Notes and References Introduction

1. Collections of treaties are among the standard sources for the study of world politics, important instances coming to mind being Dumont (1726-31), Rymer (1732), Martens (1803), and Parry (1%9-80). In his introduction to Fred Israel's four volumes of Major Peace Treaties of Modern History 1648-1967 (1967), Arnold Toynbee described peace treaties as the 'main sources' of the 'essential knowledge' of the history of modern international relations. Our own selection starts in earnest in 1494 (rather than 1648), and encompasses also political documentation that includes other treaties besides peace treaties, as well as speeches, messages, and legislative acts. In contrast with the Israel collection, the present work emphasises global politics and global problems rather than nation-states and territorial (prominently European) issues.

2 Portugal Starts a Global System 1. Among the presents sent from Africa was the first giraffe ever seen in China. 2. One Ii = approximately one-third of a mile. 3. He also signed a treaty of alliance with Maximilian, then ruling in the Netherlands. 4. Being a key participant, inter alia, in the wars of Italy (1494-1516), which, while

regional in scope, were a precondition of Portuguese success at the global level. Notable moments of these wars included the League of Venice (1495) to counter the French invasion of Italy, and the League of Cambrai (1508) directed specifically against Venice.

4 The Cooptation of Britain 1. In one of his rare quips, soon after the landing, Calvinist William asked Anglican

bishop Gilbert Burnet (who accompanied him as Royal Chaplain): 'Well, Doctor, what do you think of predestination now?' (Macaulay, 1914, p. 1128; Carswell, 1969, p. 184).

2. Heneage Finch, later 1st Earl of Nottingham, a signatory of both the Treaties of Westminster (Doc. 19) and Whitehall (Doc. 23).

3. At the time of writing this memorandum Leibniz was in the employ of the Archbishop Elector of Mainz. After 1676 he served the Dukes of Braunschweig-Luneberg, including the one who in 1714 succeeded to the British throne as George I. For another discussion of the memorandum, see Mahan, 1957, pp. 92; 124-5.

4. The Latin term arbiter includes the meaning of judge, umpire, and even master of the sea. The expression arbiter mundi was first used by Seneca with reference to Jupiter, and in the medieval period it carried religious connotations. (We have this information from Drs P. W. A. T. van der Laan and J. J. V. de Vet.) The Dutch, as a nation, were seen by their opponents as setting themselves up as 'arbiter and judge' over others (see introduction to Doc. 19 below.)

5. Leibniz argued that dominium maris confers an arbitrium rerum that in a French draft he described as 'la direction universelle des affaires et l'arbitrage entre tous les princes et toutes les n5publiques'.

6. Leibniz reached Paris in late March 1672 but never saw, or directly communicated with, Louis XIV or any of his ministers.

408

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Index of Names Aerssen, Cornelius, 140 Afonso V, King of Portugal (1438-

1481),53 Aquiar, Jorge de, 42 Alava, don Francisco de, 120 Alba (or Alva), Fernando Alvarez de

Toledo, third duke of, 107, 120, 121

Albert, archduke of Austria, co-ruler of the Netherlands (1595-1621), 150

Alberti, Amalia, 104 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 41, 42, 77,

78,79,89,9O,93n,96n,98 Albuquerque, Francisco, 42, 82, 95 Alexander I, emperor of Russia (1801-

1825),257,267 Alexander VI, pope (1492-1503), 45,

169 Alexander, general Harold R. L. G.,

374 Alfaro, C. A., 365 Alidosi, Lucrezia degli, 15n Almadana, Arias de, 45, 46, 48, 52 Almeida, Fortunato, 80 Almeida, Francisco de, 5, 37, 41, 42,

77,80, 89n, 93n, 99 Almeida, Lourenco, 77 Alvares, Father, 65n Alvarez, Fernando, 49, 54 Alvaro, Dom, 88, 89 Anaya, Pedro de, 42, 80, 82-4, 93, 102 Anderson, sir John, 402 Anjou, duke of, lord ofthe Netherlands

(1581), 124, 125 Anjou, duke of (1683-1700, see also

Philip V of Spain), 214, 223 Anne of Denmark, Princess, queen of

England (1702-1714),180,181, 194,213-15

Arlington, Henry Bennett, first earl of, 177, 185, 187

Asseliers, J. van, 125 Ataide, Pedro de, 64n, 66n Attlee, Clement, 393 Augustus, Caesar, 9, 10 Avaux, Jean-Antoine de Mesmes,

count of, 189

Ayres, Licentiate 54 Aysma, Hessel 131

Badoer, Albano, 31 Baker, Ray Stannard, 319, 336 Bajpai, Girja Shankar, 365 Barbarigo, Agostino, 58, 70 Barbaro, Pietro, 13, 14 Barbaroux, Charles Jean Marie, 236 Bathurst, B., 275 Bathurst, Henry, second earl of, 275 Bayle, Leon de, 366 Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken,

Lord,362 Beitzell, Robert, 384, 393 Bembo, Francesco, 31 Berezhknov, Valentin Mikhailovich,

369, 378 Bergen, marquis of, 119 Berry, Charles duke of, 181,214,216,

223 Beuningen, Koenrad van, 185, 187 Bevin, Ernest, 394 Birse, major Arthur Herbert, 369, 384 Bismarck, Otto von, 312, 316-17 Blair, Emma Helen, 45 Bohlen, Charles, 369, 378, 384, 385 Bohr, Niels, 402 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, first

viscount of, 180 Boorstin, Daniel, 36 Bourne, Kenneth, 240, 241, 242 Boyd, C. W., 300 Brandt, Gerard, 112, 158 Braudel, Fernand, 10, 14, 30n, 35,

170n, 171n Braunschweig-Lueneburg, George,

duke of, king of England (1714-1727),408

Bright, John, 293 Brissot, Jean-Pierre, 236, 244 Bristol, John Robinson, bishop of, 227 Brito, Cristoviio de, 42 Brito, Louren~o de, 88, 93, 94 Brooke, general Sir Alan, 369 Buckingham, Robert Hobart, fourth

earl of, 275 Buelow, Bernhard, Prince von, 300

415

416 Index of Names

Bulha Pato, Raimundo de, 80 Burnet, Gilbert, 408 Bush, dr. Vannevar, 368 Bussy (-Castelnau), Charles-Joseph

Pattisier, marquis de, 233 Buys, Paulus, 131 Bycker, Gerrit, 137 Byrnes, James F., 384

Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 42, 60, 64, 67n Caceres, Julian, 365 Calicut, Lord of, 61, 66, 95, 98 Calvin, John, 110, 111 Cambay, King of, 69, 97 Campo Fregoso, Bartolomeo da, 15n Cane, Facino, 15 Cannanore, King of, 66n, 68-9, 84,

88-9,95 Canning, George, 241 Caravello, Marino, 31 Carbery, John Vaughan, third earl of,

197, 199 Cardenas, don Guitierre de, 48, 52 Carignan, Prince Amadeo of, 220 Carignan, Prince Thomas of, 220 Carmagnole, Francesco, 15 Carneiro, Antonio, 102 Caron, Noel de, 131 Carr, Edward H., 319, 322 Carswell, John, 408 Casey, Richard G., 365 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, first

viscount, 238, 239, 240, 257, 275, 279,281,282,284,287,290,292

Castracane, Castruccio, 22n Catarina, Infanta Dona, 220, 223 Cathcart, William Shaw, first earl of,

289 Catherine II, the Great, empress of

Russia (1762-1796), 312 Cato, Messer, 16 Cessi, Roberto, 13, 14 Chamberlain, Joseph, 242, 300 Chamberlain, Neville, 348, 349 Charles, archduke of Austria, 276 Charles II, king of Great Britain (1660-

85),177,184,185,191,204,205 Charles V, king of Spain, Holy Roman

Emperor (1519-1556), 104, 118, 122n

Charlotte, Princess of Wales, 276

Chatham, William Pitt the Elder, first earl of, 299

Chauvelin, Bernard-Franc;ois, marquis de, 249, 250, 252

Cheng Ho, 35, 36 Chicherin, Georgi Vasilievich, 340 Churchill, Winston S., 6, 322-8, 348-

51,356,362-3,365,368-78,384-6, 388-401, 402-3

Chys, J. A. van der, 134 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 357 Cicero, 255 Ciechanowski, Jan, 365 Citters, Arnoult van, 202 Clancarty, Richard Le Poer, second

earl of, 289 Clark, G. N., 199 Clement, Pierre, 167, 171n Close, Ralph W., 366 Cobbett, William, 178, 184, 195,211,

213,228,247,251 Cobden, Richard, 241-2, 293, 297 Cochin, Lord of, 62, 67, 68, 84, 89, 95,

99 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 110, 113, 114,

167, 171n, 190n Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, Marquis de

Seignelay, 190 Cole, Charles W., 174n Columbus, Christopher, 36, 37, 45,

64n,169 Conant, James B., 368 Concheso, Aurelio F., 365 Contarini, Antonio, 31 Cook, Captain James, 231 Correia, Ayres, 61 Cortesao, Jaime, 79 Court, Pieter de la, 114 Coutinho, dom Fernando, 42 Coventry, Henry, 185, 187 Cretico, II, 60 Cromwell, Oliver, 113 Crowe, Eyre, 242-3 308, 319 Cunha, Tristao da, 42, 93n Cunningham, admiral Andrew Browne,

369 Czartoryski, Prince Adam, 257, 264,

266

Dabreu, Vasco Gomes, 94, 102 Danby, Thomas Osborne, first earl of,

177,185,187

Index of Names 417

Davenport, Frances Gardiner, 45n, 104n,151n

Deane, major-general John R., 361 Debs, Eugene Victor, 343 Degras, Jane, 340 Delbruck, dr Hans, 315 Dennis, Fernand, 365 Diamantopoulos, Cimon G., 365 Dias, Diogo, 74n, 65n Diffie, Bailey W., 36, 38, 77 Dilke, Sir Charles, 297 Dill, field marshal Sir John, 368, 369 Disraeli, Benjamin, 242, 293, 297, 300 Does, Jan van der, 131 Dolfin, Pietro, 13, 14n, 30 Dongois, Nicolas, 216 Douglas, Charles, 227 Drake, Sir Francis, 109 Duda,344 Dumont, Jean, 117, 127, 150,408 Dumouriez, general Charles-Fran<;ois

du Perier, 250 Duyvendak, J. J. L., 35 Dyer, Sir Edward, 130, 132-3

Eden, Sir Anthony, 369, 370, 384, 385, 391,397

Edward III, king of England (1327-1377), 193

Edwards, rear-admiral Richard, 231 Egmont, Philip count of, 119 Eisenhower, general Dwight D., 374 Elizabeth J, queen of England (1558-

1603),108,127,132,204-6 Engels, Friedrich, 343 Estrada, Fernan duke of, 55

Faria e Sousa, Manuel de, 113 Fawkener, W., 274 Ferdinand II, king of Aragon (1479-

1516),37,39,45,48,55,64 Ferdinand VII, king of Spain (1808,

1814-1833), 283 Fernandes, Diego, 98, 99, 100 Fernandes, Manuel, 83 Fernandez, Luis, 365 Ferrara, Nicolo III d'Este, Marquis of,

17 Ferreira, Pedro, 86 Feytzma, Jelger van, 131 Finch, Heneage, first earl of

Nottingham, 177, 185, 187,408

Firth, Sir Charles Harding, 164 Fondolo, Gabrino, 15 Foscari, Francesco, 14n, 19,21,22,27,

29,31 Fotitch, Constantin A., 366 Franklyn, Julian, 193 Frederick II, king of Prussia (1740-

1786),310,311,312 Frisch, David Henry, 367 Froude, James Anthony, 301 Fuerstenberg, Cardinal Wilhelm Egon

von, 189 Fuggers, The, 99

Gallais, Hugues Ie, 365 Gama, Estevao, 2 Gama, Paulo da, 56 Gama, Vasco da, 39, 42, 56, 57n, 65,

79,89n Gamarra, Fernando de, 54 Gardner, Richard N., 381 Garvin, J. L., 300 George III, king of Great Britain

(1760-1820),30, 193 Gilbert, Martin, 362 Gill, Gom<;allo, 100 Gladstone, Wiliam Ewart, 241 Godinho, Vitorino Malaghaes, 40, 79,

82n,99n Gois, Damiao de, 39, 40 Gomes, Louren<;o, 94 Gooch, George Peabody, 306, 308 Gowing, Margaret, 367, 402 Grantham, Thomas Robinson, second

baron,232 Granville, lord Leveson-Gower, first

earl, 264, 266 Greenlee, William Brooks, 41, 60, 62n,

64 Grenville, William Wyndham, first

baron 249 Grey, Sir Edward, 308 Gromyko, Andrei, 384 Grotius, Hugo, 40, 110, 113, 141 Guardia, Jaen, 366

Haersolte, Rutger van, 131 Hamilton, dukes of, 227 Hardenberg, Karl August, prince of,

284,289 Harlow, Vincent T., 228 Harriman, Averell, 370, 384

418 Index of Names

Hatzfeldt, count Paul, 306, 307 Hawke, lord Edward, 232 Hawkins, Sir John, 109 Hazlitt, William Carew, 14 Henri III, king of France (1574--1589),

109, 124n Henri IV, king of France (1589-1610),

109, 150 Henriquez, Henrique, 48, 52, 54 Henry, Prince of Portugal, 64n Henry VIII, king of England (1509-

1574), 127 Herbert, Arthur, 197 House, col. Edward Mandell, 320, 321 Howarth, David, 108 Howe, C. D., 368 Hitler, Adolf, 349, 352 Hop, Jacob, 200, 202,203 Hopkins, Harry, 326, 369, 370 Humboldt, Wilhelm freiherr von, 284,

287,289 Hurban, V. S., 365 Hussain, admiral Emir, 77 Huxelles (or Uxelles), Nicolas du Ble,

marquis d', 227 Hyderabad, nizam of, 233

Imola, Lord of, 16, 17 Innocent XII, pope (1691-1700), 189 Isabel, queen of Portugal (1496-1498),

56 Isabella, queen of Castile (1474--1504),

37,39,45,48,55,64 Isabella Clara Eugenia, archduchess,

co-ruler of the Netherlands (1599-1633), 150

Ismay, general Hastings Lionel, 369 Israel, Fred, 408 Israel, Jonathan, 114

James I, king of England (1603-1625), 150n, 158,204,205

James II, king of England (1685-1688), 177,191,192,193

James Edward, the Old Pretender, 213, 216

Jeannin, Pierre, 150, 152, 157 Jenkinson, Charles, 197 Joao II, king of Portugal (1481-1495),

37, 39,40,45, 56, 66n Jonas, Manfred, 348

Joseph I, king of Hungary (1687), Holy Roman Emperor (1705-1711), 203

Juan, don, of Austria, Governor of the Netherlands (1576-1578), 122, 123

Juan, don, prince of the Asturias, died 1497,54,55

Julius II, pope, 45

Karski, Jozef (J. B. Marchlewski), 343 Katayama, Sen, 343 Kautsky, Benedikt, 342 Kennan, George, 242 Keppel, admiral lord Augustus, 231,

234 Kerr, sir Archibald Clerk, 370, 384 Keynes, John Maynard, 381 Kimball, Warren F., 348 King, admiral Ernest J., 369 Koenigsegg, Leopold William, count

of, 200,202 Kurusu, Saburo, 357

Labrador, Gomez, 287, 289 Ladislas of Durazzo, king of Naples

(1386-1414), king of Hungary (from 1390),17

Lampugnano, Giovanni da, 16 Lane, lieutenant, 231 Lane, Frederick c., 14, 19n, 23n, 24n,

29n,62n Langley, Harold D., 348 Langstone, Frank, 365 Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith

Petty-Fitzmaurice, fifth marquess, 242

Latour-Dupin, marquis N. de, 289 Leahy, admiral William Daniel, 369,

394 Leibniz, Gottfried von, 178-9, 181,

183,408 Leicester, Robert Dudley, earl of, 127 Leme, Ruy, 54 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 340, 344 Le6n, Pedro de, 54 Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor

(1658-1705), 200 Levison-Gower, captain John, 231 Lima, Joao de Sousa de, 42 Lippmann, Walter, 320, 321, 327, 328 Litvinov, Maxime, 365 Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson,

second earl of, 275, 284

Index of Names 419

Llewellin, Colonel J. J., 368 Lobengula, king of the Ndebele, 302 Lobo da Silveira, dom Joachim, 287,

289 Lodge, senator Henry Cabot, 345 Loewenheim, Francis L., 348 Loewenhielm, Carl Axel, 287, 289 Lomas, Sophie L., 132 Lopes, Tome, 82 Lopez-Herrarte, Enrique, 365 Loredan, Leonardo, 29, 70n Loredan, Pietro, 14n, 29, 31 Loriot, Fernand, 343 Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, eleventh

Marquess, 322 Loudon, Alexander, 365 Louis XII, king of France (1498-1515),

169 Louis XIV, king of France (1643-

1715),167,177,178,179,181, 182, 184, 189-90, 193, 195, 197, 214,215,216-224,235,238

Louis XVI, king of France (1774-1793),245,254,255

Luther, Martin, 110

Macauley, Thomas Babington, 184, 303,408

McCarthy, Leighton, 365 Maclean, Bill, 343 McNeill, William H., 324 Maelson, Fran<;ois, 131 Magellan, Ferdinand, 169 Magoffin, Ralph van Deman, 141 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 408 Maisky, Ivan, 392 Malatesta, Pandolfo, 15 Malatesti di Rimini, Carlo de, 17 Maldonado, Rodrigo, 48, 52, 54 Malindi, king of, 84, 87 Mancidor, don Juan de, 156 Manuel I, king of Portugal (1495-

1521),4,5,39,40,41,56,58,60, 61n, 62,64, 70, 77, 79,89n, 91, 96n

Marchioni, Bartolomeo (the Florentine), 62, 99

Maret, Hugues-Bernard, 250 Margaret of Austria, duchess of Parma,

Regent of the Netherlands (1559-1567), 119, 120

Maria, queen of Portugal (1500-1516?), 39,56

Marlborough, John Churchill, first duke of, 179,328,348

Marshall, George, 323, 324, 329, 405 Martin V, pope (1417-1431), 29 Martinho, dom, 90, 97, 99 Marx, Karl, 343 Martens, Georg Friedrich von, 408n Mary II, queen of England (1689-

1694), 177, 178, 181, 191, 193, 195, 197,206

Massa, friar Antonio della, 29 Matthias, archduke of Austria, Holy

Roman Emperor (1612-1619), 124 Mattingly, Garrett, 11 Maxim, sir Hiram Stevens, 302 Maximilian I, Emperor, 408n Melho, Duarte, 86 Melho, Pedro de, 86 Melville, Robert Saunders Dundas,

second viscount, 275 Mendes, Diogo, 42 Mendon<;a, Lopes de, 100 Menin, Joost de, 131 Mesnager, Nicolas, comte de Saint­

Jean, 227 Metternich, Clement Wenceslaus

Lothaire, Prince, 279, 281, 282, 287,289,291,292

Michiel, Fantino, 31 Mihajlovic, Dragoljub, 374 Miranda, Simiio de, 64n Mitford, Nancy, 193 Mocenigo, Tomaso, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14,

29, 30n, 113, 114, 240 Modelski, George, 2, 4, 36, 41, 112 Modelski, Sylvia, 14, 30, 60, 80, 127,

151,167,184,189,197,244,267, 279

Molotov, Vyacheslva Mikhaylovich, 370, 394

Montagnana, Cecco de, 5,17 Montigny, Floris de Montmorency,

baron de, 119 Morgenstierne, W. Munthe, 366 Morgenthau Jr., Henry, 381 Motley, James, 108, 127 Mountbatten, lord Louis, 371 Muenzenberg, W., 343 Mulgrave, Henry Phipps, first earl of,

275

420 Index of Names

Murat, Joachim, king of Naples (1808-1815), 76

Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, 11,14, 30,60

Mussolini, Benito, 349, 352

Napier, Henry Edward, 15n Napoleon I, emperor of France, 237,

238,267,268-71,291,310 Narsimha, king of Vijayanagar, 100 Nassau, William Adrian Odijk, Count

of, 197, 199 Nelson, admiral lord Horatio, 237, 239 Nesselrode, Charles Robert, Count,

282, 287, 289 Newton, Isaac, 180 Neyen, friar Jean de, 156 Noailles, comte Alexis de, 289 Noronha, dom Garcia de, 42 Noronhas, The, 99 Norwich, John Julius, 14, 19n, 26n, 29 Nottingham, Daniel Finch, second earl

of, 197, 199 Nova, Joao da, 42, 102 Novossilsoff, count Nicolas, 257, 264,

266

Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, 108, 112, 131, 150

Ordilaffi, Catarina degli, 15n Ordilaffi, Giorgio degli, 15, 16 Orleans, Philip, duke of, 181,214,216-

23 Osborne, Kelly, 58 Ozolua, king of Benin, 63n

Pacheco, Duarte, 54 Padilha, Pero Lopes de, 64, 69 Paine, Thomas, 236 Palmela, dom Pedro de Sousa Holstein,

count of, 287, 289 Parma, Alessandro Farnese, prince of,

119n Parry, Clive, 182, 184, 197,200,214,

279,408 Pascal, Paul, 58 Pasqualigo, Pietro, 60, 64, 70 Pauw, Reynier, 37 Pavlov, Vladimir Nikolayevich, 369,

378,384 Pecanha, Joao Rodrigues, 93,94 Pecanha, Manuel,84,88,93,94,96

Peegas, Joham, 93 Peel, sir Robert, 293, 295 Peierls, Ronald F., 367 Pereira, Jorge de Melo, 42 Peter I, the Great, emperor of Russia

(1682-1725), 312 Philip II, king of Spain (1556-1598),

107,117,118,220,223 Philip V, king of Spain (1700-1746),

181,214,216,223 Pickering, Danby, 204 Piiia, Ruy de, 47 Pippo Speno (Filippo degli Scolari), 26 Pisani, Domenico, 58, 60, 72 Pitt Jr., sir William, 4, 236, 237, 238,

247,257,270 Place, Elie de la, 157 Polk, President James Knox, 294 Pomponne, Arnauld de, 171 Portal, air chief Marshal Charles

Frederick Algernon, 369 Prempeh, king of Ashanti, 302 Prescott, William H., 113 Prestwich, Menna, 111 Priuli, Girolamo, 40, 60

Queymado, Vasco, 85, 91 Quilon, king of, 68, 94

Rait, Robert Sangster, 164 Rakovsky, Christian, 344 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 150n Ranke, Leopolde von, 21n Ranum, Orest and Patricia, 178 Rapkin, David, 2 Ravenstein, E. G., 39, 56 Razumovskii, count Andrei Kirillovich,

289 Reinstein, Boris, 344 Resquesens y Zuniga, Luis de, 121 Reynaud, Paul, 348 Rhodes, Cecil, 302n Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 357 Richardot, Jean, president of Artois,

152, 156 Richmond, Charles Lennox, first duke

of,227 Robertson, James Alexander, 45 Roda, Heronymo, 122, 123 Rodrigues, Joao, 93 Romanin, Samuele, 14,56 Roosevelt, Elliott, 378

Index of Names 421

Roosevelt, president Franklin D., 6, 322-6,328,348-51,358,362-5, 368-80,384-6,396,402,403

Roosevelt, president Theodore, 319 Ross, Robert, 34 Rossi, Piermaria de, 15, 16 Rowen, Herbert H., 117 Royal, captain Forrest B., 369 Rozin, F., 344 Rudnianski,344 Ruiz, Joan, 55 Russel, Edward, 197, 199 Russy, Sieur de, vicomte de Machault,

157 Rymer, Thomas, 108, 408n

Saldhana, Antonio, 42 Saldanha da Gama, Antonio de, 287,

289 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, third marquess

of, 242, 305, 306 Sambin, Paolo, 13, 14 Sanches, Fernam, 93 Sanches, Lopo, 88, 102 Sanudo, Marino, 11, 13, 14,58,60 Sargent, Ralph M., 132 Savoy, Victor Amadeus II, duke of,

King of Sicily from 1713,220 Scala, della, House of, 26 Schimmelpenninck, Alexander van der

Oije (age), Lord of, 202 Sebastian, king of Portugal (1554-

1578), 107, 169 Seeley, Sir John, 301 Selles, Jean de Noircarmes, seigneur

de, 123 Selous, Frederick Courtenay, 302 Sequeira, Diogo Lopes de, 42 Sequeira, Gonzale de, 42 Sequeira, Joao Suares de, 54 Serrao,Joao,42,88,102 Shelburne, William Petty, 182-3,228,

235,242 Sherwood, Robert, 323, 369 Shuvalov, count P., 316 Sidmouth, Henry Addington, first

viscount, 275 Sigismund, king of Hungary from 1385,

German king from 1411, 11, 17, 26n

Sirola, Yrgo, 344 Smith, Adam, 183

Smith, Joseph, 30 Soares, Lopo, 42, 78, 81, 82, 90, 92 Somers, John, 191,211 Soong, T. V., 365 Sophia, dowager princess of

Brunswick-Hanover, 215 Sottas, Jules, 31n Sousa, Garcia de, 42 Sousa, Don Juan de, 45, 46, 48, 52, 54 Sousa, Ruy de, 45, 46, 48, 52, 54 Sousa, Sebastiao de, 42 Spencer, Richard, 157 Spinola, Ambrogio, marquess, 156 Stackelberg, Otto Magnus, count, 289 Stalin, marshal Joseph Visserianovitch,

326,327,369-80,384-5,386-92, 393-402

Stark, admiral Harold, 323-4 Stepanov, M. s., 383 Steel, Ronald, 321 Stettinius, Edward R., 384, 385, 386-8 Stewart, sir Charles, 287, 289 Stimson, Henry L., 402 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, third

earl of, 227 Straten, Count R. van, 365 Stratman, Theodore Althete Henry,

count of, 200, 202, 203 Suvorov, general Aleksandr

Vasilyevich, 372 Swift, Jonathan, 180, 182, 208

Tacitus, Cornelius, 9, 143 Talleyrand-Perigord, Prince Charles­

Maurice de, 287, 289 Tarnovski von Tarnow, Count Adam,

334 Temperley, Harold, 306, 308 Temple, sir William, 9,177 Tenda, Beatrice, 15 Thatcher, John Boyd, 45 Thiriet, Freddy, 30 Thompson, colonel Thomas Perronet,

294 Thompson, William R., 2, 4,11,36,

41 Tindal, Matthew, 211 Tito, Josip Broz, 374 Torello, Guido, 16, 17 Torres, Fernando de, 54 Tovar, Sanchez de, 64n, 69n, 82n Toynbee, Arnold, 408n

422 Index of Names

Trevelyan, George Macauley, 223 Trevisan, Iacomo, 31 Troncoso, Jesus Maria, 365 Trotsky, Leon, 321, 340, 344 Truchess, Gebhard, elector of

Cologne, 133 Truman, president Harry S., 326, 329,

393-6,398-401,402 Twiss, captain, 230

Ubenam, king of, 63 Uguccione, 16, 17 Uzzano, Niccolo d', 16, 17

Vadillo y Velasco, don Manuel de, 219 Vaez, Esteban, 54 Valcke, Jacob, 131 Valori, Bartolomeo, 16 Vance, Cyrus, 1 Vansittart, Nicholas, 275 Verrne, Jacopo dal, 15 Verreycken, Louis, 156 Victoria, queen of Great Britain (1837-

1901),300 Villiers, Charles Pelham, 295 Visconti, Filippo Maria, duke of Milan

(1412-1447), 14, 15, 16 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, duke of Milan

(1385-1402), 15,26 Vitali, Bernadino de, 74 Voltaire, Fram;ois-Marie Arouet de,

11,181 Voroshilov, marshal Klementi

Efremovich,369 Vyshinsky, Andrei, 384, 385

Waldeck, George Frederick, Prince of, 189

Walker, Robert J., 294 Walsingham, sir Francis, 131, 132 Weber, Max, 110, 111 Webster, sir Charles K., 257, 275 Weede, Everhard de, 197, 199,202 Weinstein, Donald, 70 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, first

duke of, 239, 267, 287, 290-2 Welsers, The, 99n Wesley, John, 113 Wessenberg, baron Johan Philipp, 289,

291, 292 White, Harry Dexter, 381 Wilhelm II, emperor of Germany

(1888-1918),300,315-16 William the Silent, prince of Orange

(1544-1584),107, 112, 117, 121-4, 130, 132-3

William III, prince of Orange, king of Great Britain (1689-1702), 4, 5, 177-81,191-5,197,200,202,206, 208, 211, 213, 238

William IV, prince of Orange, king of the Netherlands (1815-1840), 276

Williamson, sir Joseph, 185, 187 Wilson, Charles, 108 Wilson, President T. Woodrow, 319-

22,330,336 Winius, George D., 36, 38, 77 Winwood, Rodolphe, 157 Witsen, Nicolas, 197, 199,202 Witt, Johan de, 114

Yonghema, Lans van, 131 Yung-lo, emperor of China (1402-

1424),35

Zuk, Gary, 11