Notes

Cardinal Numbers

0 zero1 one2 two3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten11 eleven12 twelve13 thirteen14 fourteen15 fifteen16 sixteen17 seventeen18 eighteen19 nineteen20 twenty21 twenty-one22 twenty-two23 twenty-three24 twenty-four25 twenty-five

26 twenty-six27 twenty-seven28 twenty-eight29 twenty-nine30 thirty40 forty 50 fifty60 sixty70 seventy80 eighty90 ninety100 a/one hundred101 a hundred and one110 a hundred and ten120 a hundred and twenty200 two hundred1,000 a/one thousand1,001 a thousand and one1,010 a thousand and ten2,000 two thousand10,000 ten thousand11,000 eleven thousand100,000 a/one hundred thousand1,000,000 a/one million2,000,000 two million1,000,000,000 a/one billion

Years in English

From 2000 onwards, years are pronounced like ordinary cardinal numbers.

2000 - two thousand

2003 - two thousand and three

Earlier years are pronounced differently: the first two figures are a number and the last two figures are a number. They can be joined by hundred and, which is only necessary, however, if the last two figures are 00 through 09.

1999 - nineteen (hundred and) ninety-nine1806 - eighteen hundred and six / eighteen oh six

To distinguish between dates before and after the birth of Christ, use BC und AD:

BC = 'Before Christ'AD = 'Anno Domini' (in the year of the Lord)

Dates

Month / Day / Year

05 / 03 / 2011

May 5, 2011

English/Spanish Verb Tenses

A verb is an action word in a sentence. Actions can be in the past, present, future etc. This “time” that an action occurs is called a “tense.” Today we will review 14 verb tenses.

1. Simple Present Simple (use sv + s, 3d singular)

Singular Plural

I speak English every day. We speak English every day.

You speak… You speak …

He/She speaks … They speak …

En español…

“-ar” Singular Plural

- o - amos- as - an- a - an

“-er” “-ir” Singular Plural

- o - imos- es - en- e - en

2. Simple Past ( -ed for all)

Singular Plural

I called Ricki yesterday. We called …

You called … You called …

He/She called … They called …

Common words: Yesterday, last year, last month, last week …

En español…

“-ar” Singular Plural

- é - amos- aste - aron- ø - aron

“-er” “-ir” Singular Plural

- î - imos- îste - ieron- iø - ieron

Palabras comunes: ayer antes de ayer el año pasado el mes pasado la semana pasada

3. Simple Future

P1 + will + sv

Common words: Tomorrow, next year, next month, next week ….

En español… la terminación del futuro es igual para todos!! Yaaaayyyy!

“-ar + …” “-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular Plural- é - emos- ås - an- å - an

Palabras communes:

mañana pasado mañana el año entrante o el año próximo el mes entrante o el mes próximo la semana entrante o el año próximo

1 “P” stands for Person, Place or Thing – in other words, “P” stands for the actor that produces the action = noun or pronoun. Ok?

4. Future No. 2

P + am/is/are going to + sv

Singular Plural

I am going to travel next week. We are going to study many things.

You are going to finish fast. You are going to work in China.

He/She is going to run 5 miles. They are going to look into that situation.

En español…

“-ar + …” “-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular PluralVoy a + infinitivo Vamos a + infinitivoVas a + infinitivo Van a + infinitivoVa a + infinitivo Van a + infinitivo

Palabras communes:

mañana pasado mañana el año entrante o el año próximo el mes entrante o el mes próximo la semana entrante o el año próximo

5. Was / were going to2 …

P + was/were going to + sv

Singular Plural

I was going to travel last week, but something came up.

We were going to study many Eastern philosophies / cultures, but never had the opportunity to do so.

You were going to finish fast, but it took six months!

You were going to work in China – what happened?

He/She was going to run 5 miles yesterday, but was only able to run 2!

They were going to look into that situation, but never found time.

En español…

“-ar + …” “-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular Pluraliba a + infinitivo íbamos a + infinitivoibas a + infinitivo iban a + infinitivoiba a + infinitivo iban a + infinitivo

2 Not really a tense. I insert it here because it’s easy to remember if I place it after “am/is/are going to.”

5. Present Continuous

P + am/is/are + -ing

Singular Plural

I am watching TV and I am listening to the news from Japan.

We are eating a lot of Chinese food these days.

You are looking over the student’s test. You are looking up the information on the Internet.

He/She is looking after the children. They are doing many important things in New York City.

Common words: Right now, at this moment, today …

En español… “-ar”

Singular PluralEstoy + - ando Estamos + -andoEstas + -ando Están + -andoEsta + -ando Están + -ando

“-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular PluralEstoy + - iendo Estamos + -iendoEstas + -iendo Están + -iendoEstå + -iendo Están + -iendo

Palabras comunes: ahora; en este momento; ahora mismo; hoy en día

6. Past Continuous

P + was/were + -ing

Singular Plural

At this time yesterday, I was watching TV and I was listening to the news from Japan.

We were eating a lot of Chinese food these days.

You were looking over the student’s test. You were looking up the information on the Internet.

He/She was looking after the children. They were doing many important things in New York City.

Common words: At this time yesterday, at this time last week, at this time last month, at this time last year…..


Singular PluralEstaba + - ando Estabamos + -andoEstabas + -ando Estaban + -andoEstaba + -ando Estaban + -ando

“-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular PluralEstaba + - iendo Estabamos + -iendoEstabas + -iendo Estaban + -iendoEstaba + -iendo Estaban + -iendo

Palabras comunes: ayer a esta hora; el año pasado a esta ahora

7. Future Continuous

P + will be + -ing

Singular Plural

At this time next year, I will be working in China.

We will be figuring out how to fly to Jupiter.

You will be speaking Spanish perfectly. You will be resting at home.

He/She will be traveling. They will be eating pasta.

Common words: At this time tomorrow, at this time next week, at this time next month, at this time next year…..


Singular PluralEstaré + - ando Estaremos + -andoEstarás + -ando Estarán + -andoEstará + -ando Estarán + -ando

“-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular PluralEstaré + - iendo Estaremos + -iendoEstarás + -iendo Estarán + -iendoEstará + -iendo Estarán + -iendo

Palabras communes: mañana a esta hora; el año entrante a esta ahora

Modals in English- Special auxiliary words. They are used before a main verb to indicate special

situations.

Common Characteristics:1. Modals never change in person or in number. Never add “s” or “ed” or anything!2. Always followed by simple verb (sv). Never by “to.”3. Use “not” between modal and simple verb to form the negative.

List of English ModalsCan + sv

Remember modals…1. never change

2. are always followed by sv

3. and use “not” for negative

What are “special situations” when modals are used?

Well, unlike other English auxiliaries, such as do/does, did, will, have, has, had etc., used before main verbs to indicate either question or negative forms, or a verb tense(past, present, future etc., modal auxiliaries are used for special situations that do NOT indicate time (tense), or question/negative forms… These special situations include:

To indicate ability. To give advice. To show obligation. To show preference. To show possibility. To ask for permission.

Let’s analyze this in the following pages.

Am/Is/Are able to + sv

Should + sv

Ought to + sv

Had better + sv

Must + sv

Have to + sv

Would like to + sv

Would love to + sv

Would rather + sv

May + sv

Might + sv

Can + sv

Will + sv

Could + sv

Uses of modals:

1. To show ability (Spanish yo puedo, tu puedes, él puede, nosotros podemos, ustedes pueden, ellos pueden + INFINITIVO)

**Can + sv

I can speak English. We can speak English.

You can speak English. You can speak English.

He/She/ It can speak English. They can speak English.

I cannot speak English. We cannot speak English.

You cannot speak English. You cannot speak English.

He/She/ It cannot speak English. They cannot speak English.

Can I speak English? Can we speak English?

Can you speak English? Can you speak English?

Can she or he speak English? Can they speak English?

1. To show ability (Spanish yo puedo, tu puedes, él puede, nosotros podemos, ustedes pueden, ellos pueden + INFINITIVO)

**Am / Is / Are able to + sv

I am able to speak English. We are able to speak English.

You are able to speak English. You are able to speak English.

He or she is able to speak English. They are able to speak English.

I am not able to speak English. We are not able to speak English.

You are not able to speak English. You are not able to speak English.

She is not able to speak English. They are not able to speak English.

Am I able to speak English? Are we able to speak English?

Are you able to speak English? Are you able to speak English?

Is he able to speak English? Are they able to speak English?

2. To give advice (Spanish yo debo, tu debes, él debe, nosotros debemos, ustedes deben, ellos deben + INFINITIVO)

**Should + sv

I should call my mother. We should call our mothers.

You should call your mother. You should call your mothers.

He should call his mother. They should call their mothers.

I should not eat sugar. We should not eat sugar.

You should not eat sugar. You should not eat sugar.

She should not eat sugar. They should not eat sugar.

Should I answer the phone? Should we answer the phone?

Should you answer the phone? Should you answer the phone? (plural you)

Should he answer the phone? Should they answer the phone?

2. To give advice (Spanish yo debo, tu debes, él debe, nosotros debemos, ustedes deben, ellos deben + INFINITIVO)

**Ought to + sv

I ought to know that. We ought to know that.

You ought to know that. You ought to know that. (plural you)

He ought to know that. They ought to know that.

I ought not go. We ought not go.

You ought not go. You ought not go.

She ought not go. They ought not go.

Ought you go?

N.B. As you can see, “ought to” is hardly used in question form… so, no need to translate

2. To give strong advice (Spanish mas vale que…. ) --- continued

** Had better + sv

I had better work on Saturdays. We had better work on Saturdays.

You had better work on Saturdays. You had better work on Saturdays.

He/She/ It had better work on Saturdays. They had better work on Saturdays.

OR

I ‘d better work on Saturdays. We’d better work on Saturdays.

You’d better work on Saturdays. You’d better work on Saturdays.

He’d or She’d better work on Saturdays.

They’d better work on Saturdays.

3. To show obligation (Spanish: yo tengo que, tu tienes que, él tiene que, nosotros tenemos que, ustedes tienen que, ellos tienen que + INFINITIVO)

**Have to + sv

I have to work on Saturdays. We have to work on Saturdays.

You have to work on Saturdays. You have to work on Saturdays.

He/She/ It has to work on Saturdays. They have to work on Saturdays.

I don’t have to work on Saturdays. We don’t have to work on Saturdays.

You don’t have to work on Saturdays. You don’t have to work on Saturdays.

She doesn’t have to work on Saturdays. They don’t have to work on Saturdays.

Do I have to work today? Do we have to work today?

Do you have to work today? Do you have to work today?

Does he have to work today? Do they have to work today?

3. To show obligation (Spanish: yo tengo que, tu tienes que, él tiene que, nosotros tenemos que, ustedes tienen que, ellos tienen que + INFINITIVO)

**Must + sv

I must work on Saturdays. We must work on Saturdays.

You must work on Saturdays. You must work on Saturdays.

He must work on Saturdays. They must work on Saturdays.

I must not forget to bring an apple. We must not forget to bring an apple.

You must not forget to bring an apple. You must not forget to bring an apple.

She must not forget to bring an apple. They must not forget to bring an apple.

Must I go? Must we sign that document?

Must you do that so often? Must you (plural) study so much?

Must he plan so much? Must they travel so much

4. To show preference

** Would like to + sv (Spanish: a mi me gustaria, a ti te gustaria, a él/ella le gustaria, a nosotros nos gustaria, a ustedes les gustaria, a ellos/ellas les gustarîa + INFINITIVO)

I would like to study Latin. We would like to study Mandarin.

You would like to study French.

You (plural) would like to study German.

He would like to study Japanese. They would like to study Polish.

I would not like to study Portuguese. We would not like to study Dutch.

You would not like to study English.

You (plural) would not like to study Farsi.

He would not like to study Italian. They would not like to study Korean.

Would I like to study Arabic? Would we like to study Turkish?

Would you like to study Russian?

Would you (plural) would like to study Thai?

Would he like to study Vietnamese? Would they like to study Persian?


** Would love to + sv (Spanish: a mi me encantaría, a ti te encantaría, a él/ella le encantaría, a nosotros nos encantaría, a ustedes les encantaría, a ellos/ellas les encantaría + INFINITIVO)

I would love to meet her. We would love to meet them.

You would love meet him. You would love to visit Colombia.

He would love to meet us. They would love learn Chinese.

I would not love to meet her. We would not love to meet them.

You would not love to meet him. You would not love to visit ABC.

He would not love to meet us. They would not love to learn Thai.


** Would rather + sv (Spanish: preferiría, preferirías, preferiría, preferiríamos, preferirían, preferirían.)

I would prefer to have a hot dog. We would prefer to have coffee.

You would prefer to have a coke. You would prefer to have pizza.

He would prefer to have a Pepsi. They would prefer to have a hamburger.

I would not prefer the opera. We would not prefer a ballet.

You would not prefer a movie. You would not prefer a TV show.

He would not prefer to see a play. They would not prefer a dance.

5. To show possibility (Spanish: quizás)

** Might + sv

** May + sv

6. To ask for permission (Spanish: pedir permiso + INFINITIVO)

** Can + Person + sv… ?

Can you let me sit here?

Can you take me to the hotel?

Can I leave the meeting?

Can you explain the meaning of this word?

** May + Person + sv?

May I use your phone? May I use your pen?

Past Modals with Have

Some past modals can be formed by using have + the past participle of the main verb immediately after the modal. (should have, could have, would have, etc.)

However, since modals express possibility, intention, obligation, etc., they do not always indicate a definite tense. Therefore, when using past modals with have, special meanings need to be considered.

I should go to the funeral.

I should have gone to the funeral.

Lex might take Karen to the airport.

Lex might have taken Karen to the airport.

Lex could have taken Karen to the airport.

Lex would have taken Karen to the airport.

Otis didn't come to work yesterday.

He had to take care of his children.

His children must have been sick.

(I give advice to myself to go to the funeral--later.)

(I didn't go. Now I regret it.)

(It's a future possibility.)

(He may be on his way there now.)

(Most likely he didn't.)

(He didn't. He had an excuse.)

(past fact)

(past obligation)

(conjecture about the past)

Modals in the Past

MODAL + HAVE + -ED (OR IRREGULAR )

1. Could have + -ed (

2. Should have + -ed

3. Must have + -ed 4. Might have + -ed

5. May have + -ed

6. Would have + -ed if…..

Uses of modals:

1. To show an ability you had in the past to do something, but you didn’t do it.

**Could + have + -ed or irregular past participle Examples:

I could have called you last night.

-He podido llamarte anoche,

-Pude haberte llamado anoche,

- Hubiera podido llamarte anoche.

We could have called you last night.

-Hemos podido llamarte anoche,

-Pudimos haberte llamado anoche.

- Hubieramos podido llamarte anoche.

You could have called me last night.

-Has podido llamarme anoche,

-Pudiste haberme llamado anoche.

- Hubieras podido llamarme anoche.

You could have called me last night.

- Ustedes han podido llamarme anoche,

- Pudieron haberme llamado anoche.

- Hubieran podido llamarme anoche.

He/She could have called you last night.

-Ha podido llamarte anoche,

-Pudo haberte llamado anoche.

- Hubieras podido llamarme anoche.

They could have called me last night.

-Ellos han podido llamarme anoche,

-Pudieron haberme llamado anoche.

- Hubieran podido llamarme anoche.

2. To give advice for something in the past, but that advice was not followed in the past.

**Should + have + -ed (or irregular) Examples:

I should have finished my homework last night.

-He debido terminar mis tareas anoche.

-Debí haber terminado mis tareas anoche.

We should have finished our homework last night.

-Hemos debido terminar nuestras tareas anoche.

-Debimos haber terminado nuestras tareas anoche.

You should have finished your homework last night.

-Has debido terminar tus tareas anoche.

-Debiste haber terminado tus tareas anoche.

You should have finished your homework last night.

-Ustedes han debido terminar sus tareas anoche.

-Debieron haber terminado sus tareas anoche.

He should have finished his homework last night.

-Ha debido terminar sus tareas anoche.

-Debió haber terminado sus tareas anoche.

They should have finished their homework last night.

-Han debido terminar sus tareas anoche.


Also, to give advice for something in the past, but that advice was not followed in the past.

** Ought to + have + -ed (or irregular) Examples:

I ought to have gone to mass last Sunday. -He debido terminar mis tareas anoche.

-Debí haber terminado mis tareas anoche.

We ought to have gone to mass on Sundays. -Hemos debido terminar nuestras tareas anoche.

-Debimos haber terminado nuestras tareas anoche.

You ought to have gone to mass last Sunday.

-Has debido terminar tus tareas anoche.

-Debiste haber terminado tus tareas anoche.

You ought to have gone to mass last Sunday.

-Ustedes han debido terminar sus tareas anoche.


He/She ought to have gone to mass last Sunday.

-Ha debido terminar sus tareas anoche.

-Debió haber terminado sus tareas anoche.

They ought to have gone to mass last Sunday.

-Han debido terminar sus tareas anoche.


3. To show obligation (Spanish tuvo que haber estado …)

** Must + have + -ed (or irregular) Examples:

I must have been crazy to drive at 100 mph.

Tuve que estar loco para manejar a 100 mph.

We must have been ….

Tuvimos que estar …

You must have been ….

Tuviste que estar loco …

You must have been ….

Tuvieron que estar loco …

He/She/ It must have been ...

Tuvo que estar loco(a) …

They must have been ….

Tuvieron que estar locos (as) …

4. To show past possibility ( Spanish quizás haya …

** Might + have + -ed (or irregular)** May + have + -ed (or irregular)

Examples:

I might have visited that museum in France, but I can’t remember.

Quizås haya visitado ese museo en Francia, pero no me acuerdo.

We might have….

Quizås hayamos…

You might have left your wallet at home. Quizås hayas dejado la billetera en la casa.

You might have ….

Quizås hayan…

He might have stolen the information….

Quizás haya robado la información…

They might have ….

Quizås hayan…

Chapter 4 - Jobs and Professions

Connecting to the Topic

1. Have you held a part-time job? How many full-time jobs have you held?

2. Have you ever done volunteer work?

3. What kinds of work have you done?

8. Present Perfect

P + have/has + -ed

Singular Plural

I have just finished the book.

We have already donated money to that foundation this year.

You have analyzed this situation for months and you still haven’t offered solutions.

You have looked for your wallet all over the house. Haven’t you found it yet?

He/She has lived in Tripoli since 1999. They have decided to stop wasting time.

Common words: For…, Since… Yet, already, just …

“-ar” …

Singular PluralHe + - ado Hemos + -adoHas + -ado Han + -adoHa + -ado Han + -ado

“-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular PluralHe + - ido Hemos + -idoHas + -ido Han + -idoHa + -ido Han + -ido

Palabras comunes:

Durante; desde; acabo de + infinitivo; ya; todavía 9. Present Perfect Continuous

P + have been + -ing

Singular Plural

I have been walking for 2 hours.

We have been watching the news since 8 a.m.

You have been analyzing this situation for months and you still haven’t offered solutions.

You have been sleeping for 10 hours.

He/She has been living in Tripoli since 1999. They have been driving all night.


“-ar” …

Singular PluralHe estado + - ando Hemos estado + -andoHas estado + -ando Han estado + -andoHa estado + -ando Han estado + -ando

“-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular PluralHe estado + - iendo Hemos estado + -iendoHas estado + -iendo Han estado + -iendoHa estado + -iendo Han estado + -iendo

Palabras communes:

Durante; desde; acabo de + infinitivo; ya; todavía 10. Past Perfect

P + had + -ed

Singular Plural

I had just finished the book when the phone rang.

We had already donated money to that foundation before they called.

You had analyzed this situation for months until you finally found a solution.

You had looked for your wallet all over the house before you found it in the car.

By the time she finished, she had studied for 5 hours.

They had decided to stop wasting time before the annual performance assessment.


“-ar” …

Singular PluralHabía + - ado Habíamos + -adoHabías + -ado Habían + -adoHabía + -ado Habían + -ado

“-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular PluralHabía + - ido Habíamos + -idoHabías + -ido Habían + -idoHabía + -ido Habían + -ido

Palabras comunes: Durante; desde; acabo de + infinitivo; ya; todavía

11. Past Perfect Continuous

P + had been + -ing

Singular Plural

I had been walking for 2 hours before I finally arrived home.

We had been watching the news, when the phone rang.

You had been traveling throughout Asia before the Tsunami struck Japan?

You had been sleeping for 10 hours when the alarm went off.

He/She had been living in Tripoli before February, 2011.

They had been driving all night.


“-ar” …

Singular PluralHabía estado + - ando Habíamos estado + -andoHabías estado + -ando Habían estado + -andoHabía estado + -ando Habían estado + -ando

“-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular PluralHabía estado + - iendo Habíamos estado + -iendoHabías estado + -iendo Habían estado + -iendoHabía estado + -iendo Habían estado + -iendo

Palabras communes:

Durante; desde; acabo de + infinitivo; ya; todavía

12. Future Perfect

P + will have + -ed

Common words: By next Friday… By next week …. For … Since…. Etc.

We’ll study in the advanced immersion…

13. Future Perfect Continuous

P + will have been + -ing

We’ll study in the advanced immersion…

14. Imperfect

P + used to + sv

Singular Plural

I used to speak Japanese fluently, but I’ve forgotten everything.

We used to watch a lot of television, but now we would rather spend the time talking

and walking.

You used to be a very nice person, but something changed.

You used to get up late, but now you get up at dawn.

He/She used to live in Tripoli, but now she lives in New York City.

They used to drive a Chevy, now they drive a Ford.

“-ar” …

Singular Plural- aba - abamos- abas - aban- aba - aban

“-er + …” “-ir + …”

Singular Plural- ía - íamos - ías - ían - ía - ían

Notes

Documents

Transcript of Notes