Notes: Assignment 4 due next Thursday Will have exam review questions next week Class questions.
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Transcript of Notes: Assignment 4 due next Thursday Will have exam review questions next week Class questions.
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““Brain Development and Brain Development and PlasticityPlasticity””
Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686)Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686)
Lecture Chapter 23 & 24Lecture Chapter 23 & 24
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Developmental Abnormalities - Occur due Developmental Abnormalities - Occur due to genetic program errors, trauma, toxins, to genetic program errors, trauma, toxins, diseasedisease
Neuron GenerationNeuron Generation
Neural Stem Neural Stem CellsCells
- Capacity - Capacity for self-for self-renewalrenewal
- produce - produce progenitor progenitor cellscells
Neural MaturationNeural Maturation DendritesDendritesArborizationArborizationSpine formationSpine formation
AxonsAxons
AthetosisAthetosis - - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNKKZAfMr8Mhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNKKZAfMr8M
Dystonia Dystonia - - http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2O014fPXScU&feature=PlayList&p=5F72AD603D2AD188&index=0v=2O014fPXScU&feature=PlayList&p=5F72AD603D2AD188&index=0
Synapse Formation and PruningSynapse Formation and Pruning
Experience expectantExperience expectantDevelopment depends on the Development depends on the
presence of sensory presence of sensory experiencesexperiences
Experience dependentExperience dependent Generation of synapses Generation of synapses
unique to the individualunique to the individual
Imaging Studies of Brain DevelopmentImaging Studies of Brain Development Patterns of grey matter lossPatterns of grey matter loss
Cortical thickness and vocabularyCortical thickness and vocabulary
Developmental disorders Developmental disorders
Development of Problem-Solving AbilityDevelopment of Problem-Solving Ability
conservation: conservation: http://smedia.depaul.edu/lcamras/water.mpg http://smedia.depaul.edu/lcamras/water.mpg
Growth Spurts in brain during each stageGrowth Spurts in brain during each stage
Environmental Influences on Brain Environmental Influences on Brain OrganizationOrganization
Complex Complex environments environments increase brain increase brain sizesize
Behavioral Behavioral advantagesadvantages
Experience: Neural connectivity and Experience: Neural connectivity and Representational plasticityRepresentational plasticity
DeprivationDeprivation
- Amblyopia- AmblyopiaEnrichmentEnrichment
- increased - increased representationrepresentation
Brain Injury and PlasticityBrain Injury and Plasticity
Kennard PrincipleKennard PrincipleFunctions are spared when injury occurs early Functions are spared when injury occurs early
in developmentin developmentEffects of brain injury depend on: Effects of brain injury depend on:
Behavior affectedBehavior affected
Extent and location of damageExtent and location of damage
Age at injuryAge at injury
Brain Injury and PlasticityBrain Injury and Plasticity
Effects of damage on Effects of damage on languagelanguage
Childhood aphasia – Childhood aphasia –
1. Language survives early damage1. Language survives early damage
2. Due to reorganization 2. Due to reorganization
3. Right hemisphere damage causes3. Right hemisphere damage causes
similar deficits to adults.similar deficits to adults.
Reorganization of LanguageReorganization of Language
Reorganization Reorganization depends on area of depends on area of damage (left damage (left hemisphere)hemisphere)
Special left Special left hemisphere hemisphere anatomyanatomy
Mechanisms of RecoveryMechanisms of Recovery
The effects of early brain lesions on The effects of early brain lesions on behaviors:behaviors:1. Complete recovery of function if injury occurs during 1. Complete recovery of function if injury occurs during
neurogenesisneurogenesis
2. Injury during migration and differentiation is devastating 2. Injury during migration and differentiation is devastating
3. After migration and differentiation the brain can recover3. After migration and differentiation the brain can recover
Plasticity and recovery:Plasticity and recovery:1. Generation of new neurons 1. Generation of new neurons
2. Reoganization 2. Reoganization
3. Generation of new circuitry3. Generation of new circuitry
Autism Spectrum DisordersAutism Spectrum Disorders
Autism – Autism – impaired social interaction, unusual and narrow impaired social interaction, unusual and narrow interests, language and communication problems, need for interests, language and communication problems, need for “sameness” without obvious focal cerebral disease“sameness” without obvious focal cerebral disease
Causes: genetic, virusesCauses: genetic, viruses
Various brain abnormalities:Various brain abnormalities:Larger head and brain size than normalLarger head and brain size than normalFrontal lobe – social interactionFrontal lobe – social interactionCerebellum – coordination and habituationCerebellum – coordination and habituationTemporal Lobe - memoryTemporal Lobe - memoryBrainstem – facial abnormalitiesBrainstem – facial abnormalities
Autism Spectrum DisordersAutism Spectrum Disorders
Asperger’s SyndromeAsperger’s SyndromeLess severe than autism, have languageLess severe than autism, have language
HyperlexiaHyperlexia
Savant SyndromeSavant SyndromeNarrow range of special abilities Narrow range of special abilities Kim Peek: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL0SthoRMC8Kim Peek: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL0SthoRMC8
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6097787318198018019#6097787318198018019#