Notes and References

Front and Introduction

1. Hu Yaobang's interview with Selig Harrison, Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 July 1986.

2. Ma Ying-cheou's interview with the author, Taipei, June 1989.

1 Geography and Early History

On Taiwan's topography, see Anon. (1960) and Hseih (1964). On pre-history, see Chai (1967), Davidson (1988) and God­dard (1966).

Early contacts with the mainland Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966) and Reischauer and Fair­bank (1958).

Early foreign contacts Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966), Hsu (1970) and Reischauer and Fairbank (1958).

Taiwan under the Dutch Campbell (1903), Davidson (1988) and Goddard (1966).

The Koxinga interregnum Croizier (1977), Hsu (1970) and Kessler (1976).

The 'Wild East' Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966) and Gold (1986).

Taiwan joins international politics Broomhall (1982), Davidson (1988), Hibbert (1970), Hsu (1970), Wang and Hao (1980) and Yen (1965).

Early modernisation Goddard (1966), Gold (1986) and Kerr (1974).

246

Notes 247

The Japanese annexation Davidson (1988), Hsu (1970), Jansen (1980), Kerr (1974), Li (1956), Reischauer and Fairbank (1958), Smith and Liu (1980) and Wang and Hao (1980).

Taiwan under the Japanese Behr (1989), Davidson (1988), Gold (1986), Ho (1978), Kerr (1974) and Mendel (1970).

REFERENCES

l. The 'Dragon Myth' is cited in Davidson (1988). 2. Quoted in Campbell (1903). 3. Quoted in Hsu (1970). 4. Quoted in Gold (1986). 5. Quoted in Davidson (1988). 6. Fairbank (1972).

2 The Kuomintang

The Kuomintang in 1945 Belden (1973), Bianco (1971), China White Paper (1967), Harrison (1976), Kerr (1974), Loh (1965), Seagrave (1985) and Tuchman (1972).

Sun Yat-sen and the origins of the KMT Bianco (1971), Chan (1976), Creel (1953), Fairbank (1987), Gold (1986), Harrison (1976), Hsu (1970), Isaacs (1951), Schiffrin (1968), Spence (1982) and Tan (1971).

The Kuomintang reorganises Bianco (1971), Gasster (1980), Jacobs (1976), Landis (1976), Schiffrin (1968) and Seagrave (1985).

The Kuomintang in power Belden (1949), Bianco (1971), Ch'en (1967), Harrison (1976), Isaacs (1951), Loh (1965), Schwartz (1958), Seagrave (1985) and Snow (1938).

The second united front Belden (1949), Ch'en (1967), Fairbank (1987) and Harrison (1976).

248 Notes

REFERENCE

1. Trotsky and Stalin are quoted in Schwartz (1958).

3 Taiwan's Political Development 1945-86

The KMT takeover of Taiwan Bate (1952), Goddard (1966), Cold (1986), Kerr (1966) and Riggs (1952).

Defeat on the mainland Fairbank (1987), Gold (1986), Loh (1965), Harrison (1976) and Tuchman (1972).

The KMT cleans up its act Clough (1978), Gold (1986), Long (1989), Ho (1978) and Riggs (1952).

Political development in the 1950s and 1960s Clough (1978), Gold (1986) and Riggs (1952).

The birth of the opposition Clough (1978), Gold (1986), Huang (1976), Kaplan (1981) and Peng (1972).

Chiang Kai-shek and the succession problem Goddard (1966), Winkler (1983) and contemporary press.

REFERENCE

1. Quoted in full in Huang (1976).

4 Taiwan's Economic Development

This chapter relies heavily on the research done for the author's earlier book Taiwan: Politics vs. Prosperity, using official statistics.

5 Relations with China 1945-76

The lines are drawn China White Paper (1967), China and US Far East Policy (n.d.), Clough (1978), Hsiao and Sullivan (1979), Hsieh (1985) and Whiting (1968).

Notes 249

Hostility in the 1950s Ballantyne (1952), China and US Far East Policy (n.d.), Clough (1978), Jacoby (1966), Lasater (1986), Lee (1983) and Stolper (1986).

Stalemate in the 1960s and 1970s China and US Far East Policy (n.d.), Clough (1978), Cohen (1971), Lasater (1986), Myers (1978) and Stolper (1986).

REFERENCES

1. China and US Far East Policy (n.d.). 2. China White Paper (1967). 3. Mao Zedong (n.d.). 4. China and US Far East Policy (n.d.). 5. Snow (1938).

6 Taiwan's Foreign Relations

Taiwan and the United States Ballantyne (1952), Barnett (1981), Buder (1971), Chan (1984), China White Paper (1967), Chiu (1973), Clough (1978), Cohen (1976), Fairbank (1972), Stolper (1986) and Sutter (1982).

Taiwan and the United Nations Chan (1984), Chiu (1979) and Hsieh (1985).

Taiwan and Japan Bellows (1977), Clough (1978), Huang (1976), Long (1989), and Newby (1989).

Taiwan and the Soviet Bloc Clough (1978), Chiang (1937), Hsieh (1985) and contempo­rary press reports.

Taiwan and the overseas Chinese Chiang (1988) and press reports.

Taiwan's current foreign policy This section is derived from a close reading of the Taiwan government's many foreign policy statements, reproduced in

250 Notes

the local media, and from press reports of its foreign policy initiatives.

REFERENCES

1. China and US Far East Policy (n.d.). 2. China and US Far East Policy (n.d.). 3. Reprinted in full in Chan (1984). 4. Reprinted in full in Chan (1984). 5. Reprinted in full in Chan (1984). 6. Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 July 1986. 7. Hsieh (1985).

7 China Changes Tack: Peking's 1980s Taiwan Policy

China's new approach Benewick and Wingrove (1988), Chan (1984), Chiang (1988), Deng (1987), Gittings (1989) and Krug (1989).

The Hong Kong example Bonavia (1984), Cheng (1984) and press reports.

China's pragmatic foreign policy Harding (1984), Yahuda (1983) and press reports.

REFERENCES

1. Reprinted in full in Chan (1984). 2. Reprinted in full in Chan (1984). 3. Deng (1987). 4. Chan (1984). 5. Chan (1984). 6. Beijing Review, 16 September 1983. 7. Deng (1987). 8. Deng (1987). 9. Published in the UK Government White Paper 'A Draft Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Future of Hong Kong' on 26 September 1984. 10. Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 July 1986.

Notes

8 Political Reform in Taiwan 1986-89 9 Taiwan's Opening to Mainland China

10 What Next? Scenarios for the Future

251

The account of recent developments in Taiwan in these chapters derives from study of the local press, especially the English language Free China Journal, the Chinese language China Daily News, and the independent magazine New Journal­ist. The author has also had the benefit of extensive interviews in Taiwan with many in politics, business, the media and academic life in 1988 and 1989. The opinions expressed, especially the prognostications in Chapter 10, however, are of course the author's own responsibility.

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Index

accounting standards 107 Acheson, Dean 110-12 Afghanistan 172 Africa, Taiwanese aid 141 agriculture 76--7

farmers alienated from the KMT 99, 200-1

land reform 77-9, 80, 98 production 79, 87, 98 US aid 80

air traffic 10 I American Institute in Taiwan 137 Annam see Vietnam Aquino, Cory 151,242 arms:

Soviet aid to the KMT 42-3, 51 US sales to Taiwan 138-9, 177 see also defence; military

Arrigo, Linda Gail 7 I Asian Development Bank 204--5, 206,

219,220-1 atomic bomb acquired by Peking 134

Bahrain 156 Bank of Taiwan 55 bankruptcies 107 banks 107 Borodin, Mikhail 42 Britain:

diplomatic relations with China 141-2 negotiations with China over Hong

Kong 163-4, 167-8 Treaty of Tianjin with Taiwan 1854 17

Buddhism 173 Bush, George 136

Cambodia 137 Canada, diplomatic relations with China

142 capitalism 164 Carter,jimmy 71,131,136 Cathay Investment and Trust 107 Catholic Church 155 Chang Ching-lung 217 Chang Hsien-yi 241 Chang Hsueh-liang 47, 50, 233

Ch'en Ch'eng 58, 60, 64, 78 Chen Yi 53-5, 121 Cheng Ch'eng-kung 11-12 Cheng Ching 12-13 Cheng He 5-6 Chiang Ching-kuo 58-9, 66, 67, 176--7

Chairman of the Commission for International Economic Co-operation and Development 73

death 74, 182 groomed to succeed Chiang Kai-shek

72-4 letter from Liao Chengzhi 163, 176 political prisoners released 69 political reform 180-85

Chiang Hsaio-wu 181 Chiang Kai-shek 32, 33-4

death 69, 74, 159 gains KMT leadership 44--5 kidnap 50 mission to Moscow 42 New Year's Day message 1967 126 rehabilitated as hero in China 176 succession 72

Chiang Wego 181, 192 Chien, Frederick 193 China:

1946 Constitution 57 1946 Constitution imposed on Taiwan

60,229 civil war 56 early contact with Taiwan 4--6 relations with Taiwan by 1895 22-3 Sino-japanese war 24

China (People's Republic 01) 59, I I I border dispute with the Soviet Union

I70-1 border negotiations 170-2 Cultural Revolution 123-4 diplomatic relations with Britain,

France and Canada 141-2 diplomatic relations with US 70, 131,

137, 139 negotiations with Britain over Hong

Kong 163-4, 167-8 policy on Taiwan in the 1980s 158-9 relations with japan 144--7 relations with South Korea 154 relations with Taiwan by 1945-76

110-28

258

Index 259

relations with the Soviet Union 113-14, 118, 121, 123, 128, 148

relations with the Vatican 155 Tian An Men Square massacre xvii,

151,169,179,221-2,224,225--6 trade with Taiwan 204, 211-16, 217-18

China (Republic of) 37 mutual defence pact with US 119

China Airlines 101, 145 China Petroleum Company 102 China Shipbuilding Corporation 92 China Tide 70--1 China's Destiny 46 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 45, 51

claim to sovereignty over Taiwan 235--6

formation 41-2 growth 48-9

Chinese Federation of Labour 103 Chinese language 63 Ch'ing dynasty 34, 39 Ch'iou I-jen 222 Chiu Hungda 207 Chou Ch'ing-yu 72 Christianity 9 Chun Doo-hwan 185 Churchill, Winston 31, 129 Ci Xi, Empress Dowager 39 civil war 56 coal 215 Commission for International Economic

Co-operation and Development, Chiang Ching-kuo appointed chairman 73

communications 89, 91-2, 99-100 see also infrastructure; railways; roads;

telecommunications companies 87

see also government enterprises Confucius 48 corruption 61 cotton 216

Dalai Lama 173 Daxue 68 defence:

Taiwan 241 see also arms; military

defence expenditure 80 Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) 71,

194-8 formation 183 rifts within the Party 222

Den Kenjiro 29 Deng Xiaoping 34, 71, 12~7

economic reform 158 meeting with Margaret Thatcher 162 'open door' policy 132 personality cult 231

Deng Yingchao 163 diplomatic relations:

isolation for Taiwan 89, 129-30, 136, 142,231

Taiwan 152-3 US/People's Republic of China 70,

131, 137, 159 docks 100--1 Dulles, John Foster 121, 143 Dutch East India Company 8, 10

economy 75--109 agriculture 77-9, 87, 99 during late 1800s 22-3 early 1950s 75--6 export-oriented 87-9, 92 Four Year Plans see Taiwan growth shown in 1967 survey 64 middle 1950s 82 19 Point Programme of Economic and

Financial Reform 83 role of US aid 80--1

education: reform during Japanese rule 29 rising standards 93, 97

The Eighties 70 Eisenhower, President 118, 121 elections:

China 1947-857-8 Taiwan 67, 71 Taiwan 1989 194-5, 197

electronics industry 84, 88 promotion 93-4

emigration from mainland 15, 21 employment legislation 103, 199 environment 103, 105, 201 exchange controls 82, 108

multiple exchange rate system abolished 83

exchange rates 105--6 exports:

electronics products 88, 92 growth 86 promotion 83 rice 28, 76, 81, 86, 98 sugar 28-9, 76, 81, 86, 98 textile products 86, 88, 92

family planning 96 Fang Lizhi 207, 217 Fang Su-min 72

260 Index

farmers, disenchantment with the KMT 99, 200-1

farming early development 16 see also agriculture

fascism, influence on the KMT 48 Fei Hsi-ping 195 Feng Yu-hsiang 47 fertilisers, state monopoly 79--80 financial system 106-8 food production 98-9 Formosa see Taiwan Formosa group 70 France:

diplomatic relations with China 141 involvement on Taiwan during

Sino-French war 1884--5 18-19 Free China 65 Fu Zuoyi 125

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 220

General Instruments (US) 84 Gandhi, Rajiv 172 gold 156 Gorbachev, Mikhail 148, 149, 170,221 Goto Shimpei 27 government enterprises 78, 81

Hakka 14 Hammer, Armand 215 harbours see docks Harris, Townsend 18 Hau Pei-ts'un 182, 242 Hirohito, Emperor 156 Hiroshima 32 Hong Kong 165-9

investment in Taiwan 85 negotiations over future between

Britain and China 163-4, 167-8 Hong Kong Stock Exchange 168 Houtman, Cornelius 8 Hsieh Tung-min 67 Hsing Chung Hui (Revive China Society)

35 Hsiung, J ames 178 Hsu Hsin-liang 70, 71, 185, 199 Hsu Lu 208 Hu Chiu-yuan 219 Hu Yaobang 139,168,173,174-5 Hua Guofeng 158 Huang Hsin-chieh 196,219 Hungary 149

imports protectionist policies 82

tariffs cut 83 US funding of Taiwan imports 80-1

income Tax 83--4 independence, Taiwan 62, 66, 175-6,

179, 198,230, 237--40 India, border negotiations with China

171-2 Indonesia 156 industrial disputes 103, 199--200 industrialisation 77, 87-8, 92

under Japanese 31, 81 US aid 80-1

inflation 90 Taiwan 55, 76, 77, 109

information industry 93--4 infrastructure 77, 89, 9 1-2

see also communications; railways; roads

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 220 investment:

by Taiwan in the mainland 214 foreign 84--7 overseas Chinese 85 Statute for the Encouragement of

Investment 196083-4 Iran 211 Iraq 21 I iron and steel production 92-3 Israel 153, 156, 211

Japan: annexation of Taiwan 189524--6 diplomatic recognition switched from

Taipei to Peking 89 early contact with Taiwan 6-7, 10,

19--20 improvements made in Taiwan during

colonisation 76-7 investment in Taiwan 84--5 Liberal Democratic Party 193--4 relations with China 143--7 relations with Taiwan 142-7 rule of Taiwan 1895-194526-32 trade with Taiwan 147

Jaw Shao-kong 191, 195 Jiang Zemin 23 I Joffe, Adolf 42 John Paul, Pope 155 Johnson, President 134 Ju Gao-jeng 186, 224

K'ang Ning-hsiang 68, 70, 72, 184, 195 K'ang Yu-wei 35-6 Kao, Henry 68

Index 261

Kennedy, President 134 Kim II-sung 110, 153 Kissinger, Henry 67, 125, 131 Khmer Rouge 137 Kodama Gentaro 27, 28 Korea 24 Korean War 59,80, 114-18 Koxinga see Cheng Ch'eng-kung Krushchev, Nikita 118, 121 Ku Yu-hsin 148 Kuo, Shirley 219 Kuomintang (KMT) xviii-xix, 33-52

formation 40 government 1928-3746-50 moves its capital to Taipei 59 reform of the Party 189--94 Taiwanisation of the Party 65, 67, 230 US disillusionment 110--13

Kuwait 102

labour force: earnings 85-6, 104-5 employment legislation 103, 199 low-cost 84, 85, 93 shortage 104-5

Labour Party 197 land reform 77-9

US influence 80 language 63 League of Nations 49 Lee Huan 181-2, 190 Lee Kuan-yew 157 Lee Teng-hui 154, 177, 181, 192

succeeds Chiang Ching-kuo 182, 190--1 Lei Chen 65 Lei Yu-chi 210 Lenin V.1. 43-4 Li Hung-chang 20, 21, 22, 24, 35 Li Peng 170, 210 Li Ts'ung-jen 58-9, 60, 112, 125 Li Xiannian 219 Li Yung-teh 208 Liang Ch'i-chao 30, 36 Liao Chengzhi 125-6, 163, 176 Lien Chan 223 Lin Hsien-t'ang 30 Lin Yi-Hsiung 72 Little, Arthur D. 85, 89 Liu, Henry 181 Liu Ming-ch'uan 20--2 Lou Mei-wen 197 Louis, Victor 148 Luce, Harry 52 Ma Ying-cheou xvii, 193 Macao 166, 169

MacArthur, General Douglas 115, 116 dismissed 118, 133

McCarthy, Joseph 133 Magill, Neil 199 Mahathir Mohamad 151 manufacturing 77, 87 Mao Zedong 41, 48

death 158 proclaims establishment of the People's

Republic of China 59 relationship with the Soviet Union

113-14 Middle East 153, 156 military:

China 241 government support 61 US aid 80, 112 see also arms; defence

money printed to cover deficits 55 money supply 108-9 Mongolian People's Republic, border

negotiations with China 171

Nagasaki 32 naphtha cracking facilities 92, 20 I National Salvation Association 50 nationalism, Taiwanese 29--30, 36, 62,

70, 104, 198 Nationalist Party see Kuomintang Nixon, President 67,89, 125, 131, 135

visit to China 135 nuclear power 91, 103,201 nuclear weapons research 240--1

Occidental Petroleum 215 oil 75

imports 101-3 price crisis 89--90, 94

OPEC 90 opium trade 47 Opium War 17 Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development (OECD) 220 overseas Chinese 38

investment in Taiwan 85 relations with Taiwan 150--1

Parker, Peter 18 patriotism 45 Peng Dehuai 122 Peng Ming-min 65-6 Peng Zhen 162 People's Republic of China see China

(People's Republic of)

262

Perry, Matthew 18 petrochemical industry 92-3 Philippines 242 Poland 149 political prisoners 65--6, 69, 71-2, 195

amnesty 185 political protest 199 pollution 105, 193, 201 population 15, 76, 82

international growth statistics 96 policy 95--7

Portugal 166, 169 early contact with Taiwan 7-8

postal links, Taiwan and China 216 press restrictions eased 184 private investment 83 protectionist policies 82

international 88 P'u Yi 49 public enterprises see government

enterprises

Qian Qichen 156

racism, anti-Japanese 25 railways 21, 28, 77, 89, 91-2

government monopoly 100 Reagan, Ronald 138 recession 90, 94 Red Cross 209, 216, 218 Repu blic of China see China (Repu blic

of) research and development 94 Revive China Society 35 rice:

exports 28, 76, 81, 86, 98 oversupply 98

roads 77, 89, 91, 100 Rogers, William 135 Roh Tae-woo 153 Roosevelt, Franklin 31, 129 Rusk, Dean 134-5 Russia, concession on Taiwan 1858 18

Sato, Eisaku 144 Saudi Arabia 102

relations with Taiwan 152-3 Senkaku Islands 68 Shaw Yu-ming 214, 221 Shen Pao-chen 20 Shih Ming-teh 70, 185, 199 shipbuilding 92-3 Show, Edgar 117 Sin, Jaime 155

Index

Singapore, relations with Taiwan 156, 157

socialism 30, 164 Solarz, Steven 242 Soong Ching-ling 38, 45, 46, 50, 133 Soong, James 182, 193 Soong May-ling 38, 45, 133, 182, 190 Soong, T.V. 133 South Africa, relations with Taiwan 153,

155--6 South Korea:

relations with China 154 relations with Taiwan 153-5

Soviet Union: border dispute with China 170-1 relations with China 113-14, 118, 121,

123, 128 relations with Taiwan 147-50 support for the KMT 42-4,51

Spain, early contact with Taiwan 8, 10 Stalin, Josef 34,43,45, 114 Stanford Research Institute 84 Stevenson, Adlai 118 Stilwell, 'Vinegar Joe' 52 strikes 103, 199-200 Su Tung-chi 65 sugar exports 28-9, 76,81,86,98 Suharto, President 156 Sun Yat-sen 35--40, 42

death 44 relations with Chiang Kai-shek 44-5

Sung Chiao-jen 40

Tai Chi-t'ao 30 Taipei Stock Exchange 107-8 Taiwan:

first Four Year Plan, 1953-5680 third Four Year Plan, 1961-6483 sixth Four Year Plan, 1972-7589 aboriginal inhabitants 3-4 aid for Africa 141 anti-Americanism 132 China's policy in the 1980s 158-79 Constitution 60-1, 229 creation myth I defence 241 defence expenditure 80 diplomatic relations 152-3 Dutch rule 9-11 early Chinese immigrants 14 early contact with mainland China 4-6 early foreign contacts 6-8

Index 263

Taiwan, continued early modernisation 20 economic dependence on US 95 economic development 75-109 foreign encroachment 17-19 foreign relations 129---57 founder member of United Nations 34,

129 future 227-45 geography 1-2, 97 history 4--32 independence 62, 66, 175-6, 179, 198,

230,237-40 investment by overseas Chinese 85 Japanese annexation 24--6 Japanese investment 84--5 Japanese rule 1895-1945 2&--32 KMT rule 53-6, 233-4 legislative reform 185-9 lifting of martial law 182-5 loses United Nations seat 67, 89 martial law 56, 68 national security 62 natural resources 2 opens to mainland China 203-26 political liberalisation 229---30 political parties 183 political reform 198&--9 180-202 political structure 62, 68 population 15, 76, 82 pre-history 2-4 prefecture and military district of

Fujian 15 province of China 21-2

China 1945-76 110-28 China by 1895 22-3 Japan 142-7 overseas Chinese 150-1 Saudi Arabia 152-3 Singapore 156, 157 South Africa 153, 155-6 South Korea 153-5 the Soviet bloc 147-50 the Vatican 153, 155 United Nations 140-2 US 130-40

Republic 25, 26 reunification with the mainland 64, 96,

117, 160-1, 163, 178-9, 234--5 Taipei becomes KMT capital 59 trade with China 204, 211-16, 217-18 trade with Japan 147 trade with US 139 Treaty of Tianjin with Britain 1854 17 US aid 59---60, 80-1, 83, 112

US investment 84 Taiwan Agriculture and Fishery 78 Taiwan Cement 78 Taiwan Communist Party 30, 117 Taiwan Industry and Mining 78 Taiwan Paper and Pulp 78 Taiwan Political Review 69 Taiwanese people, political

discrimination against 63-4 Taiyals 3 Tanaka, Prime Minister 67, 125, 145 Tang Ching-sung 25 Tang Shubei 226 Tao Pai-chuan 207 tax incentives 83-84 taxation:

land 79 reform during Japanese rule 28

telecommunications 92, 101 Tenth Credit Co-operative 10&--7 textiles industry 84, 212

exports 86, 88, 92 Thatcher, Margaret 162 Third World, Taiwanese aid 141 Tiao Yu Tai (Senkaku Islands) 68 Tibet 161, 173-4 Ting Jih-ch'ang 20 trade unions 103 transport 92

see also infrastructure; railways; roads Triads 14, 38 Trotsky, Leon 43 Truman, President 60, 115, 116

unemployment 93, 104 United Nations 112, 220

relations with Taiwan 140-2 Taiwan a founder member 34, 129 Taiwan loses seat 67, 89

United States: aid to Taiwan 59---60, 80-1, 83, 112 diplomatic relations with the People's

Republic of China 70, 131, 137, 159 disillusionment with the KMT 110-13 financing of Taiwan's imports 80-1 interest in Taiwan during 1850s 18 investment in Taiwan 84 lifts ban on travel to China 134 mutual defence pact with the Republic

of China 119 relations with China 132, 134--9 relations with Taiwan 130-40 support for the KMT 34,51-2 support for the KMT in Taiwan 59---60

264

Taiwan's economic dependence 95 trade with Taiwan 139

Vatican: relations with China 155 relations with Taiwan 153, 155

Vietnam 19, 137,240 Vietnam War 85, 126 visitors from Taiwan to the mainland

209, 216, 218--19 Vonums 3

Wang Ching-wei 44, 46, 47, 51 Wang San-ho 5--6 Wang Sheng 192 Wang Yi-hsiung 197 Wedemeyer, General III Whampoa Academy 43, 45 Workers' Party 197 World Bank 220 Wu, K.C. 60

Index

Xiong Wen-can 8

Yan Mingfu 226 Yang Du 224 Yang Shang-kun 178 Yang-ti, Emperor 4--5 Yao Chia-wen 70, 72, 196 Yao Yilin 176 YeJianying 125, 161,236 Yeh Ch'u-Ian 222 Yen Chia-kan 53, 74, 147 Yen Hsi-shan 47 Yoshida, Shigeru 143, 144 Yu Kuo-hwa 181, 190, 192, 223 Yuan Shi-k'ai 39-40, 41

Zhang Zhunqiao 126 Zhao Ziyang 163, 177, 192, 226 Zhou Enlai 50, 114

conciliatory approach towards Taiwan 119-20, 124--5

death 126