Notes and News
3
752 altered for different countries and perhaps for whether it was needed for a major or minor hospital. When an African obstetric technical school had been established in one country (to deem it a university would be disastrous), the concept could be developed in other Third World countries. Perhaps 200 000 a year for five years for five obstetric technical schools. Other major Third World hospitals could be "twinned" with British district general hospitals. British doctors would have advice about how, what, and when to give. New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, West Midlands WV10 0QP ALAN M. SMITH 1. Houghton IT. The Triservice anaesthetic apparatus. Anaesthesia 1981, 36: 1094-108. 2. Ezi-Ashi TI, Papworth DP, Nunn JF. Inhalational anaesthesia in developing countries: part I. The problems and a proposed solution. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 729-35. 3. Ezi-Ashi TI, Papworth DP, Nunn JF. Inhalational anaesthesia in developing countries part II. Review of existing equipment. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 736-47. Medicine and the Law Failure of Anaesthesia during Caesarean Section THE plaintiff was married in 1978. She hoped to have three children. In 1980 she became pregnant and she was later advised that a breech presentation necessitated caesarean section. In February, 1981, she was admitted to hospital and underwent an agonising experience. After premedication she was given a muscle relaxant for intubation and then a second relaxant to be effective during the operation. Nitrous oxide and oxygen were introduced. Something went wrong: she remained awake during the following hour, drifting and dreaming. She was unable to communicate or speak. The judge accepted that she felt "a red hot knife", and that for the hour the operation lasted, she had "the most horrific experience" that he had heard of in the Royal Courts of Justice. Within a month, vaginal bleeding caused her readmission to hospital. The prospect of a further general anaesthetic for dilatation and curettage terrified her. There followed a period of psychiatric disturbance. She later became pregnant again. Ten weeks before the expected confinement she learned that the baby was in the breech position. Expecting that caesarean section would again be, required, she relived to a certain extent her previous experience. All went well, however, and her second child was born. There was no difficulty of bonding with the child, but she feared another pregnancy, thus being deprived of the chance of a third child. Her anxieties were believed to be the cause of pain on intercourse. Moreover, she felt unable to accept the proposal of an operation for a minor condition affecting her bladder. She had varicose veins and was unwilling to have an operation because of her fear of anaesthesia. Since 1981 she had had insomnia and periods of exhaustion followed by sleep. Depression and "mood swings" impaired the quality of her life. She had become withdrawn and fearful of the future. The judge said there had been four years of suffering from psychiatric illness which had been more than mild. He took into account that, as a teenager, she had had anorexia, bulimia, and an anxiety state. He was satisfied that the plaintiff was determined to get well and did not exaggerate her symptoms. He awardedf12 000 for pain and loss associated with her experience, plus f1 775 for the costs of future treatment and agreed special damages. Ackers v Wigan Health Authority. QBD, Russell], June, 1985. DIANA BRAHAMS, Barrister-at-law Notes and News OTHER PEOPLE’S TOBACCO SMOKE THE Health Education Council is to spend 250 000 on a campaign to warn people of the health hazards of breathing other people’s tobacco smoke. Radio advertisements backed by a leaflet will point out that breathing other people’s smoke can lead to bronchitis, pneumonia, and even lung cancer and the slogan will be Please Don’t Force Smoking Down Other People’s Throats. The director-general of the Health Education Council, Dr David Player, has expressed satisfaction with the epidemiological evidence showing that some non-smokers will die of lung cancer as a result of inhaling other people’s smoke. "The leading studies differ in putting a number to those who die," he stated, "but all agree there is a measureable risk". The campaign is not intended to attack the fact that people smoke but highlight the place where they smoke. The Council want to emphasise that smoking is unpleasant and dangerous to non-smokers. Children are in particular danger: when both parents smoke infants in the first year of life suffer more respiratory disease than infants whose parents do not smoke. Height and growth can also be affected and schoolchildren with smoking parents have more chest infections than children with non-smoking parents. In addition, eye irritation, runny noses, and sneezing, coughing, and reduced lung efficiency are all caused by passive smoking. A study of 10 000 non-smoking office workers found that more than half noticed difficulty in working near to smokers and more than a third had decided to move away from smoking colleagues. A recent survey on attitudes to smoking published in the March edition of Which? magazine found considerable support for a ban on smoking in public places. A report published by Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) has found that 7 out of 10 local councils insist on smoke-free council meetings. Smoking restrictions were least likely to be imposed in meetings of councils in the North, North West, and Yorkshire and Humberside regions, where cigarettes were most likely to be provided at civic functions. These are the regional health authorities with the highest rates of death due to smoking.2 THE GLOBAL PICTURE OF DRUG MISUSE DELEGATES from 29 countries attended the conference for ministers of health on narcotic and psychotropic drug misuse which was called by the Government and held in London on March 18-20. Mr Norman Fowler, Secretary of State for Social Services, opened the conference by stating that no part of the world could consider itself immune to the growth in drug misuse. He went on: "Drug misuse is a threat to the lives of thousands of people and to the stability and wellbeing of families and communities. Until fairly recently the main emphasis in the war on drug misuse was on stopping supplies. Most countries have intensified their action against trafficking and there have been many notable success stories but it is regrettably a fact that the supply of illicit drugs has not diminished ... there is no single solution to the problem of drug misuse. And no single country can successfully deal with it in isolation". Mr Fowler reported that Britain had strengthened its mechanisms for controlling the supply of drugs by improving customs control and increasing penalties for trafficking (including a Bill to permit confiscation of the proceeds of trafficking). Measures had also been taken to tackle the demand for drugs (an education and information campaign for parents, teachers, and young people) and improve facilities to treat and rehabilitate people who become dependent on drugs (over 17 million has been made available centrally and an additional f5 million locally). Over the course of the conference attention was drawn to two new drug hazards: free-base cocaine abuse and "designer" drugs. A Lancet paper3 had drawn 1. Local Authority Policy on Smoking. A Survey of Councils on England and Wales Available from ASH, 5-11 Mortimer Street, London W1N 7RH (01-637 9843) 2. The Big Kill. Health Education Council, 78 New Oxford Street, London WC1A 1AH See Lancet, Dec 7, 1985, p 1316. 3. Jekel JF, et al. Epidemic free-base cocaine abuse Lancet 1986; i: 459-62.
Transcript of Notes and News
752
altered for different countries and perhaps for whether it wasneeded for a major or minor hospital.When an African obstetric technical school had been
established in one country (to deem it a university would bedisastrous), the concept could be developed in other ThirdWorld countries. Perhaps 200 000 a year for five years forfive obstetric technical schools. Other major Third Worldhospitals could be "twinned" with British district generalhospitals. British doctors would have advice about how,what, and when to give.New Cross Hospital,Wolverhampton,West Midlands WV10 0QP ALAN M. SMITH
1. Houghton IT. The Triservice anaesthetic apparatus. Anaesthesia 1981, 36: 1094-108.2. Ezi-Ashi TI, Papworth DP, Nunn JF. Inhalational anaesthesia in developing countries:
part I. The problems and a proposed solution. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 729-35.3. Ezi-Ashi TI, Papworth DP, Nunn JF. Inhalational anaesthesia in developing countries
part II. Review of existing equipment. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 736-47.
Medicine and the Law
Failure of Anaesthesia during Caesarean Section
THE plaintiff was married in 1978. She hoped to have threechildren. In 1980 she became pregnant and she was later advisedthat a breech presentation necessitated caesarean section. In
February, 1981, she was admitted to hospital and underwent anagonising experience. After premedication she was given a musclerelaxant for intubation and then a second relaxant to be effectiveduring the operation. Nitrous oxide and oxygen were introduced.Something went wrong: she remained awake during the followinghour, drifting and dreaming. She was unable to communicate orspeak. The judge accepted that she felt "a red hot knife", and thatfor the hour the operation lasted, she had "the most horrificexperience" that he had heard of in the Royal Courts of Justice.Within a month, vaginal bleeding caused her readmission to
hospital. The prospect of a further general anaesthetic for dilatationand curettage terrified her. There followed a period of psychiatricdisturbance.
She later became pregnant again. Ten weeks before the expectedconfinement she learned that the baby was in the breech position.Expecting that caesarean section would again be, required, sherelived to a certain extent her previous experience. All went well,however, and her second child was born. There was no difficulty ofbonding with the child, but she feared another pregnancy, thusbeing deprived of the chance of a third child. Her anxieties werebelieved to be the cause of pain on intercourse. Moreover, she feltunable to accept the proposal of an operation for a minor conditionaffecting her bladder. She had varicose veins and was unwilling tohave an operation because of her fear of anaesthesia. Since 1981 shehad had insomnia and periods of exhaustion followed by sleep.Depression and "mood swings" impaired the quality of her life. Shehad become withdrawn and fearful of the future.
The judge said there had been four years of suffering frompsychiatric illness which had been more than mild. He took intoaccount that, as a teenager, she had had anorexia, bulimia, and ananxiety state. He was satisfied that the plaintiff was determined toget well and did not exaggerate her symptoms. He awardedf12 000for pain and loss associated with her experience, plus f1 775 for thecosts of future treatment and agreed special damages.
Ackers v Wigan Health Authority. QBD, Russell], June, 1985.
DIANA BRAHAMS,Barrister-at-law
Notes and News
OTHER PEOPLE’S TOBACCO SMOKE
THE Health Education Council is to spend 250 000 on acampaign to warn people of the health hazards of breathing otherpeople’s tobacco smoke. Radio advertisements backed by a leafletwill point out that breathing other people’s smoke can lead tobronchitis, pneumonia, and even lung cancer and the slogan will bePlease Don’t Force Smoking Down Other People’s Throats. Thedirector-general of the Health Education Council, Dr David Player,has expressed satisfaction with the epidemiological evidence
showing that some non-smokers will die of lung cancer as a result ofinhaling other people’s smoke. "The leading studies differ in
putting a number to those who die," he stated, "but all agree there isa measureable risk". The campaign is not intended to attack the factthat people smoke but highlight the place where they smoke. TheCouncil want to emphasise that smoking is unpleasant anddangerous to non-smokers. Children are in particular danger: whenboth parents smoke infants in the first year of life suffer more
respiratory disease than infants whose parents do not smoke. Heightand growth can also be affected and schoolchildren with smokingparents have more chest infections than children with non-smokingparents. In addition, eye irritation, runny noses, and sneezing,coughing, and reduced lung efficiency are all caused by passivesmoking. A study of 10 000 non-smoking office workers found thatmore than half noticed difficulty in working near to smokers andmore than a third had decided to move away from smokingcolleagues. A recent survey on attitudes to smoking published in theMarch edition of Which? magazine found considerable support for aban on smoking in public places.A report published by Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) has
found that 7 out of 10 local councils insist on smoke-free councilmeetings. Smoking restrictions were least likely to be imposed inmeetings of councils in the North, North West, and Yorkshire andHumberside regions, where cigarettes were most likely to be
provided at civic functions. These are the regional healthauthorities with the highest rates of death due to smoking.2
THE GLOBAL PICTURE OF DRUG MISUSE
DELEGATES from 29 countries attended the conference forministers of health on narcotic and psychotropic drug misuse whichwas called by the Government and held in London on March 18-20.Mr Norman Fowler, Secretary of State for Social Services, openedthe conference by stating that no part of the world could consideritself immune to the growth in drug misuse. He went on: "Drugmisuse is a threat to the lives of thousands of people and to thestability and wellbeing of families and communities. Until fairlyrecently the main emphasis in the war on drug misuse was onstopping supplies. Most countries have intensified their actionagainst trafficking and there have been many notable success storiesbut it is regrettably a fact that the supply of illicit drugs has notdiminished ... there is no single solution to the problem of drugmisuse. And no single country can successfully deal with it inisolation". Mr Fowler reported that Britain had strengthened itsmechanisms for controlling the supply of drugs by improvingcustoms control and increasing penalties for trafficking (including aBill to permit confiscation of the proceeds of trafficking). Measureshad also been taken to tackle the demand for drugs (an education andinformation campaign for parents, teachers, and young people) andimprove facilities to treat and rehabilitate people who becomedependent on drugs (over 17 million has been made availablecentrally and an additional f5 million locally). Over the course of theconference attention was drawn to two new drug hazards: free-basecocaine abuse and "designer" drugs. A Lancet paper3 had drawn
1. Local Authority Policy on Smoking. A Survey of Councils on England and WalesAvailable from ASH, 5-11 Mortimer Street, London W1N 7RH (01-637 9843)
2. The Big Kill. Health Education Council, 78 New Oxford Street, London WC1A 1AHSee Lancet, Dec 7, 1985, p 1316.
3. Jekel JF, et al. Epidemic free-base cocaine abuse Lancet 1986; i: 459-62.
753
attention to an epidemic in the Bahamas of free-base cocaine abuse(the cocaine is smoked as opposed to inhaled or injected), which hasa very high addictive potential. Other methods of cocaine abuseappear to have a low addictive potential. The authors of the reportconcluded that the epidemic of cocaine-related physical andpsychiatric problems in the Bahamas was related to a change inavailability: the powdered cocaine for inhalation became
unobtainable while the pure alkaloid form for smoking became verycheap and plentiful. Designer drugs are the equivalent of heroin orcocaine but may be manufactured in the kitchen or school
laboratory using commonly available chemicals. Their use is
beginning to spread outside the United States.
WORK AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MEDICALRESEARCH
To exploit as fully as possible the commercial potential of some ofits work the Medical Research Council is setting up a collaborativecentre where joint projects can be undertaken with industry.900 000 has been set aside for 1986/87 for this centre, which will besited adjacent to the MRC’s National Institute for MedicalResearch in Mill Hill, in the building which up to the end of lastyear had been leased to the Imperial Cancer Research Fund. Initialactivities at the Centre will revolve around work at the NIMR andthe MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Cambridge, and theemphasis will be on short and medium term projects (up to fiveyears).Last week industry, and the press, were invited to an exhibition of
a range of the work being done at the NIMR. The discovery of asecond binding site on muscarinic receptor molecules has generatedsome hope of finding a drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’sdisease, in which acetylcholine (ACh) levels are low. The binding ofa compound to the new binding site seems to alter the shape of thebinding site for ACh and the intensity of the effect of ACh. So far,though, the compounds that have been found to bind to the new sitetune down the effects of ACh, whereas what is being sought is onethat enhances its effects. Also of clinical interest is work being doneon the hormonal control of growth. The finding in rats of the threehourly peaks in growth hormone release, its relation to oscillationsin somatostatin levels, and the refractoriness of the growth hormoneresponse to growth releasing factor administration during periods ofhigh somatostatin levels may lead to the development of newschedules of treatment with growth hormone and/or growthreleasing factor.
NEW RESTRICTIONS ON CIGARETTE ADVERTISING
ON Monday Mr Norman Fowler, Secretary of State for SocialServices, announced that the Government had reached a newvoluntary agreement with the tobacco industry on the advertisingand promotion of tobacco products and on health warnings. Theagreement would operate from April 1 until Oct 31, 1989.The new provisions include: advertising of cigarettes in cinemas
will cease; and, replacing the present health warning, six newmessages will be given roughly equal exposure on packs, posters,and press advertisements (the warnings will say that Smoking CanCause Fatal Diseases, Smoking Can Cause Heart Disease, SmokingWhen Pregnant Can Injure Your Baby and Cause Premature Birth,Stopping Smoking Reduces the Risk of Serious Diseases, SmokingCan Cause Lung Cancer, Bronchitis, and Other Chest Diseases,More than 30 000 People Die Each Year in the UK From LungCancer). The space provided for the health warning and tar ratingson posters and press advertisements will be increased from 15% to17 - 5% of the available area.The tobacco industry is to spend 1 million each year for the
duration of the agreement on a campaign with the retail trade,supported by media advertising and direct mail to the trade, againstillegal sale of cigarettes to children under the age of 16. Expenditureon poster advertising will be frozen in real terms at 50% of that inthe year up to March 31, 1980.
1. Dominian J. Marital breakdown and health. GP Update 1985; 31: 809-14.2. An Introduction to Marital Breakdown. By Jack Dominian. London: Fount. 1986.
Pp 206. £2.50 (paperback).
New rules will prevent cigarette posters being positioned close toschools. No cigarette brand advertising on logos or "give-aways" tochildren at events sponsored by tobacco companies, such as
roadshows and airshows, will be permitted. No cigarettes yielding18 mg of tar or more will be advertised. No cigarette advertisementswill appear in magazines with a female readership of over 200 000,where a third or more of those readers are aged between 15 and 24years.The agreement is to be monitored by a new Government/tobacco
industry committee under an independent chairman. The chairmanwill report annually on the progress of the agreement.
BRITAIN-NEPAL MEDICAL TRUST
THE primary aim of the British-Nepal Medical Trust’ is the
improvement of village health services in Eastern Nepal. Its annualreport for 19852 records the continuing success of the tuberculosisand leprosy control programmes, the drugs scheme project, andcommunity health leader projects. The Trust is expanding itstuberculosis control services in the Terai (plains), and, incollaboration with the Nepali government tuberculosis controlproject, it has been asked to extend these services to the mountain-locked district of Khotang. The Bhojpur drugs scheme for theprovision of essential medicines to all people has been verysuccessful and will be introduced in three other districts during1987. In order to increase the attendance of women and children theTrust is adopting the successful Bangladesh schemes for maternaland child health by training entirely female cadres for their
community health leader projects. The Trust’s methods for
community health care are beginning to be taken up by the Nepalisas self help-the long-term aim of the Trust.
A NEW PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY JOURNALIN the treatment of panic disorder tricyclic antidepressants and
monoamine-oxidase inhibitors are, on the whole, superior to thebenzodiazepine tranquillisers. One of the newer benzodiazepines,alprazolam, does, however, seem to be effective in alleviating panicattacks. Dr Fiona Judd and her colleagues, in the first issue of a newquarterly journal, International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3suggest that this effect is a manifestation of the drug’santidepressant action, rather than a specific anti-panic effect. Thecontents of the first issue reflect the intention of the journal’s editor,Prof Trevor Silverstone, to publish articles on research as well asclinical practice. Clinical contributions include papers on theusefulness of the dexamethasone suppression test in predictingresponse to tricyclic antidepressants, on susceptibility to drug-induced hypotension in post-partum psychosis, and on the rate-dependent effects of methylphenidate in hyperactivity. Research-oriented papers include an evaluation of the sedative action ofpipequaline, a benzodiazepine partial agonist; and an account ofpreliminary studies of intraventricular drug infusions in patientswith Alzheimer’s disease.
The Royal Society
Among the new fellows elected are the following:Prof Geoffrey Burnstock (professor of anatomy and head of the department
of anatomy and embryology, University College London); Prof DennisChapman (professor of biophysical chemistry at the Royal Free HospitalSchool of Medicine, London); Prof J. R. Guest (professor of microbiology inthe University of Sheffield); Dr A. J. Jeffreys (reader in genetics in theUniversity of Leicester and holder of Lister research fellowship); Dr R. H.Michell (reader in biochemistry in the University of Birmingham); ProfVulimiri Ramalingaswami (director general of the Indian Council of MedicalResearch); Prof P. D. Richardson (professor of physiology and engineering atBrown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA); Mr N. H. L. Ridley(formerly honorary consultant surgeon, Moorfields Eye Hospital andOphthalmic Department, St Thomas’s Hospital, London); Prof MichaelSmith (professor of biochemistry in the University of British Columbia,Vancouver, Canada); Dr J. E. Sulston (scientist at the MRC Laboratory of
1. Britain-Nepal Medical Trust. Lancet 1985; ii: 227-28.2. Britain-Nepal Medical Trust: 17th annual report. Available from the Trust, Stafford
House, 16 East Street, Tonbridge, Kent TN9 1HG.3. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. Published by CNS (Clinical Neuroscience)
Publishers, 50 Ferry Street, London E14 9DT. Price (for 4 issues) £48 (UK), $75(North America), £57.50 or $75 (elsewhere).
754
Molecular Biology, Cambridge); Dr Jean Thomas (lecturer in biochemistry inthe University of Cambridge); Prof Elizabeth Warrington (professor of clinicalneuropsychology at the National Hospital, London); and Prof A. C. Wilson(professor of biochemistry in the University of California, Berkeley, USA).
Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust
Dr Michael Ashley-Miller is to succeed Mr Gordon McLachlanon his retirement in mid-June after 31 years as Secretary of theTrust. Dr Ashley-Miller is at present director, Chief ScientistOffice, Scottish Home and Health Department.
Mrs Wendy Savage’s Costs to Be Met by Medical DefenceUnion
The Medical Defence Union, which earlier refused to pay thelegal costs of Mrs Wendy Savage’s defence against allegations ofclinical incompetence because of her decision to choose her ownsolicitor, has announced that it will after all pay costs, estimated at100 000. The money raised on behalf of Mrs Savage by a publicappeal (]645 000) is to be deposited and used in the event of the loss ofher original appointment as consultant obstetrician at the LondonHospital. The panel of inquiry is expected to reach a decision inJuly.
Artois-Baillet Latour Health Prize
Applications are invited for the 1987 prize of BF5 million toreward an outstanding contribution to the knowledge of theneuropeptides, their role in the physiopathology of the humanbeing, and their therapeutic properties: Secretary General,National Fund for Scientific Research, Rue d’Egmont 5, B-1050Brussels, Belgium.
Guide to Postgraduate Degrees, Diplomas and Courses inMedicine
The 1986 edition of the guide, published by the Council forPostgraduate Medical Education, lists details about higher degreesand diplomas, including the awarding body and, where possible, therequirements for entry to the examination. Copies (f6.35) maybeobtained from the Council, 7 Marylebone Road, London NW1 15HH (01-323 1289).
A conference on Making Health Information Work-CampaigningLocally and Linking Nationally will be held at University of LondonUnion, WC1, on Saturday, April 12: Radical Statistics Health Group, c/oBSSRS, 25 Horsell Road, London N5 1XL.
An international symposium and exhibition on Alternatives in Medicinewill take place in London on April 12-13: Swan House Special Events, HollyRoad, Hampton Hill, Middlesex TW12 1QQ (01-783 0055).
The spring conference of the Tissue Viability Society will take place atOdstock Hospital, Salisbury, on April 14-15: John Gisby, Secretary, Societyfor Tissue Viability, Wessex Rehabilitation Association, Odstock Hospital,Salisbury, Wiltshire SP2 8BJ (0722 336262 ext 2392).
A postgraduate school on Medicine and the Respiratory Tract will takeplace at King’s College London, SW3, on April 14-18: Mr R. E. Marshall,School Secretary, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 Lambeth HighStreet, London SE1 7JN (01-735 9141 ext 287).
A summer course on Understanding the Management of PerinatalBereavement will start at the Tavistock Clinic, London NW3, on Tuesday,April 15: Training Administrator, Tavistock Clinic, 120 Belsize Lane,London NW3 5BA (01-435 7111).
The spring quarterly meeting of the Royal College of Psychiatrists willbe held at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technologyon April 15-16: Secretary to the College, 17 Belgrave Square, London SW1X8PG (01-235 2351).
A meeting on Legionnaires’ Disease will take place at the Institution ofMechanical Engineers, London SWI, on Wednesday, April 16: ConferenceDepartment, Royal Society of Health, RSH House, 38a St George’s Drive,London SW1V 4BH (01-630 0121).
A Royal Society of Chemistry meeting on Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceSpectroscopy will be held on Wednesday, April 16, starting at 2 pm in RoomLG34, David Keir Building, Queen’s University, Belfast.
Prof G. S. Brindley (London) will speak on the Actions of
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nerves in Human Micturition,Erection, and Seminal Emission, and their Restoration in Paraplegic Patientsby Implanted Electrical Stimulators (Ferrier lecture) at the Royal Society, 6Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y SAG, on Thursday, April 17, at4.40pm.
A laboratory meeting on Medical Entomology will be held on Thursdayafternoon, April 17, at the Natural History Museum: Dr R. P. Lane,Department of Entomology, London School of Hygiene and TropicalMedicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London WC1E 7HT.
International Diary
1986
American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics congress onComputer Applications in Medicine and Health Care: Anaheim,California, May 8-10 (AAMSI, Suite 700, 1101 Connecticut Avenue NW,Washington, DC 20036, USA).
lst international conference on Philosophy, Methodology, Ethics, andEconomics in Clinical Cancer Research: Kos, Greece, May 14-18(Congres Secretariat, 4 Monis Petraki Strasse, Athens 11521, Greece).
27ieme journees annuelles de Diabêtologie de I’Hôtel.Dieu: Paris,France, May 29-31 (Secretariat, Hotel-Dieu, 1 Place du Parvis Notre-Dame,75181 Paris, Cedex 04).
’
Scientific colloquium on Responding to Threat of War in the NuclearAge: Cologne, West Germany, May 31 (Dr M. J. Macpherson, PALindemann, Derfflingerstrasse 17, 1000 Berlin 30, West Germany).
9th annual scientific meeting of the International Society of PoliticalPsychology: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 29-July 3 (Dr M. J.Macpherson, PA Lindemann, Derfflingerstrasse 17, 1000 Berlin 30, WestGermany).
5th congress of the European society for Urological Oncology andEndocrinology: Edinburgh, UK, Aug 18-20 (Professor G. D. Chisholm,Department of Surgery/Urology, Western General Hospital, EdinburghEH42XU).
3rd international symposium on Trace Elements and Reproduction:Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Sept 5-6 (Secretariat, Tulpenburg 17, 1181NK Amstelveen, Holland).
International congress on Biological and Clinical Aspects of PhagocyteFunction: Pavia, Italy, Sept 7-10 (Scientific Secretariat, Giovanni Ricevuti,Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica la, Universita di Pavia, 27100 Pavia).
International workshop on Trends in Cluster Headache: Chieti, Italy,Sept 7-10 (ProfL. Vecchiet, Institute of Medical Pathophysiology, Hospital"SS Annunziata", University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti).
Correction
Clinical Experience of Drug Treatments for Mastalgia.-The evenmgprimrose oil used in this study by Mr J. K. Pye, FRCS, and his colleagues(Aug17, 1985, p 373) was that produced by Efamol Ltd, Efamol House,Woodbridge Meadows, Guildford GUI1BA.
