -p . n. >c l eru}l 'lauem'ent .ClMmot b~ : cQ,uooaietlUtree;s$imt0sL h e f u1 .n g e ln ,p R otC em en ts L et n- g :mlltlll outside tM s h e lt er li l, b.J:!t~lft;i'·n b!>'"d.ea,~~;~IlOUJih~F~I!e ~llllt<;be; bl'0ugllb h1toilc6iQn:'a..~a

i i 'S . ~.e!~, T I t ! , ! sbe),t~~ . (lID! t- p l\~ US9Q_ tp l)rQt§e~ the.~ ef l , , ~u d, c an tl jo iiI li XQ , r- s.1 5 ~al;I .'MBp ~ l'{lqwfe~ a.~{l_so'~ave <tn.t\lm:ol>'~ l l l V l S l b l < l l ~'ehe£~

Fl);'ing ~~pl~mBn ts mUJ' , t ; b~ (1J "l<i~i" t / I . e ; $ l i I J . U & i ' ~ "aiiplj jti ,f .;JIJ ...~J1.eycrnJ.. e 1 t ! 1 I u ' , be pI '< lteded ."~alost ° s p 1 1 . 1 l : t e J : ' a by lig_h.f ,o · v ¢ ) ; i l i . . :@ " ltoY',:~,: o /i be .;111.~he P< l i 'f PB t WI~h , () !. It .<wy head ooye~"atr;ill, ,. 0

]"ll'Jng~el!l~l~m~llts ... c . " \ I l ¥~pl ; r " , pl'~l"lred"~n~Qles'iuthe JljleD. m

6'1

'£""0,_l~t' ~Yf01 ' pBhlnil! "t)Wf\re, Vr"mcn,.Tbes~ J.:rf!lea " ! t G . ' l t ! d be eflll]:J e.cw dl 'Hththe sh~lteJ '. ll 1J.r\ .l1,d~'g"·QIln.d pa~(' jagru;,. ~Bl)3 g1,ll'1 !lh0W,Q be~OUIl.~t l. · f i , t W.~e)a.! !01lm?M.e, i l l · t Ql1t11ll: e,"t t .~ru~ edge of theh!!llcj e . i t ; l : ; # r~J tho i l. t . ~n1 pl'Q "n !litall~ @\ pref&rablY:~l1\I,~~~d1 z y @ s ,hle 'kLorg i m , L ly . i ;, lo . p ;J ;u g ···,t. If J h ii ! J h ,c i le t r 1 1 d , iw $Ul:r·Qlm:d.,il;n:gf>~r~c.~"G~!qJlly. disg\)ised~' w i l l o(Wtaill]Y escape o h : § e l . ' 'X < a t i n , l ] . by. t l l . ' t ' l e.ne:n~y,Such e:m'pI!\~m'ell.tJ:l'$lIOl.ld \le..{roql1eJlill~" '11SG~1behind. the l ir" ,Uihe.s~4_. ..Wll, eh ~ li ve -:1;:[le~:!W.j:t~l\lgr,m a rt'N~~1.\ i i l o ' P e . i ! ' ':(j!)~J:tMftll ~eth (l(J .

W J H ! : W ~lleJl)mo:llrrt.,()f w p q , : :m.vol"1'efll;~ Mtp,-:'{)1~1b~~~Yl'lato 4 !g lif\tchhO~I!.~J,n'ff6n.t of t.h0 . l . ' l c 1 g e ~l C(l. 'Iu( l.i ll ; tFimn. wlth.bh:~ trenilt byund e'tg'fo~tJld Jf!i$~:n:g~~l.'1mni!lft 'C ) 1 l d . 6 1 ' ~h o !:ldt,'te. its€ f i " ,

H~e. g n n S ' m l . I l: a ls .a b e p l= >o od i ll b J ' B o i l ' - i : m t h e ' s a m e · W i " 1 \" M9hoo~ati(lp, I)Gst~. ..., . .

111tlMel' tid en$Ure;iIlv~lJ.t~i It ~ J 4a J) . G O l i ' U l 1 . ' ullio;a;t.i0I;.kericltell.loo!:1in;S'to the, !).tl:lpw~~nnl):];J.tEl mns t 00 ().~n.at"l\rtted M bhil.d~d s<\:lj~.Itl~aJijQ e i lB~~r~in . i1 ;Q p '1 'el )~~ jj, 1 1 1 ; 1 ' g l 3b \ J . ]] ; ; b~; l ) ' o f elllpl*"m@ts iIj. o l ' d e f

to ayo'i.~fi i i : rrg da·i)}' il'Olro th$ l. ie , ( ,rJ j ,iQh tlJ.~ llpeOlallr MiJ1 ;t r 1i et s d. " f o rt h 1 . 1 1 ! . 1 r P 0 0 < e of repGJJing au attack. • .JlfaQbin~ g:onne,rnl ~:i-I1Bt nev,~l'abf4lld9n i,lw,Ir pO~·ti..oll, : i l ) , any

c,l[:!iil.ll:Wt!li~.ooB' IF n e . c e . a i l a . J . ' V t.ll:ey m:"ll"i;~ , i _ I ; l 1 . o w · IihemsillY~8 to -'Jill,

· S \ ! , 1 ' 1 ' o ' l ! . l O ' 4 e d ,lIfj~ m'l'!~~ d : e f : e n d .. t h e m ~ e l i . ', l Ie s M. th .e. ,. l a - S t , A I!'i!lt P f i S i . . t i , p n

ha sQ)1,. ' ,nuu;i ' j i Il 'IlP.fillIQ]],I;! '

beoo. I: 'eM]lhrred

qUl;;Jt!ytfual1k$

to',he"wnacity a n . d , I l e . ' " l " b i s - m ¢If a. J e w ml«:.h~eWfI1Ue.q!, III ordll:i'oo rend'llfs uch l¥ ( l~ p eJ ? at o} r ~~ ta .n ee t Jp 's ti bJ e, l lI < 1eh ine gU l l e :r u p l! lc eme ll tl i,must '!hiHjl~h~:Followillg OO.ndltiol1s ~~

(.a) T.hey mual:i.be S\ill'1'Q1)ll~"d by l l "l 'cegnla ll bM'hed Wil'!! I.mtangJ[e.. m8n~, made <IS Invisfble : ; o s PQ~;i1)le. . .

. ( b ) TI~et(!, l11l1Sb 110;00\ '(14' ,11 ell'ipl.a..C~m.i::ll:t8jn 1 " a . 5 ~ 0$; SJ lo jl ld 1 )9l·llllde,r.e~' \l l i le i e s £ •

{ c ; : ) T h e , ~ ~ . a m ~ · ·mJls,t. ''be prO"l'ided: w ! 1 < 1 ) . w'u t ,Mtr ion, ? , g~o. st , g n : S lnnd l la .ve_p le l1 t l of f\lCd, " ,a. -t el ' a .nd . .mmumtaon,

•3 . L ew iJ J ,g - p l1 i~ ,- ,] )l le L ew is g '" ITh d.im~r$ f:h'Wut"li~ ~ickln'iI Oi l

Mt¢t'im ~t.i;ti0~~()1.'; l l lahl l~6 ,~ II1ld. i:~JI;ti,biH~ytu,~.iJ~t,<l.illeo, ) ~ a , n l d) 'atj j p £ ' ! i t e : f ;ox ~y lenit.fh o£ tll~~" Lii l: 'wl$ gU~l~ l ih g n ld . ~ ,~ lIs:%fili

.'" del'el'l~Yel iue ~Ge<!onoi?i sEl wan tl'Y audto BUPFle~'l!l'~lttil" Y1Pkro' ' ' lor Ma::Uill g). l l lS i( ) :Uh~ bn$a{1~c0mp"'i1Y, l:1ol;:to talw:1flhe.l}"plaoo; Thy

ca n b~ U"'l>.cl iII C?-o~) '~1i101~,with the 11.t~niIH1, gUIlll'of the bl~!.g~.ec\l .!l1:p~y,tiQ6weeiP d~Pl:~lllllool~;.CC)'I '(flli:\l ~Jl[.l!'~iich~~,l.f~.~~m. , ,1ibic'\it Il ~~ e ~UllS ca;run6t Ill(;, ]~~WiH . guns fJ,~I~OVl}l' th e T Il~ j1 ," P ~t . r u j " < i ' Mn,

j;h~~'e£o~;e. Q f t J E J ~ w e e rg'!,?\!il!t1i.)I¥)jiible f J : O I D , !~in{~h~'lll !!~n.ce'rnllh~~-!il.OO~!WlU(ili.I!ll(Sua].Jylllte'd MUl: ' .1l:.1'Qt\nd le~\YeLm.ld,thl!~':!lf61".e:..h~ 1) ,

1o, , , cODJitntmcl The1:£ mtll~t'b~ th e uio.sest,Q1Hlpllmtinn behl'~(!D timba.tta'lil)llS and ,tb.~c o m m a l J! i e ~ 1 of the 1 , ; 1 I ! J g a t j sHlIJ.ehill~ g : u 1 ' I o o D r p a ; n y

oVi-'Jr t:A.~.1'~6j~~di;e?-eIJo.~"'jolis n.lld .~~s,f,ni Lewis ~,Ul~S. ,,As,~w)$. g: l. l11W,! l'Ni.C : O l i ; r p , 1 : n l : "'\'''-!tP9~ i f i 1 ' t e . l l ' D,1l.ro."b eru; t~o: l],~l1tlrno lITiJ.I. tlSIla'lly b",!lilil~~,m:iJJ.OO by .!:.he. nl1mb~l' p f. Mlmpall1\j;S

IJ :Sll~ing I '! ;~ tb i tia .Yl, il : i6\";eve)~, oeh!QOO\a~w ':tlf, a arv~b !~ to, W ke theLe\v:is 'BLUlS Q : f : sup.purtiinHI· 01". l'sserVe C("'ll'PMTI~ iF t:h:i1!!ebX 'Iilir!

56

CHAPTE:R V.

NO!llE.S 'liN~IlB .A!I'TAp:rc1'1:1 Tlu~~m-!l "WA';:R1l'jUl.g:.*

4 .2 , N$lYIll' / J f J I J ' t J ! / ! . ~ l ' ;' l fPura~W Jt.

. ~cesS _~l:j an _ i l ; 1 l t f l i d 1 > ; . ,on i~ liue, I , l f t.:el~ches , ( l e p e n C 4 : 011 ,th~

trfllDrug nf the t rM p i> a nd 0 l1 .t :h e thOl'911ghuIlM of 'tIle, Ill'epal'll'tli:lnsmade,Gonfus:io,ll is apt ~o occur in ~tny-assault; it is spooially Ii O be

(l!xpet:ted when. att..·wldng a maze o r carefully pnrp.u'ed pesi~iol1is

and 1$ (;h moot 11. 'equellt cause of failure, Unless it I;lI.Il b~prevented 01' mininiisad 'byclu:eful pl"eplt~at;iQn. and tl."ain.ing,thee ll e~ YI \V b i3 ;l e eonuter-attacks VI' i1l ha~'6 boon plMned and bet-<f1.ltingplace IW I lI ' fm bi li 9 .J ' g J '0 l 11 1 H 4 will pl!oblliobly ~l.I.c.we4 in w:i 'V'ingt h e . a. tt lw k l3 l 's b ow ie again.. T imefi : l, r lU'tI_parat:ion_ is·ava.'ilab]e., n.ntl :fun u ae m u st b e· ID a.d e· oftlil~, T J : L e _a tt.t:!~kCWJl, ~ h e l 1 l f o r e , . be said tobeglnweeks before ! t i l e

~y f ix ed IO! : eM ~11lt., -

48 , In flMUl" l J_Fj 'Bpar l :J , ti rmfor A t t ll # ',

1. 1i'ecm~nq.Ua(~w~e,-Unhs : 11 1o CC ll pn tio ll o f a; system at t l ' e 1 ! l c h o smu se a JWa ys cousider theu ' line andtbe enemy's defences JrOl11 thep o il lt o f ,v j, (l w, t a.~t.-Wk. O.:o.!l~ta,nt0 1 1 &.. ~l'v>ltiol~~d patrolling will!;Ie required to .~4 to t1i~ ,mf!Jl'mil~oll aYD;llable" TIile groundbetween th.e O~P[)'l-tng£tont lin S lrJ1Qfit he aC(lUl'll,ooly rooon-lloitre,lso that no unsuspected obstacles, -s;u_ch i\.9 sunken wil ,'e at ' d.itcl1oo,rna.!:' .lsold up an ~Ill&'1.-ult, ' Every eiforb must 19 made to lo~.tem: hine gun I'/mplacement!:lolt strong )l{.lmts in the. enemy's line sol!.a t;o be Ilobleto assise the lubil lsl'Y in the bOltllliU:dmeut of thehosttle defe:JJc&fl, 11ft!!whole of the eiJl)ll .cy'!S_~y~i~m 0 '£ defences•<)ve\ ' w h n l'J h t ho ~aul t ill :to fj:0 mU,~t lm made i < , ! - ! n i I lal' Co all runka,A gl'eIllt deal of In fo l'U)atloo IS avadable fu'Oll t "b ;e \f ; } ;oe .! len t tU'. ( )nchmup~ compiled f, 'om -;wropla.ne pllal;(;)gl;\ l, lp1li l, a_llcla l'ltlJ(lypf thep h Q O O f i " . ! .l p J :i s t.hemselves,i' . .2_ ll(1.:. of Aj!Q<lk.-In thplan o r ·a~ta.ek!tbefo1!owin" al\€Jth.e

d ief -point~ to eousider- bom. the point of view o f iIlfilIl~ry units( I : n ' i g i ; l i d e s and b a t t . .' 1 . l ic i ' li s ) ; -

• Th i .s - (l lr :t p te 1 "i s. 1 l.C!H 11 I~ ll di jd t o bo exhaWl!jve O lI -n d' lm fs _D 9 t o ol lc h o n VO -r yInl),Uly 1~,()s.tim~>oTf.,<Utpl'~p"r",hion" n. r ,o l l 3i'11l.ngcln.e."ts''l'bicl; hav., fA ) be madein J:bc'G a , , , , of an:'·athWkob.i.laJ'~ ~CtlI9, .h ill :iI):!,omdedto !lllt·V"I1>..D.5fl g91l"'l ' ,~l

gmtl!a ~"'! W tb~ l I>J; l' llug,tml6r lb necossnl'y Oil . L ile pal ;! ; .of brigt ,i les andJIJ:IttljliaJJ.~_

ir_rhe l! ,Sq· , ,1 0; l11-l'gip Jtlli,tetll to -tltrow ocropla\ro!i Ili16logl'fLpu:s. Q[ ; ! [ & ~<)CreMI iu Is i J li m ) f cl uG d o f _S"'c!iat fILl .. ,;, .

(a) The di"bributioll of tli~a.ttacki!lg i n f iJ;l lt ry; _i;c.~ thenumber of lines. 01 ' "Wa ,V6 l I" required fOl' tlie a.ttack, th epomts (iPP'{)S~te 'Which t he a .s s;, n! lt~ ng ,lines . rt Il lS t. ~ Il

~t.l"Ol!lgesjj' ta:d~ ~ith ~pott~t o~~e'ctl"~ ~!e de~ll-mg ~f ~rtlei"~ fo r 9pec\al~ks ( c.le~nl~ . p,''1l'j.les,cili1t:ymg ptl.rtles', pa.rtles to dI g 'C0!lllllufI.lcnt_lOl"L t.L ene~1Ji3iha.ck til ou r n'oll.t l in e, &c .) _ D~fi~ll~!)(lbJectl'lell.~ml!stbeaUot l ;ed, i l ! ) ""e~l l l : l. ; )J .y Q.fine;i),. <l:O'llil1.'to se~~iOl'~..

(It) 'Ib'!.l tUi&,of i lllu:Mue .gUllil and t re nen. ' )lUor ta :l ]! ; to Sllppprt, th e atlia:cR a:nd«'lo)'I'a:ugeme'f1ts to se nd fOl'W1IJ_il -Ii.. preprrr-

tion ufi;h~e b,,!J:illil tiuq..t , t 1 ! i . c l t i h g illfMLUrY,

(0 ) Th'l enlployi:n!?nt '~f;grMailiel" parties.

(il) ':rh-epl'o_te~,l;ici;n 0: '~h~ ~allkl>, !IDd l ' lI~'l 'a;nge~:eIH,;; fsn' co-0p'l'I1'atwl'l :\VL~11, and ~s\St,\\1100 of, 11<:\ghbomwg units:

(e) AlTlmgmneotll £ 0 1 " comlIllUliea.-tion. _ ..

(f) MJ:lLngeme.nw fo p supply, o f S ,A ..A 'j g '~ en ad e.; ,u,6ki,. &;c ,

: 3. . 1 ' ra i ). li l! g . -Be f fl 1 ,< ! t akin g . part in an at:tac)!J trOOJl~ th~t_~a~abeen ~ long time sedm:J.taty fn the trenches .wlil T~9~lre spe~laltl'tLiUll1" to fit them f"l 'tb~ 'l~lmult-, '.Ill.ay 1\l11~!"e(p_ltl~ l\lJlWhm g '.'~lld~x:l'lJjsetf.) l l lu_deJl tht!~n.2~hpel\clllj's d~fe~aiv~~ifl~!i~h~111d

perl:lpX'Qdvcj:)d L0 ~t~n,l )~~!~~~~_~mI!IVJlel:e,~:tl~.llJe11Ul~,~r' h1lle~!'1~11th e t~oops ba 1'1 '<iCJI~id II I t h.E l l t~1l.!:Llt , "i!~ll a rt a" I t,h ol lt {I~b~U.,

till e ve ry m al l !mow8 h~~.rQ~ein hhe <tttack. The OO:0'P(\I;~tlOlIof& t ~ Jl a. di ti s w ' it h th 'Sl'iThh o f " tIm i !i :f :m t ry :tn'lls!; be D_mcll<:iea,

"'Siguallel,g I"i'lll'eqp-ire p,r!l:ctill,dn viSll~W! sigl!l&lll~,g. , _.. ,_.4. F/'l!;pa)'IlZiMtoj lhlnIJlw8 for~lttd~k.-All PID3s1ble P~~J?3itat;~:oIl

or t,he"teMb~sbo1:l_la be done IQ,~ btifl'Ej tho ~L'l~wcktakc,~p 4i ce,otb..ol'wi;ffl our- in l-<Il l jbi lm to ~ttaok 'will -be. I , , ;,ade pla .IJJ to the enemy.Th'.l'efor.e in (l.\'Gl'l' Sy;;t,BIll f t rl ln ch e .' l _ el IVQSltl~ru; for .~" attackmu s e b ~ c !) J] S ic te l' ed

jiLml o l . , I N 1lfuiOl--!l.aditioJ'ts sboul;I.,beilJ.el:es.sa:r,;'

]1l"e'vi"61lS'~ the :~i:ltU~l,~"~tack, _,H should be th~. -aIIIlW eve~:yt0111.~'!mlii:lel·1 ; ( > H ush h t~ fe'ont Iine tireJ]c,h e9 b!':f~l!J _ l ) < l l . !issa.ldt.- <l~c]p~ tp ·dle euerny In!" p o s s i b l e , or lit I c a . S _ t .,t~.V1tlu:n !l~f). y t nl s ,'fhis .m!~rbe done by'*l-PPUlg ..nd ,then JOIning up ~ l I . e .hllru:hof

3(tr~ViU\llage,ca.il.~pm!l;ti1i:l~"!! 1 l ' o rok\)ll o f . ' ; 1 . ·d!].'tk rdg!il:t "lid a. pawtl~e:mlh li~dug ill fr6nt I ! ) : f o.l!~.old front tnmeh (lul'mgthe 1"I1~]at..In t , b . i r ; CII"SIl&It' e pa ,l '&Y ml,l~t. b" h\.l-ge_enough to e.nsu:r~l!e.~V:ln_~.COlier tbe fu.'t night. This mef.b ..od \Viu', al!lP only b,e TJQ~slble nt . i k l ' ~I'ClOW;llQM.i :ng the Iirl~, by s l ;opp~J1g, th ~ linlJi!ll1.'~ ?a:.tl-o]anlO"iJi~«bD'ht:; l.a 'V:e. ('_<Jtahbs!:\ ll9. a snpel'loTJ."ty III "be a e l i : a ; t \ I l b l ( )

gp,.tl,IJrl}' .'. l l l ! l J : ) 7 I o l ) Z y l i ' fSlwhe<j UHl~t l~el )n J P ;! ;~ 'C 1a . C! th,~t h e, -S-l.H1:C¥'-"l\!(l waves

of < t l5$a l li l ,i !lg - U-YOiIHa .n; 'b ! i. - ]; ; \l l1cl ied !.It the r quired . IIne,_The,>6.tUJ;lcb¢s ,il'ioula be pr<lpro. ',e-a gJ"rldu;([ly, A s im' as . p os s ib le usel51l",lla l\q J1j~d>l of ,rhe 'e~is~irig tl·enclnes,. Af\t.e~-~0ry~9a ~~l'm';,,\)l]IO~ ! ; Ie IM d dow!) fl)l' i \ l5S! ; l ll lb l 'y t r l l -l l - che s . Ihe 1 rI_Il.T$I,te.s

<lirQ>:~

\

I)~

m Thel 'e lJiW~t l~e r )~ ,5y e:S:L 'e[ : l~lra~1:i a'bo~~:.grollnd ~n ~ hy( ' !) m m . u n t ~ ! I ! : ti Q I ' I ! i ; f e l 1 ! c b ; e f > .

e H) T bl) tI~fl.lI~~1ng~;'rol:\p!Jtu:'N~Jt1 m C ] b J 1, 1 ) . .e l ; l ; ( 1 ) g h , up.

(lll) ' f i r e . : . gxm~raJ lau. mml '~ l 'l B j !l lJ rp -Gnd ie ru r u v to , li h ,e l tn .e . o fadvance.

In M ' J : a u .g ; i f l g -: u .< . ;8 . 1 n , W y h'enijh~l'I e n l l e - 1 l l 1 . l S ~ bgt(lJke11~opr'Ov::ide.iOl'lll'iJlg \IV pl!litt~f;dl'fl.'th':Io',..a..liou~'fl:Re:e~lJ')~jwMe,'I,auch,~~ g"cIladiel'll,

W Q r ,~ " P , , 1 !1ja,~~~~o S l G . . . . . . ' . .,~'V1Mi9t;'w il l J lJ \OU) .b ly be mij;UI+'e~~f~r J ' e 1 j ~ · v 9 1 1 · . rlJ.~~!'I e s n MSUJliapil m~d~.~ t l iW if~Jy} j qo,!IlmUitI~a11QIl ~r€I1Lfl\~t!;.~njnllwt~~( /f~ .ml ~ '9f ri: {11~M1 't l1 l~~1 ; 1 1 ; 1 ' pr9y!id.f)'i'l1n. mt~i'9G'li'rt,J:lu;mbeI'.t.oQ

1U 'ou 'i co.)Jlg ,ns han. ijfl'(j T C ) . F up tlll(1 &ilG ~ Q l' 1 10 \'1 11 1 1if',~UlC pel'lJi~ht<1Jlon H<itl l ' iLze ft,~1dl~b; W ; l i l h~ regtli'ifG,l, tm-.l li'etw~tloll: th~ 1¢Btl\nes ~h!J1 n l l l l l ' ! b e J . " will r ~ ~ L u i - I '( l f .l 1 · ~ 't l t( ). !J T I : u C J . 'e l l f> e , so th;~e firrtlUytl1~$ w~JJ be one t<l'eneb l~adj.ng.j , l l j ; ' Q hh~ : l ' . h ' l ' ) I x t lin e !O bQ 1.I~"".I l l ' )'WW. . ... ~~~?\bo'ltl;ns. ~'ill,b e l'1'lq;l1~l'{,ilI~l!I ! l 1 1 . . romnl'iliii,M. 't io<.m tl '{ll lChps~l:i~Wi:!~g:V'~l~h a.l'l'. f r i . ' L ' tll~"~d wbicl'l :t}'tIi .~or , c l Q : o , v , n :t~a:~,Q .;I"IjEll.lst(Ge $ k < 1 1 l ! M :ma.ltil"thl'l~ l .n t ,e n ' \d : & c l T a l ' ,\\\v:a.eI.J.~~l.Qll ()( wfjull,d~l'wid'e' eiI~ngli. l ind . ,v i' t.h ~a .f f iCi t'D .j ;l J eM,. curves to aJ),,"'V\l- !ltreteiiie,j 't' O pas'S,4 I I " ' p < t l tuO:1i ld ' b f ;\ :dug t o ) . 1 : \ 1 " ; . H ' U Ito 1 t t l , ' l 0),911ve-I ,t~l iu;w c o m m \ . l ~ 1 i ( 'a , t lQ l l

t J i ' e l t i l ' f i \ ; : ! ; ; . , . t . o l l b . e ~ m < f n y > e : 'f;Pllillilll'! " w l l : e ~ > / ! ! , ] J t t { i ' c . d . . 1 1 ' 4 e , s ' l - , ; < l h 9 } 1 l dl . \ e ; . . l j u 'n m t i l J. ¢ d w f o m ' "~11~~pe;t. a .n c l1 w h e .n biple; allow~ ti P eon-tUl~ct l u n · .d e! l. g~ou r tc l mE ',mea .d Q f · f l . b , o , v , ¢ gl·QUlj~.

lj,'$£~1ikii~ trendh:~fI.m~k be pl '~ ;Py~, '1)h~~e'~ !l<itl le.l ' .l;o~mll!iJ6~·tof &~d l J .a ,g . > " '. 1 , , \ ' 1 ' ma,tJXll 'jon~I.l 'i .er~~ Ifladde~'8 are I ~ M e 1 ,'a u t h e. .. l l l ' d d f l l ' S · l I . I mli:i b:ay'S~lilJ 1 a & l ; H I i i. l c u U.getlilll',t(lpand,ibettlllilby V t a l l l 1 > ! ~Q p lle :v ,l l I n1 ; ~ ladder :f&)j'Qlg, Ga [I lo I: 1l ). l& b . h e t ;a ,k e n tll:.'ttli& t !)}M ll£ J.R~<)~l·~t l ' 9 i:tot.Ju'l)t\'ij~l\" IJY!4l'1~ l l a :l " !J J jl ! l \ t . . ; " ',

lJ l . : i lH u · t " ~ h c . ]lr~l~<I£"vL!~1,1 of. t1' l}JlW f e f l , fl)l"!l,~~~HIJ~ < l u t a i l ~ U i , l i '· 1 t l t ! ' iM ' l I l ~illMtlQI.t..O:f di.~ 1 1 1 1 0 l l L I O n of ~ ; ( ~ > y : . .. m l l :[ j llJ.~o~·tQ the ~al1.h>' lQ l d ; th~ n "Hu~ ·P l' 'W : I !i l. :b '' ti cm .o f i (>J inUl1K l ) QJ j Jf t~B to' ~ttl Ii .

' O n 1 . · , . ""V11 "']J!o1nlllit, lJo IHit by iP! ," f l l~ i \ ;s,d9fuinl ld f. l 'hJn: ~1i~u3~a'lLiE;n$;l : H ' l t t . u , l w . l l i > . It, - I l l i o uL d b e e ,m l i . d i . l ! l ! c l · I i ; J ; \ ! iladmells th e lll~ht b e , f o ! ' i l C l l l ' !< > ) ;. $ < 1 ;1 1 1 ~ : : ;.

: J ! h i J / l / 1 J I - w i 1 l l)iI"'l;l t o ' ' b e Jl.{iJ;:ae Q nW C ' l l ~ ' t~'Wl~h~:il. a t . ~ l ' t . E J u points. t < t [.Il"~"i~le: fQl~ . ,th:e,~hau~ of CIl .fJ}:l ' . ,~il~~~y,...

I), i s : A . . A . , Gl1@t2! l¢.iJ , 1 !' q/ iJ I$ L ) ~ ~Ct, ~~!;uJ'J o . o Q l , " 'l1 ~i\to ols ., ~ d )[{~)!l.1Iir.f!.f,l~i'~1 •tt'i:llnt;lilts,'l'l\~y Ul~hbe CDl;!Ve..llie'..lItly .. . f ' t ; 1· ~~'~ 'y .i l ! . , ! { f':'I'wa.1'11M t ihs ~!I,ptn'l'lldo p0lYl)bon. 0111'1 lQJ1;,E1 "Q,lt ld b e ~n'cli lH'~G o f B ; . k ' h. st lJ l' e! S p e p .i al o o .r l) j. in g l Jl 1< 1 ;t ie a\ vi !. [ l'l'lq u ire to ~e.,detailed to !:m:qt,lIie ~~qI;~$ 'for~vm'a . 1D'\rlllp8' ~f ,'stofj}S ,8h~!,!olfl h ,~(1ill~ ( ) il B 1 ' O D " , § < ; J ;~ h a l ; b h o ' $~ : i n t D : . ~ tJ. .~I\Gb~·c~o ~~i:a~.;i~yl·~g.,. '_

• 'Ell a I)~t t)lM "m' Q"'~nWil"'~m' ~~B" airt 0 " " " I ;> . ~ . tUsg!li~flq bJl e,ll.tMng'

tl'a:tIU9l1Se .~,!)'r' hy ~olli~lo~.i"g..Mj~ ori~,j,na.l WiI.il t 1WI l - = - - = -- .... ..." ,...,:

t1~, .~Ylwiil1llWt.

" ~ ! f .. 'L ~ d £ . f r f i } tt l' o( jf )l ;! g J: ., ?~ I~ lI J; l ~ liglJ.~ly e . q ' l i ~ : p i J ! , l , M @ ' . w i h l ~ p u tit J fl' ,hiTI G~lJt to. re,htce tlie ' W ol gh t: c lt n~ te d ij~low the f("ll~wiJ':l.1l'scala c~~ '.' . . '"

~ 2 00 ''1 'oU u d s 8 .lL A.

pn a q~~iY>rar;,#o])s l l i i o w ld i t i ,Q 11 to ll'on n'Lti!lu):T : > ' 7 . Q E r o n d . k N g f l , . .

o I.HI p' tcl$: Qr'fllip 'I 'el * ! l . 'l 'VGry ~I) .i r ,d Il)~U.

. . J t~ ~ r a \i: i.~& !lt iU~1-'S,;fllj.~!l-'i.S ! l l ® k . e taDJtl"'5,:l.!tCl., will be c ' !t l 'l ' ied byijI' ppiP.lhrt\1;il~ Q f ~e m (l-l:L .

~1l~"[.u!f!m'e,I~,biJ~ gJ~n.ad1e)! ~<W!6,ie!ds 4~u .h 'witb'$n ~h\3pmllpht~t011 'f1..mllIUg'luuill Empioym!lll ~ pi GI'i)Jln.a:t.e'('!i.'J~n;J;dl",r·o;. cCa~'ry 1 < i i 1 ~ ltn{l TI!tyoM.t '~nd Q~.i· 'O'aildsg , lLA.

45.. Ft'lliiH'II/)l!IiJ~j ~Q)'Jk(J!!I/"di)l'<1lt,

'the. a,rti!leI'Y \ ¥ ' I . i l ) W~.,~~~et.lI,S ' \ \ ' : E 1 - Y ' . f r ; . t t h . e ~(I;1.11t by:bi~~~~lm.,.gthe encpJ:f~~~fmJcoo·.m~ d~~t.l·\Jying pi$,ol:m~~le!", Hi \ \ 1 1 . 1 . 1 h~ thed1,1b;t@ f ~I<l mcf,"!, ll t1":\-' t[l' l fI l ;i , i6~ the'Vi I·~j l1 ," l"1 h) ' 'tonhunaT1tt r~r~tt i l 'Jg.i!lr()l:lniL~}~}:';111~~df1;bp.1Jtt h e. ,womy 'i l Jin~1Im1i ):,1 (,blleI"V~$ th ei! i{ i!)t.y},f t I ' e ; a~· ll IU .~ l ;Y fivJ) . I p ' \ . , l J J I Y · \ 1 8 ~Q W];r. - t]1CL' 111lYOllg" ,l 'omts or

lU!lclul1o J5\t,1l Ul~II~r'1<~~aj 'I~Il; l;~.'Il.!'e:11@1Ifl'"'IJE~il,bl.r rlej,llt ' l ' l I 1 1 ' 1 , . o ( I . u a (Jl'e~ueel!s~ o)"d~h!1f'Wl~~ 4 £ . tb~ i.viJ.'~tll~.~iil.~.U"j'i i also. ,ne¢~~5ai1:y forlliEn:llL'1tY o]J]C.[j~. ,til .lnal~ ~·t.M~1 It.)la" t,l~~J' "q d ~h e N J·ti.I!jlrr£ Q l .D l l m m l ,e . .· · ~ l O v e m "ab~~m.~ ;i#l. ~ @ t J l . ! l , 11I<1tl,~·v.:1t(l['@ ' b P ~ 1 ! 'I V @ t SJJ;<;ljJ,lj{ & ( 1 ' be e . 1 I t,

...'l'h~ b O J U l ' I < J .' tJ . .m l l' ~t w iH . ' P l' d bf J ,h l :yb,\<:ell; l()n~,ltim7and. a . , u Y J I }&t l n l - t ~1l!1E1 61t~ag<U'~I$QT)(; ~f tl 'QJ~,<h~ ~hQ.tl1d! lJll L ' J } t h t c \ r ' d to O i I ¥ . o mth e ~OL+S)!i f. lJu·!~~Jn:~IU~h;i,~ : n ( j . m ! i l ' ' ta c l e s a n d

~l'#n~h~ ,a.£ (e~· . tne:yUhv.;" l,.leeu <JMIiJ~'¥l ]Jj: .llJ'tHJel':\: llf{J, . b Y :J.<eepl~ _ ( ! ' the d~m i lg~j: l1 'lqr~lQll;J. H.m' l~ l · { ' Il 'e Of i f i :' I iI l~h l r l l. l I ·t l l -ra , .l'll'l,e'< g re ,n oo ,e .s , m ac h i n e - · · l I f i ' t l s ' < ) . l J J ? l ljf:ll;l: . . .

, ; Q e fJ Jl 11 t 1l '~ll.gks lI.h~st fi.!ways h e - , n.llot~<ld to ~rl!nclJ. mQl't1U'~, ill.¢O'9pb:11t~j9.P witlr the· l l 1 t t l 1 1 e l ' Y .

4 ) 3 · . Phe A ';"C!·ult•.

TJia boll1~11"l'~ll~9l'\t, E i j k~pt Hp:Un f.be I)Hlnwu..~ 1l~'14 fo!' "<£anltj,.~'h!lP~lW al i ' l; '~ l ( !) :y - l i i ts , ltl1d "ll~ii!j&l.#lj; ~.s1i11wtll~d, )Tl~0'~"salJlt'!Iig triilol).!;""i~l ~ ' ? , I l : ! j ~ e tof slwi$f;;;lh'b\\'p.V(l..'i, &i(:h~';w!':.

(lOnsl1i~UJg . Q r men e:t~.It.~lqiJit ~b6!1~o ne ~1 .am. ~ 'I I. er J! tW (' ) , : i 1 1 - a . ,!\.~ '11!ltoll..b,-,.ut; 5 l! f~~tl ll I ie~we-en ~~vM,rB~ n ,l il l\ l] je r o f ~1".wO'~w I V .9fJl~nl'l.q~ . t h e (h$~n;r.e ir().ljl Q'U:I!r lC ' ti nt t l1 e nq :l i o f p h e 1 i' "i alpl?Jt;o:ti1le . r l ' : h e p a . c e W l n R B ! J I I < l I c l e . r " ; j . ! ; . . e , amloJ) nn IIlCI!ll.]Jllt m u s t a;

~;\'Hdl '~1 ; i !) : ~ , l J o l l o 'T I l Q . . 'The 1)i.~~M Illlj,~~ D l J , p :rellW d on aliioYI}

G O

g,riJ\lJ\d till i~,.,~l)j<'lctive is reach . .A , !Jp(;¢id plu:t ies beJng ae,t",iI~d~.oele~' up ~he. ti'~\lhet a : v a l ' w!~]ch tlie , !l ~ B i l! L lt I * IS S e ; s. TI\l,;se"~~'1"m.gl 'p::iW~U;~l l-etJ, \mrp~ny th ,assaulting' '\"~I';.·!l$, bu b l"eltilain

be~'Hd 11 1 the tl:Gnclleswhich t]l~Y have heen det~ilea tbcll'la.rwJl1l~.thl,; USl'i!linltln,<::_}~0r-!pS-1fresi<, Q !' to t l 1 1 e : f il lf l l DQje«1 , iive. w i t h Q u t. e, nt ()I :I II .g ~ b. el l! ; u o:.;l~EI~·U,lgp;;~I'tles wUi -'00 compeesd [.-.ll~""eJ.''''ofgl'j),Il,adlers,' 0 ~

' ]&"b .1~~JIi\lIl ;ing trol.lpS',Oll gaillin!! Ll1~f lUal , \ l~ j§!otive, pJ;0~ed to

~o ll sQbd .a t . . , I~.E, p(l.L~.~er,. (l ;,Tld "il)i 'l~wtg ]l!li,~tatl.s to takQup tb~"t()O~~alld~nalol'l~dl ' \' J 'luu:<lcl mu.!§t b ? d ' ,w . il e~ 1 1 } ot or 'e lH i u d. Ii m'lY1 e tlnf~().'l;;,"bkto t 1 \. ke up l1DJ I ,t el 'l a. j t l ll al'tei' d'IJ;"k,P\:~t,tie~lJ~"'~1.Ial,,? bo detaile{l to C6ll~(1li&t-e tactical }lo'int;s in

l ' e a r vf :~be a&;~111IllJ+g'kooV~ a.§l t;he;YEH'e g < l i l 1 e c l . ~rh~ywill be. '~.~18W.d1?¥the qiea-dngI ' p!J.~ti(ll;,"ihen these h~"e f J n l ) : ; I 1 . l ! d '~hllil't ; i . i ) .K of dwpt,si.ng ofthil M(1)!lY.,

Gel ),u l' ii ,Uy 2Pl ;k1-1t il lg/ th~.ri,atkltk:il1g,tJ;'OOl~ ",,;ill oolJ';ii.st of :-

(a) T4e t r i H l ! ? > ; t!e~ailed te l C21t·,,'y 'bh.rougl .. tlle 1 ) . r u o a t i l t . to th e6n!l.l obJect-tv:. .'

{II) 'T\HI,!lleal'll1g p ; J . . I ' L i < ! 8 who il l isp.osll of a ll Y e ae mr l ef t h~ ,h iL ll I,U'L th(l ~nl i lc l te l ': over which the fiS~aulthMpa8~ed. '

( < ; ) lhf.\ P,:,U't~~lvletnilc(t fO't' the eonsolidarion .oE t<~d:iictl.lpoints.beliind tl;!e a;s~a,\JjltlJ;tg- tI:OO~~am'l p;tl'~le~·t() carry up 00

tJieHH!S<I:l,l~~ 'i llgbl;OQrlS the ,1l13.te},ial requiT'Old to ~Ilso['jd'tlilHI-e PO~llw() ll i; '"'\v~l'I. .

S.Mcid M:r~~gSlmeJlt8 will h:i':~t~ be tifitl:~le,and ap'eei'~lbQd i sI ) . f , I > _ t . - O o p sd,~ti3illed to fql')ll ;] Clru l l$HC ; 1 'l f! lIk o n c < i j < i i l s ( d : e a f thllfI·~ne j),~5a'tiIMcl :;m(l <]100 ~O.att.R;ck isoluteiI",br ie:mi~i'ol.h.i;e.dslii'pllg1 " O l 1 1 t S t lI l C C i ) \! l ! l. t e 't e c lo n t I le fI.:mkso,f ll;lSII.11.I t m g , £ 1 'M p s ., l 'h e J:cl!),.l;i,v9$.t:.t:~ngth 0.t throl varaous v ,l rtl es ;. ml Uw t be l~itl dowu ..l 'hey ""Ln'.I : =w~,qr'(lmg t~',eH'( iU)r I ; ! l - l«'tIQe~' " T I : l ( ~ iIlJPOl'h-i!J'~principle. i> tth,,~t \W4ljl'Y uorly o f · tr <) op " h;lS !L de ijllite task <I.sslO'ned to it' andkUOW8 \ I'h ii't i liM b ~S l< is, 0

47 . il.uioo ( ~ t " ;. 1 rl iUlWlj d~,!; 'h1.,g t !tIJ ..I1·Maille,

At tUG l'1lo.men't ihed f o ;n ': i l! l lo l l !t \ I] t / ;t 1 ; tiHer ; l1 . l it e llH1St "lift'''f;.l·()n~!-he .~e~uM plll."Ccgto be assaulted, :bu.t ll:fllst be 10'e'(lf t'l' 'on the

llJ]mled~te J1,\.I1{S of ,iJI,' attw;k. Once t h ea oo a. ul b h u s l ie eu launchedth.e 0 : 1 \ 1 ty of bLut'ii.t' l; illel,:y is l~ ,

(a ) ~r{)k ,eep ~l l: l\Y :JI t il t e 'iiri 01 t!te liQ'llt'ile' al'tm~'y. Will is ,dOll'!,!ky the ooullter-i.oa..tt!1:I'ies. . ,

(b ) T~ pl 'ev~nt -tne enemy bl'blging, np SUppOl't ,s mid I 'ewl,ves,b ~: ke ~p lf lg 1 ;I P; ). .~te~ly jh e 0l1, li11! OOIDll.1l1nica,tio;l'l. tuell.c]Hllf,

tuiil p t li ~J" t ine s .o f a p ,£ I 'o ;wJ l ll Jf d . j)ra:Ce~ in £001 ' wbere ~[OOllOl

lllig:l'it 'coliect, for 'N!ounl;el'~tj;ajlk.(~) 'To..."giV'e eon~inlll:)'u~"!mppdJ;'t to the ima~lt:ry'd\ii iug I;ihei:r

f l! il v. ~Me im t i t o. {l~~l:1 ,1iihh 6bstl~cles, s trong pOi.l!l.t~. & c . ~'WIIJ~hfilay be bu!dlllg Ghi>iiL:Up. '

G1

The ~ l i f f i I . : L l J . ~ j " e s , ( ; i f : tbis } : I , t t e - l " · x a . ' , k are almQ~t GlILil"ely 1 . J l 0 J ! . a ofo l is l 'v ' lt iu l J l ull{I'il16eL'cOlInOU1U(\atiol[L Itis of(e~l imllo,~j'ble Illl-:i:r;gto smoke, dust, &ce, tp see ~x_ac\l.rwh'er~the illf.n]~17l\~v g < ; > t . . ,~lljd wl:mt. istltOJ!iJJ,i):lg' t!leJ.I·" p:n;ogres.!i . Th!! Qll~111l!lg ~,.ttrn~!yj)),f Q rmM~ on { ,p m th ~ a d" a.'n <;~ d tr-.oollS p re se nt s ,g rO ;: [I otdlf!D~Ult\es,and ,~i)l,d(ljJ~)[dh~j'g~Llon tb<! GI~ciell<~:Y,of otH~,c,mnte:l"-batterywork. If, t l . 1 l ' 1 ilP!lmJ"s g\l.'Jl;: $01'6nel> !!lJ&llCed1 they "Ivili.fo,rm a . l) ,,_rmgebliliil'ltl Oil\(' ~~t~"~khtg i JI 'Q011S' wlii,Gh wID [rll.k~ theswdi.~u; back !lJ:lliforlni:.titrn (ie:-ceeu11igly Un'CIll'tain,-'I'h,.,IIU~1!.SU,es.to b e t fJ .~ en tQ' ens)ite;s,o fs ;r f l . I ; pos.' lible, eeatinued

'artillery 1 \ I 1 . P f ' O l ' t to ~ii~ h , f . w . t ~ ' y ,~hwin.g t 1 l e " adv(\nce :~l'e fIS

Jollow.s ,-(to) A P l 'o11or t: iO I l ()f fteldgun.s a\l~in d~e to O~l' iI':tl:wt tl'enci.le.tl

are useful to eover t~e 1hw.)cs ana give close. S I 1 : 1 1 l ~ G I - r L to,the

~nfaDtrx,(Ii). JlattefY (lomlllandersID,l\st J?ln.&l tbcmselvI>!> where ~he.yc."-.ft

best sell the gell~J:"U s.tl!ution '!londkeep Much Wlt~ th,e'u'b~tte),:~es,l lnil D1]J~t be preIJ~red t?-. '\~t (Ill theu' Q , w niliipi;L,tiive, hi th!3-a.i lsence M in:fOl'ma:tlQH and orders boUl.

} il. l " ~.(c) m L c h . b;:"tOOl'Y D ! 1 1 . s t h . ruY! l11 fGt'w~l:~l. b,s~rvin..!1l ()ffi~!" \ ~ - l l lJ O O

"u1ae~ me W~Il:~! lP Ij~ t{l,",cill ~!~h ,L,1I9mfi\U~I'.I:' c~)J\IJ:Jfln~l<:,'

wllo)jl th~ hl,ttfll'Y I S SUPU0 l' t. ng , to keep t h o b ;J .t tf fi "'Y..:",ml,'a.n~et intll;Jlled, as TIothee.."'l:llict-P0sli;ioll (If the i l n i a . , u l;l'Y ,i.tl~d to :riliist}jhu i!11'I~n'g_i]Jg,()Il"to [l.llytliingthat is:eb.ec):dng

t h e P l -b g l; e: s so -f 'O~ inf>(!lJtry. •

The !'m;w:u'c! oiJMT\'inff o ff io ol ' m u st b!;l.P~'ol'~ded wt{h teleph neIJ..IItl signallil lg tit]lIipm~t. In s~le J;jli-g hi s ' PQs i t iOI l h' . lD\lStl 'ern ll) 'i l ib~r thi1t h i$: 1J~leinIl8O;1IdIQ . , ,ssillilb)J6 oottevy cOID.fu~:nd'er,~o~:to [oiuin the i l1f .. n~fig)[t,;, l~ri~ltJ~a.t liis' illnJL'~ii.'l~ion i-s.·ot ~o useunless l!~can get it tbtl,ll,lgl, to t,l1e bibtt€ry COlJllID,;rl;ndeF.I:(I;3 bestl I, os it io n } v iJ l . llO l' maM .y be th e f'1l'tbGllt ~(ljl1t ftll"'I'oo'd to wJricl~ g~odc6DmlL{liica~iQnJla:~ been opeflcd up, Be must I,eep tlw b!!c~tabone' (tull il 'l ldeI' infOi"med eif his whetea,boJ'lt is . It i; o tlien the du hy 'Q f

the infantry to let !lim know their. I'eq",ir 1l1enfs,Mel tIle measure,,£ . suPP(}~, t~t..hey,~ooi;rQ .\vilJ d G P e . I ? d . ka.~geJ3;'i ln ~~ei l; ' ~ -eP?~ tB ,b c . m , g ·d l N W and i n ~ e l l i : f ! . i b l e ~ t 1 :m ( l..ri;; ll1:el"y, )~Ol' till!! reaSon ,t I S > ' 1 · f . f , C Y

D~() gl>!I-!'Ythl\'I;i'll~af.L tl-y QlliClI'hllOuid unlil erstallld' w h a . t J infO:l 'l~la.bi,o'n

t he " ' I, t il l ery t'e\l"~ir~,. . ., . " ., om~ kl~m p i I I gh t < i !l gn O J l , v~5Ib~eto ~lll!'Cl'an1J,l\lq.~b)leJ:j',tb1[':(J'ng

strH)ke ' ) : n i l mi<:lt!i$ r : e q _ u h ' ? d ~ole~ 'Vel'y01l6 k!l(i\Vwll,~1l t!le.lnf~1;I''ybave g'a:iued a . c.ll"tam obJective, ltahouJcl be !l'lJffic:~enthl'ortl'LbJ,e

' t. o b e c rn t lc ie doy ~.. -ve l' y :m!:m. ,F~!l4s,!I'n.~lic;.!ieeJlS~1V0 ~!l.e.n lJIsed, ~.utt,he3 pften .get laft behmd a,nQl ·~6,~hM, V!U')' lJ llsl.e.adl!)g~ . .

. f . . pmp:9rtloll o :f l ight . k e! l~ ~ no ~t ru .' ~ s h en ld be b r:ou gh e \" be l,?udth e iniali, tr:y i 'S ·tryODas : l ' o s i' H , b l @ ! , " ' n . d l~ Ul~y $O.l?ehlmes be - pos5 !i b1 eto usc , tJ J~m!l :g j j. 1n$ 'tSOID~1) 'Olu1;w-l lJQ .h ~~ cl1eekJ.ng the '~l~hr4n.e6.

' 4 : B . Jlt'TJ1plt'/ iI'lTIf!'J'~ (:f i J / « c ! d l J r a (J 'WIM;

iJl'llfl r . o l e 0," m1l@liiIJJI _g~llS in. tile attMlk ifo,-

(a) 'fp MIlist "till" !Ill"tlHet·y.i1i the PIi8jl~~):lj.UOll of .theJI.~~k, it• J ' I J . ( l I ; ] i l : e i i l ; .

'~ J 'l'~~ilv,el' ~1i!l ""ssault~jlg i u . I l l . l ' I& t ' Y with, th~ir Ike an d toJ i\8p dOWJI 1btlki)Jg fin};

(lZ} '['0 f in up ga.p~ that It\~y o e eu r ~ ll hG r lat.el,atlly'ol' itl d<!1JI ; IL ;{il) '1'0 Msjst jntl1 e {:out\uliail.l.ioll uf the posi MOll Ill1dt'epu+se. hostile 'ounti~l·-ab~'1ltckl!.

11> i , ! > llJO~~·illlpOI'I;."\!llith<1t,tiU mnbMri .§ g l l: lJ J, u .~ ·enUQ t ted a . d13thritet . ! > l l k , } n d .R iv(!iI1 d,efiJli[;"e orders, Tlle !lUlI;!!,Oj" t 1 1 i ; 1 btigade GQmpt!uy'llillly b~ aJ ,I ; (,>t~ed(10; Eflllnws:~.

(a) S o m ~ ~(I COV~I' r i j ' ; l ~ l ) , n c ? by lir'illJ,r o n t h e IflMU!~'i; j ;m ; m 1 ? e l ! ,1iJft>pmg . ( l ihY;f1 i i : l : . \ i , l /l,~ll'l'8_l flUl¥S: 0,£ a~m:c:k,u lld awe p i ugground ill·r()!1.l' o£ eqEl,u1y'S :fh"S~ I iu e , t il l UUlsk"d hy t.lieadvanoo, of the ia~Wllb'Y i

(b~ Bellm'! tQ ~ \1 11 "w tl p !ih ~ Msa.ul~it;lg i11!;J.lltI'Y, .A Vl"c91lorb:ion

o'r JU¥Il ' guns eh . .ould accomp:ll IlY thIJ [{a-:t'~IW; q(lt&iled to.~oIl~Qljcl! !>~>~a' ! . i c l ' O , 1poin ts iu ['(lltr of ~ h ~ ~~'"l)lt.illg~ o o p s .Ullw~ll.l',. J..!llwjl; gUPl l !lldy; will M' fO):',W:llldwitn 1 ] h o,M.(;itU J1 t h l g . i~lf.a,~~l'Y ..~ Ihst :But 'SOIDI ' of the gIL[IS I J rtbe~I~' igB.d,et ~DI'll'p."Y hlll~t b~bl'Ol'(l:h~ ~';P ~s won asp l ; l s a i b ! e ~ ! l i f t e j · ~I. "~lSil;(,lIIL b ~ \ . ! j :I"eil,ch~l i.t.~f i J l l . f . i > lobjectS,,;;,These. guns ;S!H'Hllil llotJiI".e U ! l f O l ' $ ~,h~: ', l. Q " . . nee.i l h Q < lim')\If advance, of each ,[lIl1 I3holl1i1 ~e e!u'~fl:llJy selectedbefQl'tlhana.j _

( c t ) 'Some;) JU;J,y h e; l!ltailed to fire hom p!lilit.ioll~ ill l'~a-I' alllwiue~ \\,]]~X'" I 'lJl . lny jJl~l.l likely 1 : , ( ; '1'Il:lIJed f il l' ~ o\ Jn t~I'-i\l;tili:fk

LIf!IM E f t i' m . ();Virlg tc) ,lueit· mQJ. . , il i ty, are "Vo.rll!1tit!~lire a.~ ~Iie_-qpen;bJg .o f r»1 Jtl i i l1.~.k t,l) I~XQvitll.l' I'.,()v~?,ing ltl"i) £riQ!l'lbll(l" f r o m p .1];'1£181'cover of dlll'kfl~$el ,iiJil)o~e,'pt .wtii.I I~I"Y l},olO))IV(~I1Wllt, :tell'IS'cg1U).]l);lI'i! eau creep Ollt > 0 . il\t'Q!l~ 'f }1<? tt'eJ1Ch~ niFl e ,~L~bli s b .~heJn-t;~)~~!t irJ ~h eH 11U](1fj, dit;p~II~~, 1 . JIg ~'~~·~i. &;9" 1V.,~.1~~~ i~ \vUl ,b et , l j J : l i i t l ) l j J . t;o ll"cr;c.t ~he;i '. l ;f_ 'l.he:r Hlf ! i .y th us Ill) f13 1G t,(j .l<llt ' :\l' f1'# " ' T i n c h. the iwtilleiy It life:kt(,.~11 I l n J l . b l e ~J] eu < 'Drl t o live ( in 1~9!ltile lonohi.jleglllllnl~laceIrierit81 lo!),pholelf, and pa.r.apet.

" lre'~li g:1I~S -w' i! I~In:ml~Y thf j j~ilall!tdng h'OOJ'3, OltL:n9~ i~ till'!p rs t Ilh~ !lnd 1'1]11 Ofj~l~t.t() l,......~Jl dGI'nl tile \lA~rnJ"s ll'Ia~lHlle gJ.l.nnl'e, covel ' t ;Jw l ie '()J 'gimiZl\, iUpJl- of tlt,e i B u l ' lltr'y, cOI)solid:1l.te l;))e.gl";Ol.!nd ~1'Oll, l)l"otre:clt MH ) ·fjll!ll.l,s, !,)id 'l:tiJ1el , '6,IPtJoi·. i it t tru:b,

i J . . 9 . (Jst! Q J (J 't '1J11,lJ,Wiel '&'.Gn~ml(liers will pl'h'i:tipiitNy I~a oJ'lr l?l~Y!ilaI'n ql!il;llll'hrgt.J'an,dl~

. , .f ta li ' these ha.ye be e l l, sllc6efi~fwlJ' attllcj:ecl, M id also to check am id,,9 koy 1 10 0M Ie b01llbiIlg p;u·,ties ·;:i.tt.fuqitilig~o {:ollut!ll'-at;bux.:Ia::.

66

1"11 , '1 yd.run,

1 ' ( ; \ 1 ' WQyd...ruu,

ri O (1 o m eer),UQ (2 p t l i o i ~ ' \ 5 , 1Q ; e ; r . ; c . o ~ · . ) .~1l'J10 0

:R.E.InfuutllYSil:lIl\'elsP ~ b k l S '

2

1 144 .

3i~

48 ' sq. ft.

t

7:63 8

],~Ob ; ; , ; q . ij..a~.

frute l.-:r!:U) ! ,e : n g t Jl o r t M : l ' r t f'e~~d d : e l ( j r ; ~ t 1 , 1 ; ,on,wheth r tl~ M.lan19!ll!h of j;bggmg JUI.S been c;w.Tled out U' j i iI} firs!; ~cl·f;M6ndr:elief~ If ~l\e Lull l1T1loun, l; ,L " i ' . ' ! l ; I e : . ; m done. dlO)'0 isuo Dece i> '~JtyEQ l ;

~tilh:d t'ltlj~fi (tS t ; h l ; l tn~iIl~lgl:i~biIlg~'l"wbe lai.d by t ' L t e ll.·m.~ettU1PX ·llll1g . .

Note 2,-~'O Ull\ul$ in .lir~e ~"o l'elld'il OJl accounf o f no);!;€'.iV.ot~3.-Itslillls M ' 1 5 - roCfl'OllIUUI!O.1rl birne 9t ' i l l i . v - i J : l g Cltllllp;.

8 . O r u : ,n iZ f L U o :n 'o f W( ) ! ;M · " ' f I . , J : ( IJ : 't Q . . .. .~ - ' J : h . e 'lo;(l1Jt l'o~"el'.~~lIDtdwit~f ?l'g1l;1~Za~WIlIhsq uad \.:.Pn.~lstIJlg~1.tW\l R ..li:. It)1j1 ~g'1 I t . l !l f&nW'y .

IbiS mIlt l';;' Il.( lUlpl.r~slJ. eqLIl(jped: W l _ t l1 to~l!l !.Iud Bjl~Jf)1'1* 1~~ j[l.!.CQllUllll 1, pilra-. i, IIlnct (101)."1',4- ~"H'l1s'of avenue,

( ~) iE V i l> l'; r ·fi.ve "'llln~ls !1.lI. a.ho...~ I l l 1 . o n r a b e 'O l'I lle d jlJto an"flh:~I"~1 1 , ~ T 1 ) i ) " with rol.U' -N.C.O,~.and fo),1I' spl,lJ'!l~merl,',lIla dl"ie~ogO yttl;Js of UVe:Jl1!l!ll . 0 : 1 ' jll"~ tbe l ' logb!J. wt.weenjill,!; ~l'eiI:ks. ~fi8' 23) , fol' 'wl ii 'II sv~cial Iiq .w;Q s cou ld be.p~:j;."ml!ld if nC()M!l.'lIl'y.

(Ii) I £ ; t h ~ h'!ltl~~1B'~twrtioll permits, j ,hG i l lfMICry s b o u l_ 1 l J l e av e >

til 11' ( ! (tm l? ; tl l~ lJ .t a ~ ~he duml>1 , !u ld el}[' l'Y l'iHe' and:u'lII·iflge Shll~l'll,<.lIlly,

(.;)Intho Ihllt , t~I.ILiilr~1'\ ii:lfanllJ'yn~J1 ~~~'iti;s pick an d shQ\Wl. ~hllJg. Slm,S$ Q f <!pUll iIll'p ~I': ~ol'd,llhO(lid~e aet,'ldl.l.td

t_ o ~h()~, b.eJ1we}1!il l / -d .~y~ J t e p e . ~ ' k r pL'"pa;l'i~ ~be s t( )r e~ .111, ·addtbol1 ,4 ' ] . h ! ;n;d le is '~I'i'lUl to every ~'Y0~tl~n~}'3'l!lall.

Tht;l tl:VQ Ii!jj,l)p~r;;; ca~'I,¥' the mewsm"lllg red, pileI'S,piek6t~, wjv~, [tJ+ttL,,~bbi~ rl'"l;.bing.(iVo(c.-l'feUlJlg h~hlgiti..;·:OJlllwould. mmaHy b cardecl

dQ\YII u y i l l o .t1)ru''li]?[L'(:61tleu ill (lVl)l',Y o : f J i ; ; ! ! i ! i - ' S pfll'~JI.)(tl). 10 . ~h ; :,SllCOli1i . 1"\;lIJ:t, ffoul' j 'n f lm ' b 'l J i) c n i ut l< l -t lb s q I l( tt i ! JlW ~y

tJI",lIg-bt hllrL]leH ),11:c1th~ athlll' fOtnl'C$t'~'Y ~he sa.ndlall<gs.R.;5: . C~l1'y th e w h-.e < L l 1 c l net);ing ,(hIlt I\(';-!l notE t~ (Ii)).1 'oo li l"~ fe t . "\ kOOl ,oyel' it'om fil'st relief 011.tLIi .g rounil. '

9. l i , 1: t Illl'ir,»I.,-(a) 4. IiI J !W . shouJd mal'C'ih to i t . $ WQ I k < f~ inJ i $ . . 2 -7 (fI).

Tb m en a re l lr rm bo ,'" ,d i and MlOhUII'€UOOliltwred ~i)l'pl: fl 'l JMeSt 0 f

refel.'!!'Jleb,(0 ) Whe;n ~he leMl±rij:(;:;~ulltl 1'(~tl.0hs tae h,rthest forward end

Cl'tth~ Mcmon r i . l J t > t t e r l fu tli Fty,61lc JfOl' (UM<l'l 'ep l a; e e ,, 'd o n theg J i ' O l : m d I.latting t l O I \ 'l X W i . L i. { f t <ilI lGUQ t!t:t<;,t·ll~ t~~iI$ i i ; t 1 l ! t . '2 'l (b)',. T h e rtltm. hy · t b, ( -! !' amns 5'~;' ii,\ ' llli fl'linl the t i t p E l o .

) Th e Rdi:. then lnea.!<ul,'e till}(fukl~i:e~of '!.he I ~tk :e t . hol sIrom the tape. The i n r ' l l . E i t y y . , P b . M d~ holes with 1 : 1 1 0 3 picka £01' the

Pi:d~flt~'UJ\(lhlll'{~I!icfee~as sn n g . ' : 2 . < 7 (c)..*''rJill·,U,e iU!~TiInIJ' ~w ~making tile holes the ltoE. pl'ep"'l,'!:)' the' 1 1' 1 1' 0 . .

(d) When ch", holes 1\1'0. el:Jmplet"" lUlI'dl!) fe.!lt II l lwl pi'l\J;:cl~ o.ll'eputHll j;bCH~ ilJ.Hi ~he ea.ltLIi l"I'~sstJId u~". e l f t l 1 u lIartll is.£l' l \O~Nia% to 1.Ie.;<:s.~i~;~teImmmel'in<1',mauls must he bl'O~zht U,lHl nllttne~L,Lu J dinly in "h'cUll l lsta) ' ]£' .mJ If f , a v oo :. y S I )/ !( :l a: l rm tu 1 'e ' i nu t bhl'ill!)s he ,m auled in , ~llltb~pl'Ol)r: ; , , ;&strains ~h~L\i.}

M N m) " 1 and 7 tl:leJ] h old, th e llnt"UI'l~, the RJ5, p u t 'on th ewi re s m f l, l, k" ,d /l, tl;llC\ li ill flg\ 2 4 W I ld tb cl J:lli l)bit I.t.tliiug, "~f;li$.~d irytho l.'lilli.\ining' iLif;j;D1il'Y. 1'be work " \ I ' i J I 1_,egl1>~Lly ll~~~te~t9d Iftil", i 1 r t : i , d t i ' Y 'il;'v~l j U . r l Vl ' l1Y!{ l 'I IS -P \ ;Mi~ I t% .

. ( t; ) its W l( Jna;; ~h e J lc tt in ,g t 1! lc l th~ !;I'~';.l l l ! w : R ) c c l . a ~\~l(~A al'l>.ft_e(l,d.l~JJ1iauhy ;Utl!1 ! 1 1 l C ! e { 1 as 1.111'i/{' 27 ((l) Rna. 4ug. 'Wl1d~ the,) ' .m'tl9 f l i ~ ! 5 Yo' tJ~(J . 11 , . 1 . , ' iii ~bte~tlle); tl.ll.9', . l 1 1 l t f :IIl\l .~!1~ttl1~,boI'1'''J," LlltellIII ),p.,IJr2 fe~~ ' I I , . J , ' m91'<\ F \ 1 ! (JI'~l'l?.lt from ~h!.l llt\h~mg,,,,t;ll~~(1 ) Whell n H i J , J . g In {~ l J ' ~ I . ' a p e f , 'C~J'" ~I ~lIld I~ ,~aI'f)ll to 1 , t } s H

t} le wejglal . o f e.1i'Lh ~-ga~ll'~tth ,l'i'll)lll& nettu,giiP'(jll,tW." t , I J , ' l ,U lih!l;t

a.g!£his~ 1 . i \ & h"I-{U~il, ill , 0 0 ' d e ! ' (il) i'wliid i'~·I.li.t~gthe rat~ei' ov,~'f ( ) C \ I ' I 'w d l ! ! ·the t.l'emah.

10 . T , t aNI I. - 'J t n. ~il~'!h~t ' C ' l i f IIlle 1t1)1IWI";l'o r cubie teet of ellil'tl1i p , t l '~J l ;1 i" ( l. .pe l ) !j !;if ! : h i > "-'l1'l¥lil' lask ~ 3,60., jill b lc iMot;, ( t - W ' l4J1fr'fJi. : $ ~ :f~.:(3 ( t . . . ) . ':t'his wH l JWtQu ¥llc)1 fq,r .the ~!l11to db illtHf t;ir[)e ; ' . I t tlle'il~' 41~poilal ,af~I'CO'di}~I,C!ciouo ( w ir in g , e tC '., liut theyI l h o \ l l l d l . t 1 l ; alM to H 1 11 J, p ~ () il; lieigh.t. Q 1 2. f f e \ ) J ; .r~ltlih't-\case;-

l~a.I'( I,pet$ = ;roOcubie fee-t'I'w o m en ill1>he u J : o ; o i l c h d ig Int rt.u hie Feet eac:h "" 6tJ c ) ' ! b j 1 : ; f ,~!3'i .lilvlo lllell illb".l'1·Ow cllleh.1l$ :diS' ,m c l i b i ' < ' i .f~~ e . . - . c l t

= : M e ttliIJtc

feet,

I n t he :s .:c ~) l] d ):e~eE.t;bers. (~t'etJ ! Q~~ic ~~e.e!j; of the lQ'll'CJ; pa.l't. oftl\l:! pa.I·~pn1. tb be d I tt '! , (~ [ !. J, iO 'i lI ,l ).Mil the t~l1Al;ts_ or : i T I I lPflirItP'!iC§ :m' ,' tHUJt w 21 0 cU'biu:fllg~ a W eal ot 2 1 9 oubicr~et. 'l'hh~l l (1 \114 ~a..·~ili'dd (/OIn...leted by ther eigtt iuf1ill!Jry i : J i f<!ul'i£mr~

in.df1cIiil$1I1iJ~ t1J!)fll8.udID~~.c. '. ,_ > , •

n. . . , < . 1ot'lfl!~ tlf f t , e - l " ! e J 8 . - - ; ; , ~ i i d h ~ 'ent1 o f ~e. Bfsir ~'ell(li t l l e mi'1Iptl'j

!!f<'plIl{it f i l l LL'~sks. till! ;ie~0l.tdcl'eli~f ;'X(eui( ~skle th~in a.na~kG ()v~l:-th~.i).'tl:j0l~ . Th.~ ~i'StJ.eH : 6 £~'hlTl,~liIt, e l l * ~ l ' f,qulpm.,pi;i f f i , c l f i l o & £ 1 ' . · N o t I l ; 1 l h l l l ( ~ t ' ' j { ¥ I ~ na'l'l'!g?ill~ , t i : J 1 iJl(; O l ! J ; C , m , d ' T " G l u ! ! fl L a , y {l.tl~\,:nt l l i : i L I ' r'iites ann eQ.1tl}llUenk

l: R , E ,. E t i l· lr d OVllr t Q O l f i -'m < l e ll ]! ;i • ill$u\lihu' lj);inil~r.

ill;

Ji~h<' t gl"o'\ l.ud in the ~u\'lmy's position" {lhhongh it l l I ! 1 1 Y bed~ta!1!;, _

Q j ; U I ' illlfiiutry il l sU1J'!?Pl't uu a I"~'iltv.p ,~tl 'l'p,t to ' b e , v e l : y . C:1I',~

and Ii\ft~li1 li,'hl'o t i J O m s o i l l e :. l :j "{ I: ' I \ 'a.y,~(~ Ij.he following ,I'lxti'~{lls £ r : O i ~ U a'l ' e! lI i>J ;'~~huw ,: -

(i:~) 011. e . 1M. r· )1 in g LW~< l< lcQ).~.ling Il>WllYrl'()fl~I~ba t ,te l'Y ' , ob~ (jI 'Y\:Dgst. ,tL10! I. , ~J;t,!ll' 1 t T : 1 I . , w , h n g i~Ol1g ~ dll'ty C 1 l t d i , (<.Ii ' BmW;)

1(JJl(1r~I~ Sof .l'flllAs, r u!Il 'l le ~ ;;~n.le bV~~I}gJ:wlw);'? ' I '~OW' (Ii'o u r 1 nf ~\ l' 1t l' 'Y WU l' t> lo~li'ug, ,out~Wll' l tlJi'!w b'illet~ iu"lO W of, the Get-mo.n h i S 1 , t ppillt, lllile~ ",W(l.y. I 'wm:ne!l U!em,but d : i c l not loite'l ' in the VWil l i tv, '1:1i b i J l 0 l : < l Were S l i b l l e . t 1tile '3<~J!)1\JmO"luu\\,." "

(t,) A fo'w ' iu i a.u twv ; s jIQwec l. On ~bll skrlitlll :tier", all;;: of (jIll'(,imqJ'v[ng,iI{>Jltio,IlS, wllich was I'l 'ompdy shelled,

( .) 1\ bat.t' \'Y' e ( l' I~mmnd,* ' iQ . ca. l1L iQus )y -showed himself at; ':l,

window of the, hO'~l!i!3 . 1 : 1 ' ( . 1 1 1 1 which h e \V l ). $ '! lb s e rv i ll g ' , He,waa promptly ~hclled,cut of' i~.

Itf i~ r i : l I ; w t im pol 'b a .] 1 t t h at ' th", onc'11~:rS i:10~iCB ~bo.JlIJ. " l H I ( bet 'l .o r .1 . w n 1 r o the l O O c " l l l i ti e 8 10.whi<;h ~h&,,artillery obscl'vatinn stlltiO'r\j;ai"llsi~.at~g. ({dud obgrv.atiipl!l·:statiQl111 al'e Yel'y scah~li0j'll.n(l t11! 'y

arn·cttse.foj f,~)l'the;.~.,;t ta.UOl1. ()(),mDla.n~et':'! to vjewthe. hostile liues.

No one .'thouM n e I l i l l , h Y . 6 d t J 2 . gr'l t < . ? ~)~e_~ o . p K · O \ l t pl.f l t>e·, unless r :m,cluliy,and tben bhe g l ' e · ~ l t e ; s t < · c l l . l i 1 . i ruu~~ I : \ ~ il~£I'ti$(fd th. get t.h.el'euucbserv ed,

FIG,·1.

IAI;r:

::i

w:: > ti l(I)

Z! . o JI.a.I : > J

C

'. .. ..~. .~

Fm.3.



FlO,2.FRONT LINE,

SEOTION .OF A. DUG-OUTS,.... G RAM : O F' A .....ON TRE~CH) .DIA c- c SUP,gRVlI.SI. . 'TRENCHES.

WITH . .n SHELL . _, .

AN. ..., PI'i'd Pl'''''MII~&.F'i"(ll~~l i m . ;; .

!=::=~



F,lll. 14.

wmE ENTANGLEMlI:NT.

"KNIFE li llST" OBSTAOLE.FIG. l5.

' .L 'ho ' :emui :~l lt ty ,of tb r iQbJl t ;ac le i~i[lcre-.w;d by addillg '!-mr4(joJt wire wl"i ' - pp~d iti I O Q ; '5 e : s -p . il 'a l coils t O n u c ' l i t . ,

Fla, ]1 .6 .

DUG-OUTS.

Jf!tAIlQ;S_

..- ~---: ~-- -_c5' t : t : i_ T ' - ~ ~ - - . - ' _ _ ~ -- . . . ._ - • •. ,t [".==----~,............~----r11!

!

II

,w

N

. . . . 1

'0

;8

FIG. 17.

TYPE OF DUG~OUT IN WE'!' GROUND :FOR

EIGHT MEN.

"i'-s'

- -~.,.,-- -- ~ ..... --_. '" ••• 14"

F1G.18.

MACHINE,~GUN EM'pLAClEMEN~S. - , , - ' - '- a . b Oommil lDd!l .II t o f:M: . • 'School.

,iiI r o in imu II 1 J . h n. el 1 iO~.5 a s · " " ,9 .y - .

~ ."'h OV()l'ht '< ' ld Oever to fiJ:~,U;ti,ng.1 . EI ir p l aCl ilmen , " WI" '.. >

S~l);!0i" = 1'.

~-, . b. ; I . : O·-----~,_', i

'"II

I

1

.s.:

r - - ' . - - - - - - - 5'1 O"-----------~

•'EOl'I N OPA-B ..



/MA(IBlNE~G''UN EMPLAOEM,Eilii.

~S(lrJ:e-~"'= 1'. !

( . - - _ . _ .

,

~!,1.;I/

-. . . . . -. ,."

. .. .. .. .. . _- •. . - .. . . ." '~ -" .._. ., !, -- -- . . ,. ". .- - - - ,,==-~.-- "" ~~

F IG . 2 1.

B.

\

TYPE O FW1TH01i1T

Pm. 22.

l\II,AOlI'lNE.GUN EM'PLAClEMENT

PAR~;m~ FOR USE BEHIND

FRONTLINE.

pi V £ RT IIC A I.. S E C T IO N ! P

pi PERSPEC T I V E VIEW P

T.bis empl&clil l1i1ll.t consists OfhWo shtrrt-!l; P and P',",r~cml'1gula.r-In : > e c ' ti o Q . . The iirillg"shil.f~ J~ie ,1 ' (i" x 2: t' x '7' $(', aud th e (llltru,tu:e

811Mt P ' is 1. ' 3")(2' 'l"x ~O' :9".

T ile se Im -o 'BIlaEI:i!!D>~'eU' e " !i,lliJ.l't an d :M'~ C(l1U1M~e ,c l by t J . . llhilltli.l'A, B, C, D, .[I'ug 01' UlineOlj wHb ! . ,cttstng , ( ) f 2" 'plauks. OTIe 0[" thcwalls Qf,tli.ll'lil"iug !l 'hrdt I'i5'prlJv~ded with" recess e,/,[I,It, rJ.,f, i)',"',which serves. fer,stOi"mg n1 iJ.n :mni~ioIl." '

To 1 i J; I' t; t] J e rnfLclriIl~ gUIlD\'l1' cllm bs tIP P. tn.chieI' pJf tM( l ill shaft J:'nn d l.'iO~'ti; th ~ n ~! tn hIJ le £ In n o n the l lI~'lmt'rLl S\irfa.ilf!! (.If the . gtound.

'l'hel'," is 11 0 po.mEet, e .t c" ,ooQwi ll g I l. l. ID I 'E1'tlle grmmd,Mi t!ie, wholeoFt -he e) (cQ .v fJ . t~ l!lc(l.rthts removed to , : I , ! :O l lo o er ab l e c lI :> t ;. n~ c . Th e~ , l1 l l? la .oon~e;u t i s ~Ql , la t !' uct !l '~ awn! £1'01113ilY ~imImllnidtt . ion _or 0(;111>\'t rench, and it j > . ; im.po;ss.ibll'1 f,or 't.~ llJ.Wi'~ sldllecl o b sc J' ve l.' t o.

dis~o'l"e['H.

I

~ I

WlrNTEJ't 1 1 ,VE,NUE.

G.l!;NE.RAL ' 1 ' : a , . lU ' : E ,

N ,;It to S eR le .

.iI:, fl, a , .D.-I"oimts·ILL \ v ! J . : i e h ge~el'! lJ d t r ee . M o n changes.

tJ , P i 'II,p.-1'1,·ilve~e~ltIldp(l.ciI~ing pla~e$.

it , < 1 , d.-Fi1:o ·brell:atwol·k to C!JVGI', bOI:1'OW ditche.\<; 12 to. lB n . bmg.

Of ,~n.ine;~r!pfile M Fig· , 2 4, bntllO L>4clk p$r[~p( l tto giV.H·OOlll for bombing.

Ii, !l,-R~turD.1! ~eft",open..t.oallow lire fl'om I.'e~el"v~t.rem~hdow n 'th 1'J !l;VenllB.

,

.

, g C l r



WINTER AVENUE,

DE [,,,HLSOF Pl\SSlNG PUCE,

S:Cale.--li,=2".

,;"'-------_' __~, e::

--,- - --,.-----"~- --+

..-.x.QO

l'I

SpS'C/!3, I Gl"IlMng

2' wide !ir.

r .o

i

"I

S'p'e0'laJ Gratln/5: I

b- 7 ~ ~ z ~ ~ ~ w ~ t _ d _ e ~ · - - ~ _ + i - - - J JrI'

~1

,.(j - - "- ---,_- - - ~ - - - ~ s : - ,,-- ,.- ~ - - - - - -- - ,_- - J,

!IiIiC. 26.

WI,NTER AVENUE.

D E TA ll.E l O F :f fi!'1 LO OE J N G.

~.. . . ". - . . . .. .---- /- ,-- - _ . .. ,tJ~ _ c r J" '. , "- ", ', -, - - - - _ , . .. .. .. - . .. . - ,- .~ .

" ,

---f·" '[.~!~. - - - , , -

, O J _ . . . . . . n.cJ·nlilfH ....:; 8,y~ .: i...·SIi,'J,bf!' 2X i 1903xj

i ! l O l ? t J e If 8p8'rt"

Shoul,l be covered w.lth. BXJ,,\hUed i.uebt! to save wear audtear (ruJld " t i p i " )

' J ; 'm ' _ ( ; ,{ J r r GJ1J.\/f.!'G.,

1Iji!!'F~"-

t

'i:>

-.;.~"_ _ 1 '. .. .-..11 II, , ,~--..i..$ . : '_ . .J! I

DE'rA1IiL8 OF RURD1:'ES.



FiS·30.

Frg3J.

METHOD (II PUTTING UP RAP'liJ INIl\N_LlMINI.

FI RST STA·GI •

; , : 1 1 1 . . . .

SECOND STA,GE:..

J1il -- .t.,

- 1 1 > - !,

M ~ I I : t i r ~ " . U t 1 o



COI'irU ~ETED E . N I III II MIIII

....'llfr,,_

,of"

o

o

Pia,",

Setting .out~ &.."63.

Notes for Infantry Officers on Trench Warfare UK 1916

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Transcript of Notes for Infantry Officers on Trench Warfare UK 1916