Nota Chemistry F4 Chapter 1 Full

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Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.1

MODULE ChemistryFORM 4

1THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

STRUKTUR ATOM

Particle Theory of Matter / Teori Zarah Jirim

To state the particle theory of matter

Menyatakan teori zarah jirim

To differentiate and draw the three types of particles i.e. atom, ion and molecule

Membezakan dan melukis tiga jenis zarah jirim iaitu atom, ion dan molekul

To describe the laboratory activity to investigate the diffusion of particles in gas, a liquid and a solid. (To prove that matter

is made up of tiny and discrete particles)

Menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk mengkaji resapan zarah dalam gas, cecair dan pepejal (Untuk membuktikan

bahawa jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit)

Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim

To state the kinetic theory of matter

Menyatakan teori kinetik jirim To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change

Menghubungkaitkan perubahan keadaan jirim dengan perubahan tenaga

To relate the change in heat to the change in kinetic energy of particles

Menghubungkaitkan perubahan haba dengan perubahan tenaga kinetik zarah

MATTER /JIRIM

History of Atomic Models Development /Sejarah Perkembangan Model Atom

To state the contribution of scientists in the atomic structure model such as the scientists who discovered electron, proton,

nucleus, neutron and shell

Menyatakan sumbangan ahli sains kepada perkembangan model struktur atom dan ahli sains yang menemui elektron,

proton, nukleus, neutron dan petala

Subatomic Particles /Zarah-zarah Subatom

To compare and contrast subatomic particles i.e. proton, neutron and electron from the aspect of charge, relative mass and

location

Membanding dan membezakan zarah-zarah subatom iaitu proton, neutron dan elektron dari segi cas, jisim relatif dan

kedudukan

To state the meaning of proton number and nucleon number based on the subatomic particle

Menyatakan maksud nombor proton dan nombor nukleon berdasarkan zarah subatom

To write the symbol of elements with proton number and nucleon number

Menulis simbol unsur yang mengandungi nombor proton dan nombor nukleon

Isotope /Isotop

To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes

Menyatakan maksud isotop, contoh-contoh isotop dan kegunaan isotop Electron Arrangement /Susunan Elektron

To know the number of electron shells and number of electrons in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd shell

Mengetahui bilangan petala elektron serta bilangan elektron yang diisi dalam petala 1, 2 dan 3

To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or number of electrons and state the number of

valence electron

Menulis susunan elektron bagi suatu atom berdasarkan nombor proton atau bilangan elektron dan seterusnya menyatakan

bilangan elektron valens

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS /STRUKTUR ATOM

01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil(FSY5p) new.indd 1 9/16/14

MR.ZUHDY/NOTA KIMIA F4/C1


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4 Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut:

Substances

Bahan

Type of particle

Jenis zarah

Substances

Bahan

Type of particle

Jenis zarah

Substances

Bahan

Type of particle

Jenis zarah

Hydrogen gas (H2)

Gas hidrogen (H2)

Molecule

Molekul

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Sulfur dioksida (SO2)

Molecule

Molekul

Tetrachloromethane (CCl4)

Tetraklorometana (CCl4)

Molecule

Molekul

Copper(II) sulphate(CuSO4)

Kuprum(II) sulfat

(CuSO4)

Ion

Ion

Iron (Fe)

Ferum (Fe)

Atom

Atom

Zinc chloride (ZnCl2)

Zink klorida (ZnCl2)

Ion

Ion

Argon (Ar)

Argon (Ar)

Atom

Atom

Carbon (C)

Karbon (C)

Atom

Atom

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Hidrogen peroksida (H2O2)

Molecule

Molekul

5 Diffusion /Resapan

(a) The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. In gases, these particles are very far apart from

each other, in liquids, the particles are closer together and in solids, they are arranged closely packed and in orderly manner.

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak. Dalam gas, susunan zarah-zarahnya adalah

berjauhan antara satu sama lain, dalam cecair, zarah-zarahnya disusun lebih rapat dan dalam pepejal, zarah-zarahnya

disusun dengan sangat padat dan teratur.

(b) Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance.

Resapan berlaku apabila zarah-zarah sesuatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah-zarah bahan lain.

(c) Diffusion occurs in a solid, liquid and gas. Complete the following table:

Resapan berlaku dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

Diffusion in a gas

Resapan dalam gas

Diffusion in a liquid

Resapan dalam cecair

Diffusion in a solid

Resapan dalam pepejal

Experiment

Eksperimen

A few drops ofbromine liquid

Beberapa titiscecair bromin

Selepasbeberapa

minit

After a fewminutes

WaterAir

Selepasbeberapa jam

Potassium manganate(VII)Kalium manganat(VII)

After afew hours

Copper(II)

sulphate

Kuprum(II)

sulfat

Selepassehari

GelAgar-agar

After a day

Observation

Pemerhatian

The brown colour of bromine vapour, Br2

spreads quickly throughout the

two jars.

Warna perang wap bromin, Br2merebak

dengan cepat memenuhi

kedua-dua balang gas.

The purple colour of solid potassium

manganate(VII), KMnO4spreads

slowly throughout the water.

Warna ungu pepejal kalium

manganat(VII), KMnO4merebak

denganperlahan

di dalam air.

The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate,

CuSO4spreads very slowly

throughout the gel.

Warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4

merebaksangat perlahan

di dalam

agar-agar.

Explanation

Penerangan

Bromine vapour, Br2and air are made

up of molecules .

Wap bromin, Br2dan udara terdiri

daripada molekul .

Bromine molecules diffusequickly between large

space of air particles which is in gas

form.

Molekul bromin meresap

pantas melalui ruang besar

antara zarah-zarah udara yang

berbentuk gas.

Potassium manganate(VII) is made up

of potassium ions and manganate(VII)

ions. The ions diffuse slowly

between close space of water

particles which is in liquid form.Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada

ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII).

Ion-ionini meresap

perlahanantara ruang

rapatzarah air yang berbentuk

cecair.

Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4is made up

of copper(II) ions and sulphate

ions . The ions diffuse very

slowly between closely packed

space of gel particles which is in solidform.

Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4terdiri daripada

ion kuprum(II) dan ion

sulfat. Ion-ion ini meresap

dengan sangat perlahan antara

ruang padat zarah agar-agar

yang berbentuk pepejal.



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(d) Conclusions: /Kesimpulan:

(i) Diffusion occurs faster in gas than in liquid. There is larger space in between the particles of a

gas than a liquid. Particles in a gas are further apart. The particles in the liquid are

closer together.

Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalamgas

berbanding di dalam cecair. Terdapat ruang yanglebih besar

antara zarah-zarahgas

berbanding dengan cecair. Zarah-zarahgas

adalahberjauhan

antara satu sama lain. Zarah-zarah cecair adalah

lebih rapat

antara satu sama lain.(ii) Diffusion occurs faster in a liquid than in solid. There is larger space in between the particles of a

liquid than a solid. The particles in the solid are very close together.

Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalamcecair

berbanding di dalam pepejal. Terdapat ruang yanglebih besar

antara zarah-zarahcecair

berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun

sangatrapat

danpadat

antara satu sama lain.

(iii) Bromine gas, potassium manganate(VII) and copper(II) sulphate are made up of tiny and discrete

particles that are constantly moving/constant motion .

Gas bromin, kalium manganat(VII) dan kuprum(II) sulfat terdiri daripada zarah-zarahhalus

dandiskrit

yangsentiasa bergerak

.

The Kinetic Theory of Matter Teori Kinetik Jirim

1 Matter exists in three different states which are solid , liquid and gas .

Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitupepejal

,cecair

dangas

.

2 Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles which are always constantly moving .

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarahhalus

dandiskrit

yang sentiasabergerak

.

3 As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles increases and the particles move faster .

Apabila suhu meningkat, tenagakinetik

zarah-zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-zarah akan bergerak denganlebih cepat .

4 Particles in different states of matter have different arrangement, strength of forces between them, movement and

energy content.

Zarah-zarah dalam keadaan jirim yang berbeza mempunyai susunan, daya tarikan antara zarah, pergerakan dankandungan tenaga yang berbeza.

5 Complete the following table: /Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

State of matterKeadaan jirim

SolidPepejal

LiquidCecair

GasGas

Draw the particles arrangement.

Each particle (atom/ ion/molecule)

is represented by

Lukis susunan zarah. Setiap zarah

(atom / ion / molekul) diwakili

dengan

Particles arrangement

Susunan zarah

The particles are arranged

closely packed in orderly

manner.Zarah-zarah tersusun sangat

padat dan teratur .

The particles are arranged

closely packed but

not in orderly manner .Zarah-zarah tersusun

padat

tetapi tidak teratur .

The particles are very

widely separated far apart

from each other.Zarah-zarah terpisah jauh

antara satu sama lain.

Particles movement

Pergerakan zarah

Particles can only vibrate at

their fxed position.

Zarah bergetar pada kedudukan

tetap.

Particles can vibrate ,

rotate and move freely

throughout the liquid.

Zarah bergetar , berputar danbergerak bebas dalam cecair.

Particles can vibrate ,

rotate and move

randomly.

Zarah bergetar , berputar

dan bergerak rawak.



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Attractive forces between the

particles

Daya tarikan antara zarah

Very strong forces between

the particles.

Daya tarikan yang sangat kuat

antara zarah-zarah.

Strong forces between the

particles but weaker than

the forces in the solid.

Daya tarikan yang kuat

antara zarah-zarah tetapilebih lemah

berbanding di

dalam pepejal.

Weak forces between the

particles.

Daya tarikan yang lemah

antara zarah-zarah.

Energy content of the particles

Kandungan tenaga zarah

Energy content is very low .

Kandungan tenaga sangatrendah .

Energy content is higher

than solid but lower than

in a gas.

Kandungan tenaga lebih tinggi

daripada pepejal tetapilebih rendah

daripada gas.

Energy content is very

high.

Kandungan tenaga sangat

tinggi.

6 Changes in the state of matter

Perubahan keadaan jirim

(a) Matter undergoes change of state when heat energy is absorbed or released/lose :

Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenagahaba

diserap

ataudibebaskan

:

(i) When heat energy is absorbed by the matter (it is heated), the kinetic energy of the particles increases and they vibrate faster.

Apabila tenaga habadiserap

oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenagakinetik

zarahbertambah

dan zarah tersebut bergerak dengan lebih cepat.

(ii) When matter releases heat energy (it is cooled), the kinetic energy of the particles decreases and they

vibrate less vigorously.

Apabila tenaga habadibebaskan

oleh jirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga kinetik zarahberkurang

dan zarah tersebut bergerak kurang cergas.

(b) Inter - conversion of the states of matter:

Perubahan keadaan jirim:

Solid

Pepejal

Liquid

Cecair

Gas

Gas

Melting

Peleburan

Boiling/Evoporation

Pendidihan/Penyejatan

Freezing

Pembekuan

Condensation

Kondensasi

Sublimation

Pemejalwapan

Sublimation

Pemejalwapan

7 Determination of melting and freezing points of naphthalene

Penentuan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena

Materials /Bahan:Naphthalene powder, water /Serbuk naftalena, air

Apparatus /Radas:Boiling tube, conical ask, beaker, retort stand with clamp, thermometer 0 100C, stopwatch, Bunsen burner,

wire gauze, tripod stand

Tabung didih, kelalang kon, bikar, kaki retort, termometer 0 100C, jam randik, penunu Bunsen,

kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga



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Procedure /Prosedur:

I. Heating of naphthalene /Pemanasan naftalena

Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:

(a) A boiling tube is lled 3 5 cm height with naphthalene powder and a thermometer is

placed into it.

Tabung didih

diisi dengan serbuk naftalena setinggi3 5 cm

dantermometer

diletakkan di dalamnya.

(b) The boiling tube is suspended in a water bath as shown in the diagram and make sure the water level in the water bath

is higher than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube.

Tabung didih diapitkan di dalam kukus air seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air

lebih tinggi daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.

(c) The water is heated and the naphthalene is stirred slowly with thermometer .

Air dipanaskan dan naftalenadikacau

perlahan-lahan dengantermometer

.

(d) When the temperature of naphthalene reaches 60 C , the stopwatch is started. The temperature of naphthalene

is recorded at 30 seconds intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches 90 C .

Apabila suhu naftalena mencapai60 C

, mulakan jam randik. Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap30 saat

sehingga suhunya mencapai90 C

.

II. Cooling of naphthalene /Penyejukan naftalena

Naphthalene

Naftalena

(a) The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put into a conical ask as shown in the

diagram.

Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan dipindahkan ke dalam kelalang kon

seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

(b) The content in the boiling tube is stirred constantly with thermometer throughout cooling process to

avoid supercooling (the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing point, without the appearance of

a solid).

Kandungan dalam tabung didih dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses

penyejukan untuk mengelakkanpenyejukan lampau

(Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat beku

tanpa pembentukan pepejal).

(c) The temperature of naphthalene is recorded every 30 seconds interval until the temperature drops to

60 C .

Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap30 saat

sehingga suhunya mencapai60 C

.

(d) A graph of temperature against time is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively.

Grafsuhu

melawanmasa

dilukis untuk proses pemanasan dan penyejukan.

Thermometer / Termometer

Boiling tube / Tabung didih

Water /Air

Naphthalene /Naftalena

Heat

Haba



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The Explanation of the Heating Process Penerangan Proses Pemanasan

1 The heating curve of naphthalene:

Lengkung pemanasan naftalena:

Temperature/C

Suhu/C

Time/s

Masa/s

A

B C

D E

F

2 When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat and vibrate faster as its energy content increases. As the heat

energy is absorbed , the state of matter will change.

Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergetar denganlebih cepat

disebabkan kandungan

tenaga bertambah. Tenaga habadiserap

menyebabkan perubahan keadaan jirim.

Point

Titik

State of matter

Keadaan jirim

Explanation

Penerangan

A to B

A ke B

Solid

Pepejal

Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the solid naphthalene causing their

kinetic energy to increase and vibrate faster . The temperature

increases .

Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah pepejal naftalena menyebabkan tenaga kinetik

akan bertambah dan zarah bergetar dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .

B to C

B ke C

Solid and Liquid

Pepejal dan Cecair

All the heat energy absorbed by the particles in the solid naphthalene is used

to overcome forces between particles so that the solid turn to liquid . The

temperatureremains constant

.Tenaga haba yang

diserapoleh zarah-zarah dalam

pepejalnaftalena

digunakanuntuk

mengatasidaya tarikan antara zarah-zarah supaya

pepejalberubah menjadi

cecair. Suhu

adalah tetap .

C to D

C ke D

Liquid

Cecair

Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene causing their

kinetic energy to increase and move faster . The temperature

increases .

Tenaga habadiserap

oleh zarah-zarahcecair

naftalena menyebabkan tenagakinetik

akan bertambah dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .

D to ED ke E

Liquid and GasCecair dan Gas

Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

overcome the forces of attraction between particles. The part icles begin to move randomly to

form agas

. The temperatureremains constant

.Tenaga haba

diserapoleh zarah-zarah dalam

cecairnaftalena

digunakanuntuk

mengatasidaya tarikan antara zarah-zarah. Zarah-zarah mula bergerak

bebasuntuk membentuk

gas . Suhu adalah tetap .

E to F

E ke F

Gas

Gas

Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the gas causing their kinetic energy to increase

and move faster . The temperature increases .

Tenaga habadiserap

oleh zarah-zarah gas naftalena menyebabkan tenagakinetik

akan

bertambah dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .



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3 The constant temperature at which a solid changes to become a liquid is called the melting point .

During the melting process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy absorbed by the particles is

used to overcome the forces between particles so that the solid changes to a liquid .

Suhu tetap di mana suatupepejal

berubah kepada keadaan cecair dipanggiltakat lebur

.

Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yangdiserap

oleh zarah-zarahdigunakan

untukmengatasi

daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadicecair

.

4 The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to become a gas is called the boiling point .

During the boiling process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy absorbed by the particles is

used to overcome the forces between particles so that the liquid changes to a gas.

Suhu tetap di mana suatu bahan dalam keadaancecair

berubah kepada keadaan gas dipanggiltakat didih

. Semasa proses pendidihan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yangdiserap

oleh zarah-

zarahdigunakan

untukmengatasi

daya tarikan antara zarah supaya cecair berubah menjadi gas.

The Explanation for the Cooling Process Penerangan Proses Penyejukan

1 The cooling curve of naphthalene: /Lengkung penyejukan naftalena:

2 When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid release energy and move slower as its energy content

decreases. As the energy is released to the surrounding, the state of matter will change.

Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarahcecair

membebaskan tenaga dan bergerak semakinperlahan

kerana

kandungan tenaganya berkurang. Keadaan jirim berubah semasa tenaga dibebaskan ke persekitaran.

Point

Titik

State of matter

Keadaan jirim

Explanation

Penerangan

P to Q

P ke QLiquid

Cecair

Heat is released/given out to the surrounding by the particles in the liquid naphthalene. The

particles in the liquid lose their kinetic energy and move slower. The temperature

decreases .

Habadibebaskan

ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalamcecair

naftalena. Zarah-zarah dalamcecair kehilangan tenaga kinetik dan bergerak semakin perlahan. Suhu semakin

menurun .

Q to R

Q ke R

Liquid and Solid

Cecair dan

Pepejal

The heat released to the surrounding by the particles in liquid naphthalene is balanced

by the

heat

energy

released

during the cooling process. The particles attract oneanother to form a solid . The temperature remains constant .

Habadibebaskan

ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalamcecair

naftalenadiimbangi

oleh tenaga haba yang terbebas apabila zarah-zarah tertarik antara satu sama lain untuk

membentuk pepejal . Suhu adalah tetap .

R to S

R ke S

Solid

Pepejal

The particles in the solid naphthalene release heat and vibrate slower . The temperature

decreases .

Zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena membebaskan haba dan bergetar dengan lebih perlahan .

Suhu semakinmenurun

.

Temperature/C

Suhu/C

Time/s

Masa/s

P

Q R

S



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3 The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is called freezing point . During the freezing

process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat released to the surrounding is balanced by the heat

released when the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become a solid .

Suhu tetap di mana suatu cecair berubah kepada keadaan pepejal dipanggil takat beku . Semasa proses

pembekuan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang dibebaskan ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang

terbebas apabila zarah-zarah cecair menyusun semula untuk membentuk pepejal .

Physical State of a Substance at Any Given Temperature Keadaan Fizik Bahan pada Sebarang Suhu

1 A substance is in solid state if the temperature of the substance is below melting point.

Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan pepejal jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih rendah daripada takat leburnya.

2 A substance is in liquid state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and boiling points.

Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan cecair jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara takat lebur dan takat didihnya.

3 A substance is in gas state if the temperature of the substance is above boiling point.

Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan gas jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih tinggi daripada takat didihnya.

Exercise / Latihan

1 The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing.

Substance / Bahan Chemical formula / Formula kimia Type of particle / Jenis zarah

Silver / Argentum Ag Atom / Atom

Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida K2O Ion / Ion

Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 Molecule / Molekul

Chlorine / Klorin Cl2 Molecule / Molekul

(a) State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table.

Nyatakan jenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalam jadual di atas.

(b) Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer.

Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskan jawapan anda.

Silver and chlorine. Silver and chlorine are made up of only one type of atom

Argentum dan klorin. Argentum dan klorin terdiri daripada satu jenis atom sahaja

(c) Which of the substances are compound? Explain your answer.

Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskan jawapan anda.

Potassium oxide and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements

Kalium oksida dan ammonia. Kalium oksida dan ammonia terdiri daripada dua unsur yang berbeza

2 The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substances P, Q and R.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan P, Q dan R.

Substance / Bahan Melting point /Takat lebur/ C Boiling point / Takat didih/ C

P 36 6

Q 18 70

R 98 230



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(a) (i) What is meant by melting point?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat lebur?

The constant temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid at particular pressure.

Suhu tetap di mana pepejal berubah menjadi cecair pada tekanan tertentu.

(ii) What is meant by boiling point?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat didih?

The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at particular pressure.Suhu tetap di mana cecair berubah menjadi gas pada tekanan tertentu.

(b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition.

Lukis susunan zarah P, Q dan R pada keadaan bilik.

Substance P /Bahan P Substance Q /Bahan Q Substance R /Bahan R

(c) (i) State the substance/substances that exist in the form of liquid at 0 C.

Nyatakan bahan yang wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu 0 C.

P, Q

(ii) Give reason to your answer.

Jelaskan jawapan anda.

The temperature 0 C is above the melting point of P and Q and below the boiling point of P and Q

0 C adalah suhu di atas takat lebur P dan Q dan di bawah takat didih P dan Q

(d) (i) Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 100 C. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the heating

of substance Q.

Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100 C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q.

Temperature / Suhu/C

Time /Masa/s

70

(ii) What is the state of matter of substance Q at 70 C?

Apakah keadaan zik bahan Q pada 70 C?

Liquid and gas / Cecair dan gas

(e) Compare the melting point of substances Q and R. Explain your answer.

Bandingkan takat lebur bahan Q dan R. Terangkan jawapan anda.

The melting point of substance R is higher than substance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R isstronger than substance Q. More heat is needed to overcome the forces between particles in substance R.

Takat lebur bahan R adalah lebih tinggi daripada bahan Q. Daya tarikan antara zarah dalam bahan R lebih kuat

daripada bahan Q. Lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah dalam bahan R.



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11



Thermometer / Termometer

Water /Air

Acetamide /Asetamida

Boiling tube / Tabung didih

HeatHaba

3 The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts as shown in the diagram below. The

temperature of acetamide is recorded every three minutes when it is left to cool down at room temperature.

Takat lebur asetamida boleh ditentukan dengan memanaskan pepejal asetamida sehingga lebur seperti dalam rajah di bawah.

Suhu asetamida dicatatkan setiap tiga minit semasa disejukkan pada suhu bilik.

(a) What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment?

Apakah tujuan menggunakan kukus air dalam eksperimen ini?

To ensure even heating of acetamide. Acetamide is easily combustible.

Untuk memastikan pemanasan asetamida adalah sekata. Asetamida mudah terbakar.

(b) State the name of another substance which its melting point can also be determined by using water bath as shown in the

above diagram.

Namakan satu bahan lain yang mana takat leburnya boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti rajah di atas.

Naphthalene /Naftalena

(c) Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 310 C. Can the melting point of sodium nitrate be determined by using the water bath

as shown in the diagram? Explain your answer.

Natrium nitrat mempunyai takat lebur 310 C. Bolehkah takat lebur natrium nitrat ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus

air seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas? Jelaskan jawapan anda.

No, because the boiling point of water is 100 C which is lower than the melting point of sodium nitrate.

Tidak, kerana takat didih air adalah 100 C di mana ia adalah kurang daripada takat lebur natrium nitrat.

(d) Why do we need to stir the acetamide in the boiling tube in above experiment?

Mengapakah asetamida dalam tabung didih itu perlu dikacau sepanjang eksperimen?

To make sure the heat is distributed evenly / Untuk memastikan haba disebarkan dengan sekata

(e) The graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid acetamide is shown below.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa untuk penyejukan cecair asetamida.Temperature / Suhu /C

Time /Masa/s

T1

T2

T3

Q R

(i) What is the freezing point of acetamide? /Apakah takat beku asetamida?

T2C

(ii) The temperature between Q and R is constant. Explain. / Suhu antara Q dan R adalah tetap. Jelaskan.

The heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released by the liquid when the liquid acetamide particles

rearrange themselves to become solid. / Tenaga haba yang hilang ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang

dibebaskan apabila zarah dalam cecair asetamida menyusun semula untuk menjadi pepejal.

(f) Acetamide exists as molecules. State the name of another compound that is made up of molecules.

Asetamida wujud sebagai molekul. Namakan sebatian lain yang terdiri daripada molekul.

Water/naphthalene /Air/naftalena

(g) What is the melting point of acetamide? /Apakah takat lebur asetamida?

T2C



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1

UNIT

12

The Atomic Structure / Struktur Atom

1 History of the development of atomic models:

Sejarah perkembangan model atom:

Scientist

Saintis

Atomic Model

Model atom

Discovery

Penemuan

Dalton

(i) Matter is made up of particles called atoms .

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah dipanggilatom

.

(ii) Atoms cannot be created , destroyed or divided .

Atom tidak boleh dicipta , dimusnah atau dibahagi .

(iii) Atoms from the same element are identical .

Atom daripada unsur sama adalah sama .

Thomson

Positively charged sphere

Sfera bercas positif

Negatively charged electron Elektron bercas negatif

(i) Discovered the electrons , the frst subatomic particle.

Menjumpai elektron , zarah subatom yang pertama.

(ii) Atom is sphere of positive charge which is embedded with

negatively charged particles called

electrons

. Atom adalah sfera yang bercas positif yang mengandungi

zarah bercas negatif dipanggilelektron

.

Rutherford

Electron moves outside

the nucleusElektron bergerak di

luar nukleus

Nucleus that contains

proton

Nukleus mengandungi

proton

(i) Discovered the nucleus as the centre of an atom and

positively charged .

Menjumpai nukleus yang merupakan pusat bagi atom danbercas positif .

(ii) Proton is a part of the nucleus.

Proton adalah sebahagian daripada nukleus.

(iii) Electron moves outside the nucleus.

Elektron

bergerak di sekeliling nukleus.

(iv) Most of the mass of the atom found in the nucleus .

Nukleus

mempunyai hampir semua jisim atom.

Neils Bohr

Shell / Petala


proton

Nukleus mengandungiproton

Electron / Elektron

(i) Discovered the existence of electron shells .

Menjumpai kewujudanpetala

elektron.

(ii) Electrons move in the shells around the nucleus.

Elektron

bergerak di dalam petala mengelilinginukleus

.

James

Chadwick

Shell / Petala


proton and neutron

Nukleus mengandungiproton dan neutron

Electron / Elektron

(i) Discovered the existence of neutron .

Menjumpai kewujudan neutron .

(ii) Nucleus of an atom contains neutral particles called neutron

and positively charged particles called proton .

Nukleus mengandungi zarah-zarah neutral dipanggilneutron

dan zarah-zarah bercas positif dipanggil proton .

(iii) The mass of a neutron and proton is almost the same.

Jisimneutron

danproton

adalah hampir sama.



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13



Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na

Unsur natrium

Sodium element

Unsur natrium

Sodium element

Unsur natrium

Sodium element

Atom natrium

Sodium atom

Shell /Petala

Electron /Elektron

Nucleus that contains proton and neutron

Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron

2 The structure of an atom / Struktur atom:

(a) An atom has a central nucleus and electrons that move in the shells around the nucleus.

Atom mempunyainukleus

di tengahnya dan elektron bergerak di dalampetala

mengelilingi nukleus

tersebut.

(b) The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

Nukleus

mengandungi proton dan neutron.

(c) Each proton has charge of +1 . Each electron has an electrical charge of 1 . The neutron has no

charge (it is neutral ). An atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge of

atom is zero . Atom is neutral . (If an atom loses or gains electrons, it is called an ion formation of ion

will be studied in Chapter 4.)

Setiap proton bercas+1

. Setiap elektron bercas1

. Neutron tidak mempunyaicas

(ianya adalah

neutral ). Setiap atom mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sama, oleh itu cas keseluruhan bagi atom adalahsifar

. Atom adalahneutral

. (Suatu atom akan membentuk ion apabila ia kehilangan atau menerima elektron

pembentukan ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4.)

(d) The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is the same, that is 1. The mass of an atom is obtained

mainly from the number of proton and neutron .

Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus adalah sama, iaitu 1. Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah

bilanganproton

dan bilanganneutron

.

(e) The mass of an electron can be ignored as the mass of an electron is about1

1 840times the mass of a proton or neutron.

Jisim elektron boleh diabaikan kerana ia terlalu kecil iaitu lebih kurang1

1 840daripada jisim proton dan neutron.

3 Complete the following table: /Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

Subatomic particles

Zarah subatom

Symbol

Simbol

Charge

Cas

Relative mass

Jisim relatif

Position

Kedudukan

Electron / Elektron e (negative)

(negatif)

1

1 840 0

In the shells

Pada petala

Proton / Proton p+ (positive)

+ (positif)1

In the nucleus

Pada nukleus

Neutron / Neutron nneutral

neutral1

In the nucleus

Pada nukleus

4 Atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element.

Atom adalah zarah neutral paling kecil dalam suatu unsur.

Complete the following diagram: /Lengkapkan yang berikut:



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1

UNIT

14

5 Proton number of an element (Refer to Periodic Table of Elements)

Nombor proton sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)

(a) Proton number of an element is the number of proton in its atom .

Nombor proton sesuatuunsur

adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalamatom

.

(b) The number of proton of an atom is also equal to the number of electrons in the atom because the atom is neutral .

Bilangan proton sesuatu atom adalah sama dengan bilangan elektron dalam atom kerana atom adalahneutral

.

(c) Every element has its own proton number: / Setiap unsur mempunyai nombor protonnya tersendiri: Proton number of potassium, K is 19. Potasium atom has 19 protons in the nucleus and 19 electrons in the

shells.

Nombor proton untuk kalium, K ialah 19.Atom

kalium mempunyai19 proton

di dalam

nukleus dan19 elektron

di dalam petala.

Proton number of oxygen, O is 8. Oxygen atom has 8 protons in the nucleus and 8 electrons in

the shells.

Nombor proton untuk oksigen, O ialah 8.Atom

oksigen mempunyai8 proton

di dalam

nukleus dan8 elektron

di dalam petala.

6 Nucleon number of an element (Refer to Periodic Table of Elements)

Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)

(a) Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom .

Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatuatom

.

(b) Nucleon number is also known as mass number.

Nombor nukleon juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim.

(c) Nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron.

Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron.

Symbol of Element and Standard Representation foran Atom of Element

Simbol Unsur dan Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom SesuatuUnsur

1 An element can be represented by a symbol. If the symbol has only one letter, it must be a capital letter. If it has two letters, the

rst is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter.

Suatu unsur boleh diwakili oleh suatu simbol. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf, maka ia mesti ditulis dengan hurufbesar. Tetapi jika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka huruf pertama merupakan huruf besar dan huruf kedua merupakan

huruf kecil.

Example: / Contoh:

Element

Unsur

Symbol

Simbol

Element

Unsur

Symbol

Simbol

Element

Unsur

Symbol

Simbol

Oxygen / Oksigen O Nitrogen / Nitrogen N Calcium/ Kalsium Ca

Magnesium / Magnesium Mg Sodium / Natrium Na Copper/ Kuprum Cu

Hydrogen / Hidrogen H Potassium / Kalium K Chlorine / Klorin Cl

The rst letter of each element is a capital letter to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when writing a chemical

formula. For example KCl. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCl because there are two capital letters represent

potassium and chlorine.

Huruf yang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan huruf besar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur yang baru. Ini sangat

berguna semasa menulis formula kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana

adanya dua huruf besar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin.

2 The standard representation of an atom of an element can be written as:

Perwakilan piawai bagisatu atom

sesuatu unsur boleh ditulis sebagai:

Nucleon number /Nombor nukleon

Proton number /Nombor protonSymbol of an element / Simbol unsur

A

XZ



15/21

15



Example: / Contoh:

27

13Al

The element is Aluminium.

Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.

The nucleon number of Aluminium is 27 .

Nombor nukleon Aluminium adalah27

.

The proton number of Aluminium is 13 .

Nombor proton Aluminium adalah13

.

Aluminium atom has 13 protons , 14 neutrons and 13 electrons.

Atom Aluminium mempunyai13 proton

,14 neutron

dan13

elektron.

3 Isotope /Isotop

(a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.

Or /Atau

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same proton number but different nucleon number.

Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai nomborproton

yang sama tetapi nombornukleon

yang berbeza.

Example: / Contoh:

1

1H

2

1H

Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon= 1 Nucleon number/ Nombor nukleon= 2

Proton number/Nombor proton= 1 Proton number/ Nombor proton= 1

Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron= 0 Number of neutron/ Bilangan neutron= 1

Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton number or the same

number of protons but different nucleon number because of the difference in the number of neutrons .

Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 adalah isotop. Atom Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 mempunyai nombor proton atau bilangan proton

yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yangberbeza

kerana perbezaanbilangan neutron

.

Isotopes have the same chemical properties because they have the same electron arrangements but different

physical properties.

Isotop mempunyai sifatkimia

yang sama kerana mempunyai susunan elektron yang sama tetapi sifat fzik

yang berbeza.

(b) Examples of the uses of isotopes: / Contoh kegunaan isotop:

(i) Medical eld /Bidang perubatan

To detect brain cancer.

Untuk mengesan barah otak.

To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel).

Untuk mengesan trombosis (saluran darah tersumbat).

Iodin-131 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland.

Untuk mengukur kadar penyerapan iodin oleh kelenjar tiroid. Contoh: Iodin-131

Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells. Untuk memusnahkan sel barah. Contoh: Kobalt-60

Cobalt-60 is used to kill microorganism in the sterilising process.

Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma semasa proses pensterilan. Contoh: Kobalt-60

(ii) In the industrial eld

Bidang industri

To detect wearing out in machines.

Untuk mengesan kehausan enjin.

To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.

Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat.



16/21



1

UNIT

16

Sodium-24 detect leakage of pipes underground.

Untuk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah. Contoh: Natrium-24

To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.

Untuk mengesan keretakan atau kecacatan pada badan kapal terbang.

(iii) In the agriculture eld

Bidang pertanian

To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants. Example: phosphorus-32

Untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja fosfat oleh tumbuhan. Contoh: fosforus-32

To sterile insect pests for plants. Untuk memandulkan serangga perosak tumbuhan.

(iv) In the archeology eld

Bidang arkeologi

Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts.

Karbon-14 digunakan untuk menganggarkan usia sesuatu artifak.

4 Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron

(a) The electrons are lled in specic shells. Every shell can be lled only with a certain number of electrons. For the elements

with atomic numbers 120:

Elektron diisi dalam petala tertentu. Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-unsur

yang mempunyai nombor proton 120:

First shell can be lled with a maximum of 2 electrons.

Petala pertama boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum2

elektron.

Second shell can be lled with a maximum of 8 electrons.

Petala kedua boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum8

elektron.

Third shell can be lled with a maximum of 8 electrons.

Petala ketiga boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum8

elektron.

First shell is lled with 2 electrons (duplet)Petala pertama diisi 2 elektron (duplet)

Second shell is lled with 8 electrons (octet)Petala kedua diisi 8 elektron (oktet)

Third shell is lled with 8 electrons (octet)Petala ketiga diisi 8 elektron (oktet)

(b) Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. Elektron valens ialah elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.

5 Complete the following table: /Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

(a) Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element:

Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan lengkapkan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut:

Standard

representation

of an element

Perwakilan

piawai unsur

Draw electron arrangement

of an atom

Lukiskan susunan elektron

bagi atom

Description

Penerangan

1

1H

Hydrogen Atom

Atom Hidrogen

H

Number of protons/Bilangan proton 1

Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron 1

Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron 0

Proton number/Nombor proton 1

Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon 1

Electron arrangement/Susunan elektron 1



17/21

17



23

11Na

Sodium Atom

Atom Natrium

Na

Number of protons/Bilangan proton 11

Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron 11

Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron 12

Proton number/Nombor proton 11

Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon 23

Electron arrangement/Susunan elektron 2.8.1

(b) Choose the correct statement for the symbol of element X.

Pilih pernyataan yang betul bagi simbol unsur X.

23

11X

Statement

Pernyataan

Tick ( / )

Tanda ( / )

Element X has 11 proton number.

Unsur X mempunyai 11 nombor proton.

7

The proton number of element X is 11.

Nombor proton unsur X ialah 11. 3

The proton number of atom X is 11.

Nombor proton atom X ialah 11. 3

The number of proton of element X is 11.

Bilangan proton unsur X ialah 11. 7

The number of proton of atom X is 11.

Bilangan proton atom X ialah 11. 3

Nucleon number of element X is 23.

Nombor nukleon unsur X ialah 23. 3

Nucleon number of atom X is 23.

Nombor nukleon atom X ialah 23. 3

Number of nucleon of element X is 23.

Bilangan nukleon unsur X ialah 23. 7

Atom X has 23 nucleon number.

Atom X mempunyai 23 nombor nukleon. 7

Neutron number of atom X is 12.

Nombor neutron atom X ialah 12. 7

Number of neutron of atom X is 12.

Bilangan neutron atom X ialah 12. 3

Number of neutron of element X is 12.

Bilangan neutron unsur X ialah 12. 7



18/21



1

UNIT

18

Exercise / Latihan

1 Complete the following table: /Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

ElementUnsur

Standardrepresentation

for an atomPerwakilan

atom

Number ofproton

Bilanganproton

Number ofelectronBilanganelektron

Number ofneutron

Bilanganneutron

ProtonnumberNomborproton

NucleonnumberNombornukleon

Electronarrangement

of atomSusunan

elektron atom

Number ofvalence electron

Bilanganelektron valens

Hydrogen

Hidrogen

1

1 H1 1 0 1 1 1 1

Helium

Helium

4

2 He2 2 2 2 4 2 2

Boron

Boron

11

5 B5 5 6 5 11 2.3 3

Carbon

Karbon

12

6 C6 6 6 6 12 2.4 4

Nitrogen

Nitrogen

14

7 N7 7 7 7 14 2.5 5

Neon

Neon

20

10 Ne 10 10 10 10 20 2.8 8

Sodium

Natrium

23

11 Na11 11 12 11 23 2.8.1 1

Magnesium

Magnesium

24

12 Mg12 12 12 12 24 2.8.2 2

Calcium

Kalsium

40

20 Ca20 20 20 20 40 2.8.8.2 2

2 The diagram below shows the symbol of atoms P, R and S. /Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol atom P, R dan S.

35

17P

12

6R

37

17S

(a) What is meant by nucleon number /Apakah maksud nombor nukleon?

Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom

Nombor nukleon suatu unsur adalah jumlah proton dan neutron dalam nukleus atomnya

(b) What is the nucleon number of P /Apakah nombor nukleon atom P?

35

(c) State the number of neutron in atom P /Nyatakan bilangan neutron atom P.

18

(d) State number of proton in atom P /Nyatakan bilangan proton atom P.

17

(e) (i) What is meant by isotope /Apakah maksud isotop?

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons /Isotop

adalah atom-atom dari unsur yang sama dengan jumlah proton yang sama tetapi jumlah neutron yang berbeza

(ii) State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown /Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan.

P and S /P dan S

(iii) Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii) /Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii).

Atoms P and S have same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutron /Atom P dan S

mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon//bilangan nukleon yang berbeza



19/21

19



(f) An isotope of R has 8 neutron. Write the symbol for the isotope R.

Isotop bagi atom R mempunyai 8 neutron. Tuliskan simbol bagi isotop R.

14

6R

3 The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P, Q and R.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R.

ElementUnsur

Number of protonBilangan proton

Number of neutronBilangan neutron

P 1 0

Q 1 1

R 6 6

(a) Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer.

Berdasarkan jadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkan jawapan anda.

P and Q. Atoms P and Q have same number of proton but different number of neutron // nucleon number.

P dan Q. Atom P dan Q mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza // nombor

nukleon berbeza

(b) (i) Write the standard representation of element Q.

Tuliskan perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q.

2

1Q

(ii) State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i).

Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i).

The proton number of element Q is 1. /Nombor proton bagi unsur Q adalah 1

Nucleon number of element Q is 2. /Nombor nukleon bagi unsur Q adalah 2

Number of neutron = 2 1 = 1 /Bilangan neutron = 2 1 = 1

Nucleus of atom Q contains 1 proton and 1 neutron /Nukleus mengandungi 1 proton dan 1 neutron

(c) (i) Draw atomic structure for atom of element R. /Lukiskan struktur atom bagi atom unsur R.

6 protons + 6 neutrons

6 proton + 6 neutron

(ii) Describe the atomic structure in (c)(i). /Huraikan struktur atom di (c)(i).

The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called electron shell.

The nucleus consists of 6 protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral.

The electrons are in two shells, the rst shell consists of two electrons and the second shell consists

of four electrons.

Electrons move around nucleus in the shells.

Atom terdiri daripada 2 bahagian: bahagian tengah yang disebut nukleus dan bahagian luar yang disebut

petala elektron.

Nukleus terdiri daripada 6 proton yang bercas positif dan 6 neutron yang neutral.

Elektron berada dalam dua petala, petala pertama terdiri daripada dua elektron dan petala kedua terdiri

daripada empat elektron.

Elektron bergerak di sekeliling nukleus pada petala.



20/21



1

UNIT

20

(d) Element P reacts with oxygen and produces liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the graph

when liquid Z at room temperature, 27 C is cooled to 5 C.

Unsur P bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran

graf apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27 C disejukkan sehingga 5 C.Temperature /C

Suhu /C

Time /s

Masa /s0

27

5

t1

t2

R

S

(i) What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t1to t2? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from t1to t2.

Apakah keadaan jirim Z daripada t1hingga t2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah daripada t1hingga t2.

Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles rearrange

themselves to become solid. /Cecair dan pepejal. Haba yang hilang ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang

dibebaskan apabila zarah-zarah dalam cecair menyusun semula menjadi pepejal.

(ii) Draw the arrangement of particles Z at 20 C. /Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah Z pada suhu 20 C.

(iii) Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooled from room temperature to 5 C.

Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke 5 C.

The particles move slower /Zarah bergerak semakin perlahan

1 The diagram below shows the arrangement of particles for

a type of matter that undergoes a change in physical statethrough process X.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan zarah sejenis bahanyang mengalami perubahan keadaan zik melalui proses X.

X

Apakah proses X? What is process X?

A Melting 3C Freezing Peleburan Pembekuan

B Boiling D Sublimation

Pendidihan Pemejalwapan

2 Which of the following substances can undergo sublimationwhen heated?

Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah mengalamipemejalwapan apabila dipanaskan?

A Sulphur C GlucoseSulfur Glukosa

3B Ammonium chloride D Sodium chlorideAmmonium klorida Natrium klorida

3 The diagram below shows the heating curve for substance X.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bahan X.Temperature / Suhu / (C)

Time /Masa (min)P

Q

R

S

T

U

Which region of the graph does boiling process occur? Bahagian manakah pada graf berlaku proses pendidihan?

A PQ 3C ST

B QR D TU

4 Which of the following information is true? Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul?

Change of statePerubahan keadaan

ProcessProses

Heat energyTenaga haba

A Solid LiquidPepejal Cecair

MeltingPeleburan

ReleasedDibebaskan

B Liquid GasCecair Gas

EvaporationPenyejatan

ReleasedDibebaskan

3C Gas SolidGas Pepejal

SublimationPemejalwapan

ReleasedDibebaskan

D Gas LiquidGas Cecair

CondensationKondensasi

AbsorbedDiserap

Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif



21/21


5 The diagram below shows the graph of temperature againsttime when a liquid Y is cooled. / Rajah di bawah menunjukkangraf suhu melawan masa apabila cecair Y disejukkan.Temperature / Suhu / (C)

Time (min)Masa (min)

P

Q R

S

T3

T2

T1

Which of the following statements are true about the curve? Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul

tentang lengkung itu?I At Q, liquid Y begins to freeze.

Pada Q, cecair Y mula membeku.II At PQ, particles in Y absorb heat from the surroundings.

Pada PQ, zarah-zarah dalam Y menyerap haba dari

persekitaran.III Liquid Y freezes completely at S.

Cecair Y membeku dengan lengkap pada S.IV The freezing point of Y is T2C.

Takat beku bagi Y adalah T2C. A I and III only C II and III only

I dan III sahaja II dan III sahaja

3B I and IV only D II and IV only I dan IV sahaja II dan IV sahaja

6 The diagram below shows the graph of temperature againsttime when solid Z is heated. / Rajah di bawah menunjukkangraf suhu melawan masa apabila pepejal Z dipanaskan.

Temperature / Suhu / (C)

Time (min)Masa (min)

80

10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Which of the following is true during the fourth minute? Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar pada minit

keempat?

A All the molecules are in random motion. Semua molekul bergerak secara rawak.

B All the molecules are vibrating at xed positions. Semua molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap.

C All the molecules are closely packed and in random

motion.Semua molekul sangat rapat dan bergerak secara rawak.

3D Some of the molecules are vibrating at xed positions but some are in random motion.

Sebahagian molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap dansebahagian bergerak secara rawak.

7 The diagram below shows the standard representation ofberyllium atom.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atomberillium.

9

4Be

What is the number of valence electrons of beryllium atom? Apakah bilangan elektron valens bagi atom berillium?

3A 2 C 4

B 3 D 7

8 The table below shows the melting point and boiling point ofsubstances S, T, U, V and W. /Jadual di bawah menunjukkantakat lebur dan takat didih bahan S, T, U, V dan W.

Substance

Bahan

Melting point/C

Takat lebur/ C

Boiling point/C

Takat didih/ C

S 182 162

T 23 77

U 97 65

V 41 182

W 132 290

Which substance exists as liquid at room temperature? Bahan yang manakah wujud sebagai cecair pada suhu bilik?

A S only 3C T and U onlyS sahaja T dan U sahaja

B S and T only D V and W only S dan T sahaja V dan W sahaja

9 The table below shows the proton number and the number ofneutrons for atoms of elements W, X, Y and Z.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilanganneutron bagi atom unsur W, X, Y dan Z.

Element

Unsur

Proton number

Nombor proton

Number of neutrons

Bilangan neutron

W 7 7

X 8 8

Y 8 9

Z 9 10

Which of the following pair of elements is isotope? Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah adalah isotop?

A W and X 3C X and Y

W dan X X dan Y B W and Y D Y and Z

W dan Y Y dan Z

10 Petrol and parafn are accidentally mixed at an oil renery.What is the best method to separate and collect them?

Petrol dan parafn secara tidak sengaja tercampur dengankilang penapisan minyak. Apakah kaedah terbaik untukmengasingkan dan mengumpulkan bahan tersebut?

A Condensation /Kondensasi

B Evaporation /Penyejatan

C Filtration /Penapisan

3D Fractional distillation / Penyulingan berperingkat

11 An inated balloon will shrink if it is placed in refrigerator.Which of the following is the effect of lower temperature to

the gas particles in the balloon? Belon berisi gas akan mengecut apabila diletakkan dalam

peti sejuk. Antara berikut, yang manakah kesan suhu rendahkepada zarah gas dalam belon itu?

A Move faster and become closer together /Bergerak lebihcepat dan semakin rapat antara satu sama lain

B Move faster and become further apart /Bergerak lebihcepat dan semakin jauh antara satu sama lain

3C Move slower and become closer together /Bergeraklebih lambat dan semakin rapat antara satu sama lain

D Move slower and become further apart /Bergerak lebihlambat dan semakin jauh antara satu sama lain

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Nota Chemistry F4 Chapter 1 Full

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