Note taking in EGR115
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Note taking in EGR115
• notebook– slide number in margin. comments on the right.– write down vocabulary words– write down overall ideas– write down things that we repeat 4 or 5 times!– write down possible errors
• printout of slides– print 2 or 3 slides per page– draw arrows, add your comments– highlight
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Introduction to Computers and Programming
1. History of computers (4 slides)2. What is a computer system?3. What is software?4. What is programming?5. Different languages6. Compiled vs. interpreted
History of Computers
Computers ≠ calculators
Computers are programmable. The first calculators were not programmable, hence not considered computers.
3History 1/4
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1854 (~150 years ago) - Pioneer of modern computer!
Babbage’s difference engine
Device to subtract adjacent values in a column of numbers. Created for engineers in charge of creating tables of logarithms and trigonometric functions.
History 2/4
1943 (~70 years ago) .. came Colossus
• Primarily used for breaking the German codes during World War 2.
• It would crack Enigma Codes (codes that were cracked by exhaustively shifting text by arbitrary amounts). For example:
‘Zsszbj zs 9599’ would be ‘Attack at 0600’
5History 3/4
Finally, the von Neumann Architecture…
• The Von Neumann computer architecture is mostly what we still use today. The architecture separates a computer in 3 major parts:– The Central Processing Unit (CPU)– The computer memory– The Input/Output (I/O) devices
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CPU + memoryScreen=output
Speakers=output Mouse=input
Keyboard=input
?
?
Knob=inputHistory 4/4
Software and programming?
• Microsoft Word, Excel, Guitar Hero, the address book in your cell phone, the electronic that starts a car, the avionics in an airplane… are all software that were written by people.
• Programming is the act of writing logical instructions that will be executed when people use the software.
• It is as difficult as learning to speak a foreign language, since the programmer is constrained to the vocabulary (specific keywords) and grammar (exact syntax) of programming.( ) ‘ ’ , ; if for else while switch case otherwise end input fprintf
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A computer system today
• Keeping the von Neumann architecture, today’s computing systems combine both hardware and software.
– Hardware (i.e. what’s hard and can break..): mouse, keyboard, monitor, hard disk, printer, CD, DVD.
– Software i.e. the programs that describe the steps we want the computer to perform.
Trivia 1
• An actual DVD is:a) hardwareb) software
• The content on a Microsoft Office DVD is most likely:a) hardwareb) software
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Categories of software
• Software contains the instructions the CPU uses to run programs.
• There are several categories, including:– Operating systems (OS) – manager of the computer system as a whole– Software applications – commercial programs that have been written
to solve specific problems– Language compilers - to ‘translate’ programs written by people into
something understandable by the machine (sometimes not needed)
Generations of Languages used to write software
1) Machine language – also called binary language. Sequence of 0’s and 1’s.
2) Assembly language – each line of code produces a single machine instruction (add, subtract…)
3) High-level language – slightly closer to spoken languages.
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add b,cadd a,b
a= a + b + c;
This line does the same as the two above.
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Trivia 4
• Order these types of languages in the order they came out?– assembly language– machine language– high-level language
Finally… MATLAB
• Is an interpreted language – does not require compilation, but it does have a compilation step hidden from the user.
• Has an interactive environment –– “In the MATLAB environment, you can develop and execute programs
that contain MATLAB commands. You can execute a MATLAB command, observe the results, and then execute another MATLAB command that interacts with the information in memory, observe its results and so on.”
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Internet vs. WWW?
• Internet is the “boss” of all communication tools, including www but also servers, etc…
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