Outline: Key Concepts & Their UML Notations Basic State Diagram UML Notations Examples Exercises
NOTATIONS
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Transcript of NOTATIONS
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NOTATIONS
FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEINGDIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.
IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’
OBJECT POINT A LINE AB
IT’S TOP VIEW a a b
IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”
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X
Y
1ST Quad.2nd Quad.
3rd Quad. 4th Quad.
X Y
VP
HP
Observer
THIS QUADRANT PATTERN, IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
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HP
VPa’
a
A
POINT A IN1ST QUADRANT
OBSERVER
VP
HP
POINT A IN2ND QUADRANT
OBSERVER
a’
a
A
OBSERVER
a
a’
POINT A IN3RD QUADRANT
HP
VP
A
OBSERVER
a
a’POINT A IN4TH QUADRANT
HP
VP
A
Point A is Placed In different quadrantsand it’s Fv & Tv are brought in same plane for Observer to see clearly. Fv is visible asit is a view on VP. But as Tv is a view on Hp, it is rotateddownward 900, In clockwise Direction (in 1st quadrant).The In front part of Hp comes below xy line.
The HP behind the Vp is also rotated clockwise, and thereforecomes above the xy line.
Observe and note the process. Convention: Horizontal plane is always rotated clockwise
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PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN THE 4 QUADRANTS
HP
VP
POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT
VP
HP
PT
PF
HP
VP
POINT IN 3rd QUADRANT
HP
VP
POINT IN 4th QUADRANT
VP
VP
HP
HP
PT: TOP VIEW
PF: FRONT VIEW
PF
PT
PF
HP
VP
POINT IN 1st QUADRANT
VP
HP
PT
PF
PT
P
PP
P
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How you will draw on the sheet
POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT
PT
PF
POINT IN 3rd QUADRANT
POINT IN 4th QUADRANT
PT: TOP VIEW
PF: FRONT VIEW
PF
PT
PF
POINT IN 1st QUADRANT
PT
PF
PT
y
yy
y
xx
xx
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A
a
a’A
a
a’
Aa
a’
X
Y
X
Y
X
YFor Fv
For Tv
For Fv
For Tv
For Tv
For Fv
POINT A ABOVE HP& INFRONT OF VP
POINT A IN HP& INFRONT OF VP
POINT A ABOVE HP& IN VP
PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS OF ALL ABOVE CASES.
X Y
a
a’
VP
HP
X Y
a’
VP
HP
a X Y
a
VP
HP
a’
Fv above xy,Tv below xy.
Fv above xy,Tv on xy.
Fv on xy,Tv below xy.
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Projection of lines, planes, solids
•Line – consists of 2 points•Plane – consists of 3 or more points•Solid – consists of more than 3 points
Therefore in order to project lines, planes and solids, we need to project their corresponding points and join them
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SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE
1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)
2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.
3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.
4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.
5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.
PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - FV & TV.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE: IT’S LENGTH, POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VPIT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP
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X
Y
V.P.
X
Y
V.P. b’
a’
b
a
F.V.
T.V.
a b
a’
b’
B
A
TV
FV
A
B
X Y
H.P.
V.P.a’
b’
a b
Fv
Tv
X Y
H.P.
V.P.
a b
a’ b’Fv
Tv
For Fv
For Tv
For Tv
For Fv
Note:Fv is a vertical lineShowing True Length&Tv is a point.
Note:Fv & Tv both are// to xy & both show T. L.
1.
2.
A Line perpendicular to Hp & // to Vp
A Line // to Hp & // to Vp
Orthographic Pattern
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation)
(Pictorial Presentation)
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A Line inclined to Hp and parallel to Vp
(Pictorial presentation) X
Y
V.P.
A
B
b’
a’
b
a
F.V.
T.V.
A Line inclined to Vp and parallel to Hp
(Pictorial presentation) Ø
V.P.
a b
a’
b’
BAØ
F.V.
T.V.
X Y
H.P.
V.P.
F.V.
T.V.a b
a’
b’
X Y
H.P.
V.P.
Øa
b
a’ b’
Tv
Fv
Tv inclined to xyFv parallel to xy.
3.
4.
Fv inclined to xyTv parallel to xy.
Orthographic Projections
True Length
True Length
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X
Y
V.P.
For Fva’
b’
a b
B
A
For Tv
F.V.
T.V.
X
Y
V.P.
a’
b’
a b
F.V.
T.V.
For Fv
For Tv
B
A
X Y
H.P.
V.P.
a
b
FV
TV
a’
b’
A Line inclined to both Hp and Vp
(Pictorial presentation)
5.
Note These Facts:-Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.(No view is parallel to xy)Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths.(No view shows True Length)
Orthographic ProjectionsFv is seen on Vp clearly.To see Tv clearly, HP is rotated 900 downwards,Hence it comes below xy.
On removal of objecti.e. Line ABFv as a image on Vp.Tv as a image on Hp,
and are NOT the true angles (inclinations) of the line with the planes
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PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
Information usually given:1. Shape of the plane2. Inclination of it’s surface with one of the reference planes3. Inclination of one of it’s edges with the other reference plane will be given
A plane is a two-dimensional geometrical entity
It has length and width but no thickness
For practical purposes, a flat face of an object may be treated as a plane
A plane which has limited extent (has fixed shape) is termed as a lamina
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a 1
b 1
c 1
d 1
VPVP
a’
d’c’
b’
VP
a’ d’c’b’
For Fv
For
Tv
For F.V.
For
T.V
.
For
T.V
.
For F.V.
HP
a
b c
d
a1’
d1’ c1’
b1’
HP
a1
b1 c1
d1
CASE OF A RECTANGLE – OBSERVE AND NOTE ALL STEPS.
SURFACE PARALLEL TO HPPICTORIAL PRESENTATION
SURFACE INCLINED TO HPPICTORIAL PRESENTATION
ONE SMALL SIDE INCLINED TO VPPICTORIAL PRESENTATION
ORTHOGRAPHICTV-True Shape FV- Line // to xy
ORTHOGRAPHICFV- Inclined to XYTV- Reduced Shape
ORTHOGRAPHICFV- Apparent ShapeTV-Previous Shape
A B C
Center linesDrawn to indicate the axis of cylindrical, conical or spherical objects or details.
Thin long chains composed of alternately long and short dashes.
Longer dashes are approximately 6 to 8 times the short dashes in length.
Center of a circular curve is indicated by a crossmade up of centerline chains.
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x y
FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEWFOR F.V.
FOR S.V.
FOR T.V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVENDRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
3rd. Angle projection
Front view
Top view
Right Side view
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FOR F.V.FOR S.V
.
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
X Y
FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVENDRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD