NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISASTERS OF 2014 HIGHLIGHTS OF EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for...
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Transcript of NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISASTERS OF 2014 HIGHLIGHTS OF EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for...
NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISASTERS OF 2014
HIGHLIGHTS OF EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA Virginia, USA
EARTHQUAKES are small to awesome
manifestations of energy released in the form of seismic waves and tsunamis as tectonic
plates of the Earth’s crust slowly converge, diverge, or
slide by each other
EARTHQUAKES are small to awesome
manifestations of energy released in the form of seismic waves and tsunamis as tectonic
plates of the Earth’s crust slowly converge, diverge, or
slide by each other
2014: EARTHQUAKES ARE A GLOBAL NATURAL HAZARD CONTINUUM
• FLOODS
• SEVERE WINDSTORMS
• EARTHQUAKES• DROUGHTS
• VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• ETC.
2014: THE TECTONIC PLATES THAT HAVE BEEN MOVING FOR 200 MILLION YEARS
CONTINUED TO MOVE
2014: EARTHQUAKES CONTINUED TO OCCUR AT PLATE BOUNDARIES
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUND
SHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION FAILURE
SITE AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
NOTE: GROUND SHAKING BECOMES
A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH A COMMUNITY’S VULNERABLE
AND UNPROTECTED BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
NOTE: GROUND SHAKING BECOMES
A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH A COMMUNITY’S VULNERABLE
AND UNPROTECTED BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
2014: SUB-OCEAN EARTHQUAKES CONTINUED
TO OCCUR; SOME LARGE ENOUGH TO GENERATE
TSUNAMIS
NOTE: TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP BECOMES
A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH AN UN-WARNED, UN-
EVACUATED AND UN-PREPARED COASTAL
COMMUNITY
NOTE: TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP BECOMES
A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH AN UN-WARNED, UN-
EVACUATED AND UN-PREPARED COASTAL
COMMUNITY
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
FLOODING
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
2014: EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI DISASTER OF THE YEAR
THE DISASTER OF THE YEAR OCCURRED IN
IQUIQUE, CHILE
WHERE THE NAZCA PLATE IS SUBDUCTING BENEATH CHILE-PERU
IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: M8.2 at 8: 46 pm ON APRIL 1, 2014
IQUIQUE, CHILE EARTHQUAKE (April 1, 2014)
IQUIQUE
Moment Magnitude 8.2
• On April 1, the mega-thrust Iquique earthquake struck off the coast of Chile approximately 95 km (59 mi) northwest of Iquique.
• The main shock was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks, including a M7.7 event.
IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: DAMAGE
IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: DAMAGE TO OLD BUILDINGS
IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: FIRE
A TSUNAMI WAVE OF 2.1 M WAS GENERATD BY THE
MEGATHRUST EARTHQUAKE
IQUIQUE: DAMAGE FROM TSUNAMI
IQUIQUE: DAMAGE FROM TSUNAMI
IQUIQUE: NOT THE FIRST EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCE
REMEMBERING MAY 9, 1877
THE HISTORICAL RECORD
• The 1877 Iquique earthquake occurred on May 9 with a magnitude estimated at 8.5-9.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale.
• The earthquake shaking caused significant damage over most of the coastal parts of the Tarapaca and Antofagasta regions.
THE HISTORICAL RECORD
• The earthquake triggered a devastating 10 m (33 ft) tsunami wave along about 500 km (310 mi) of coast, from Arica in the north to Meiillones in the south.
M6.1 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NORTHERN YUNNAN PROVINCE
4:30 pm, JULY 22, 2013
LOCATION MAP
About 12,000 homes collapsed in Ludian county
TYPICAL DAMAGE IN ZHAOTONG, THE COUNTY SEAT
VULNERABLE BRICK HOUSES
• The homes that collapsed in Ludian (a population of about 429,000), were mostly old brick houses having little resistance to strong ground shaking.
At least 398 people died and
more than 1,400 were injured
A M6.0 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NAPA, CA (USA’S WINE COUNTRY)
3:20 AM, AUGUST 24, 2014
• The Bay Area is prone to moderate- to large- magnitude earthquakes because it straddles the boundary between two major tectonic plates — the North American and Pacific plates.
The M6.0 Napa earthquake was the strongest in the San
Francisco Bay area since the 1989 M6.9 Loma Prieta
quake, BUT it only had about 1/30th of Loma Prieta’s
energy release
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
• Loss of power, gas, and water for 70,000 people.
• Injuries, but no deaths
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
• Local damage to buildings and houses, infrastructure, and interior contents of homes and stores.
• $ Millions from extensive loss of product (wine)
BEYOND 2014: Communities throughout the
world know why it is urgent for their stakeholders to continue
working on becoming EARTHQUAKE- and TSUNAMI-
DISASTER RESILIENT
Each community knows that it is only a matter of time until the
inevitable earthquake occurs that can expose its physical and
social vulnerabilities
YOUR YOUR
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
YOUR YOUR
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•MONITORING•HAZARD MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EM RESPONSE•RECOSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
EARTHQUAKEHAZARD MODEL
EARTHQUAKEHAZARD MODEL
SEISMICITYSEISMICITY TECTONICSETTING &
FAULTS
TECTONICSETTING &
FAULTS
FAULTS, EARTHQUAKES, AND RECURRENCE INTERVALS
• A LONG FAULT IS NEEDED TO GENERATE A LARGE-MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKE.
• LARGE-MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES HAVE RECURRENCE INTERVALS OF 100 YEARS OR MORE; SEVERAL TIMES LONGER THAN THOSE FOR SMALL- TO MODERATE- MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES
THE USA’S NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE
THE USA’S OTHER NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE
THE USA’S OTHER NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE
• THE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE
• SUBDUCTING BENEATH WASHINGTON AND OREGON;
• POTENTIAL FOR M9.0
• THE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE
• SUBDUCTING BENEATH WASHINGTON AND OREGON;
• POTENTIAL FOR M9.0
FAULTS: COCOS PLATE SUBDUCTION ZONE; MEXICO
MOTAGUA FAULT, GUATEMALA
CHILE’S NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE
CHILE’S NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE
• THE NAZCA PLATE
• SUBDUCTING BENEATH CHILE AND PERU
• HAS GENERATED M8-9.5 QUAKES
• THE NAZCA PLATE
• SUBDUCTING BENEATH CHILE AND PERU
• HAS GENERATED M8-9.5 QUAKES
FAULTS: DEAD SEA RIFT ZONE
NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT:TURKEY
LONGMAN SHAN FAULT: CHINA
ELEMENTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK = HAZARD x EXPOSURE
EARTHQUAKE: EXPOSURE: PEOPLE
TSUNAMI BUILDING STOCK
INFRASTRUCTURE
GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ENTERPRISE
EXPOSUREMODEL (PEOPLE,
BLDGS., AND INFRASTRUCTURE)
EXPOSUREMODEL (PEOPLE,
BLDGS., AND INFRASTRUCTURE)
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF
STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF
STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
THE PEOPLE CONTINUUM
• 7 + BILLION (DISTRIBUTED IN COMMUN-ITIES AND RURAL AREAS THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD)
THE COMMUNITY CONTINUUM: (BUILDINGS.INFRASTRUCTURE, ENTERPRISE)
• GOVERNMENTS
• DWELLINGS
• SCHOOLS
• HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
• BUSINESSES
• INFRA-STRUCTURE
VULNERABILITYMODEL
VULNERABILITYMODEL
QUALITY OF DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
QUALITY OF DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
UNREINFO
RCED MASO
NRY, BRIC
K OR S
TONE
REINFORCED C
ONCRETE WIT
H UNREIN
FORCED WALLS
INTENSITYINTENSITY
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME
VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX
3535
3030
2525
2020
1515
1010
55
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
THE REASONS FOR AN EARTH-QUAKE DISASTER TO OCCUR. . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for the earthquake hazards (GROUND SHAKING, TSUNAMI WAVES, etc.,) that are likely to happen.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or PROTECTION SYSTEM OF CODES AND STANDARDS in place as a strategic framework for identi-fication and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations in a timely and cost-effective manner.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFECIVE during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED IMPORTANT LESSONS from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.